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![u n i n g i c h i g a h a v o d a n n a m o ’ t i s h i k a b i h o d i s a l a r b o ’ l m a y d i . X a s h a k l a r n i n g r a n g i o ’ z g a r m a y d i . P a r d a h a v o k i s l o r o d i n i o ’ t k a z m a s l i g i t u f a y l i s i l o s l a n u v c h i m a s s a z i c h l a m a s i d a s i l o s b u z i l m a y d i . M u s t a h k a m o z u q a b a z a s i n i v u j u d g a k e l t i r i s h d a y u q o r i m o l e k u l a l i m o d d a l a r o ’ z x o s s a s i n i q o ’ s h a d i . P o l i m e r m o d d a l a r q i s h l o q x o ’ j a l i g i d a y i l b o ’ y i y e t i s h t i r i l g a n h o s i l n i s a q l a s h d a y u q o r i d a r a j a d a s a m a r a l a r b e r m o q d a . [ 2 4 ] . P o l i m e r l a r d a n y a s a l g a n p a r d a l a r b i l a n p a x t a b](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_16.webp?v=1)
![i s h l a t i l i s h i u c h u n v a q o ’ n i s h j a r a y o n l a r i n i o s o n l a s h t i r i s h g a k a t t a i m k o n t u g ’ d i r d i . [ 2 4 ] . U c h i s h u c h u n m o ’ l j a l l a n g a n k o n s t r u k s i o n m o s l a m a l a r n i t a s h q i v a i c h k i k u c h l a r g a b a r d o s h b e r i s h j i h a t i d a n r a k e t o p l a s t l a r g a t e n g k e l a d i g a n i y u q d e s a b o ’ l a d i . S h u n i n g u l a r d a n s a m o l y o t s o z l i k d a a s o s i y q i s m l a r t a y y o r l a n a d i . P e n o p l a s t i k p o l i m e r l a r e s a s a m a l y o t s a l o n i d a s h o v q i n n i p a s a y t i r i s h g a v a s o v u q o ’ t k a z m a s l i k n i a m a l g a o s h i r i s h d a i s h l a t i l a d i . S a m o l y o t n i n g g e r m](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_18.webp?v=1)
![B u b i l a n d o r i n i n g h a m m i q d o r i o r g a n i z m d a b i r n e c h a m a r t a u z o q r o q m u d d a t d a u n g a s h i f o b a x s h t a ’ s i r k o ’ r s a t a d i . D o r i n i n g z a h a r l i k x o s s a s i k a m a y a d i . U k a m r o q m i q d o r d a u z o q m u d d a t i s h l a y d i . M i s o l t a r i q a s i d a s i l k a s s a l i g i d a v o l o v c h i p a r a a m i n o s i l i s i l k i s l o t a s i ( P A S K ) n i n g p o l i m e r g a u l a n i s h i n i k o ’ r a y l i k [ 1 2 ] :CH 2 CH CH CH 3 CH CHO CH 2 CH CO N CO N NH 2 OH COOH C H 2 C H C HC H 3 C H C H C H 2 C H C ON C ON O H C O O HN N - v i n i l p i r r o l i d o n b i l a n k r a t o n a l d e g i d i s o p o l i m e r i n i n g a l d e g i d g u r u h i v a P A S K n i n g a m i n o g](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_30.webp?v=1)
![e n g m u h i m d o i m i y l i k b o ’ l i b , h a r b i r Y u . M . B g a t o ’ l a x a r a k t e r i s t i k a b e r i s h u c h u n z a r u r k o ’ r s a t g i c h d i r . Q u y i m o l e k u l y a r b i r i k m a l a r g a x o s m a s s a Y u . M . B . l a r g a k e l g a n d a a n c h a m u r a k k a b l a s h a d i c h u n k i Y u . M . B . o ’ z i g a x o s b i r q a n c h a x u s u s i y a t g a j u m l a d a n p o l i m e r l a r g a x o s p o l i d i s p e r l i k k a e g a . [ 6 ] , [ 9 ] . P o l i m e r m a k r o m o l e k u l a l a r i t a r k i b i d a z v e n o l a r s o n i v a p o l i m e r l a n i s h d a r a j a s i b i r - b i r i d a n f a r q q i l a d i . S h u n i n g u c h u n h a m u n i n g u z u n l i g i v a m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a s i t u r l i c h a b](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_32.webp?v=1)
![P o l i m e r l a r n i n g o ’ r t a c h a m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a s i n i h i s o b l a s h n i n g b i r n e c h t a u s u l l a r i b o r : A ) O ’ r t a c h a r a q a m l i m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a B ) O ’ r t a c h a m a s s a v i y m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a C ) O ’ r t a c h a v a z n i y m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a l a r n i n g h i s o b l a s h u s u l l a r i k i r a d i . M o l e k u l y a r m a s s a s i k a t t a - k i c h i k b o ’ l g a n m a k r o m o l e k u l a l a r n i n g u m u m i y m a s s a s i n i s h u m o l e k u l a l a r n i n g u m u m i y s o n i g a n i s b a t i o ’ r t a c h a r a q a m l i m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a M u n i x a r a k t e r l a y d i . U n i q u y i d a g i c h a t o p i l a d i [ 1 0 ] , [ 1 1 ] : 3 5 P o l i m e r l](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_33.webp?v=1)
![B u y e r d a G 1 , G 2 + … G m ( G i ) – m a ’ l u m m a s s a g a e g a b o ’ l g a n h a m m a m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a n i n g y i g ’ i n d i s i f o r m u l a d a g i N i - n i m a k r o m o l e k u l a r n i n g n i s b i y m i q d o r i b i l a n a l m a s h t i r s a k M w = M i N i M i N i Y o r u g ’ l i k n i n g s o c h i l i s h , s e g m e n t a t s i y a m u v o z a n a t i y o r d a m i d a t o p i l g a n m a s s a o ’ r t a c h a m o l e k u l a r m a s s a M w d i r . C h u n k i b u k a t t a l i k l a r p o l i m e r m o l e k u l a l a r n i n g m a s s a s i v a d i s p e r s l i k d a r a j a s i g a b o g ’ l i q d i r . [ 1 4 ] , [ 1 5 ] . O ’ r t a c h a v a z n i y m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a M α - q u y i d a g i f o r m u l a b i l a n t o p i l a](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_35.webp?v=1)
![n u q t a s i t o p i l a d i . T o p i l g a n n u q t a R T / M g a t e n g b o ’ l a d i v a t o ’ g ’ r i c h i z i q b i l a n o r d i n a t a o ’ q i o r a s i d a g i b u r c h a k t g α g a t e n g b o ’ l a d i . B u y e r d a α - n i n g t o p i l g a n q i y m a t i t e n g l a m a g a q o ’ y i l a d i v a m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a π / C n i n g C O o ’ t i s h q i y m a t i n i h i s o b l a b c h i q a r i l a d i . [ 7 ] , [ 1 6 ] . O s m o t i k b o s i m t u r l i o s m a m o m e t r l a r y o r d a m i d a o ’ l c h a n a d i . U l a r n i n g i s h p r i n s i p l a r i b i r x i l u n i n g i s h p r i n s i p i s x e m a t i k t a r z d a k e l t i r i l g a n o s m o m e t r i k k i k a m e r a d a n i b o r a t . B i t t a k a m e r a d a e r i t u v c h i i k](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_37.webp?v=1)
![b o s i m g a t e n g . O s m o t i k b o s i m n i o ’ l c h a s h n i n g b u u s u l i s t a t i k m u v o z a n a t u s u l i d e b a t a l a d i . [ 1 7 ] . O s m o m e t r i y a d a i s h l a t i l a d i g a n m e m b r a n a l a r t o ’ l a m a ’ n o d a g i y a r i m o ’ t k a z g i c h l a r e m a s . B u f a q a t e r i t u v c h i n i k e r a k l i t e z l i k d a o ’ t k a z a d i . P o l i m e r m o l e k u l a l a r n i e s a o ’ t k a z m a y d i . A m m o m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a s i k i c h i k b o ’ l g a n m a k r o m o l e k u l a l a r m e m b r a n a d a n o ’ t i b d i f f u z i y a l a n a d i . B u e s a o s m o m e t r i y a u s u l i n i c h e g a r a l a y d i . S h u s a b a b l i b u u s u l q o ’ l l a n i l g a n d a p o l i m e r n i n g m o l e k u l](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_38.webp?v=1)
![F u n k s i o n a l g r u p p a l a r n i a n i q l a s h u s u l i d a n f o y d a l a n i b , m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a n i g i n a e m a s , b a l k i p o l i m e r l a r n i n g t a r m o q l a n g a n d a r a j a g a e g a b o ’ l s a , k i m y o v i y u s u l l a r b i l a n f u n k s i o n a l g r u p p a l a r s o n i o s m o m e t r i y a u s u l i b i l a n r a q a m l i m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a o ’ l c h a n a d i . O l i n g a n n a t i j a g a q a r a b , b i r m a k r o m o l e k u l a g a t o ’ g ’ r i k e l u v c h i f u n k s i o n a l g r u p p a s o n i n i h i s o b l a b c h i q a r i s h m u m k i n s o n i o ’ l c h a s h b o ’ l i b x i z m a t q i l a d i . [ 9 ] . K a m q o ’ l l a n i s h g a q a r a m a y b u u s u l q a t o r a f z a l l i k l a r g a](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_40.webp?v=1)
![M o l e k u l y a r m a s s a s o c h i l g a n y o r u g ’ l i k a b s o l y u t i n t e n s i v l i g i n i h i s o b l a s h b i l a n t o p i l a d i . S o c h i l g a n y o r u g ’ l i k n i n g i n t e n s i v l i g i r - l o y q a l i k q i y m a t i b i l a n i f o d a l a n a d i . M a ’ l u m k o n s e n t r a t s i y a l i e r i t m a d a n o ’ t a y o t g a n d a n u r s o c h i l i s h i n a t i j a s i d a k u c h s i z l a n a d i . N u r n i n g k u c h s i z l a n i s h k o i f f i s e n t i l o y q a l i k q i y m a t i g a t e n g b o ’ l a d i [ 5 ] : = H C r 1 M 2 K R T C B u y e r d a : r - e r i t m a n i n g l o y q a l i k q i y m a t i . K - k o n s e n t r a t s i y a H - b e r i l g a n p o l i m e r n i n g m a ’ l u m e r i t u v c h i d a g i e r i s h d o i](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_45.webp?v=1)
![t e n g l a m a g a o ’ z g a r t i r i s h l a r k i r i t i s h i m k o n i n i b e r a d i . B u e s a m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a n i y a n a d a a n i q r o q o ’ l c h a s h g a i m k o n b e r a d i . B u n d a n t a s h q a r i b u r c h a k a s s i m e t r i y a s i p o l i m e r m a k r o m o l e k u l a s i n i n g s h a k l i t o ’ g ’ r i s i d a h a m m a ’ l u m o t l a r b e r a d i . [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . 2 . 5 . V i s k o z i m e t r i y a u s u l i b i l a n m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a n i a n i q l a s h S u y u l t i r i l g a n e r i t m a l a r n i q o v u s h q o q l i g i n i o ’ l c h a s h o r q a l i p o l i m e r l a r n i n g m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a s i n i o ’ l c h a s h o d d i y v a k e n g t a r q a l g a n u s u l h i s o b l a n a d i . S h t a u n](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_47.webp?v=1)
![o ’ z g a r t i r i s h l a r k i r i t i l g a n . T e n g l a m a d a g i η s o l / c o ’ r n i g a q o v i s h q o q l i k h a d i [ η ] i s h l a t i l a d i . [ η ] > K m · M + D [ η ] - q u y i d a g i f o r m u l a l a r d a n t o p i l a d i . [ η ] l i m C O = η s o l / c B u e r i t m a c h e k s i z s u y u l t i r i l g a n q u v u s h q o q l i k h a d i d i r . B u q u v u s h q o q l i k h a d i n i e k s p r i m e n t a l a n i q l a s h u c h u n η s o l / c n i n g C g a b o g ’ l i q l i k g r a f i g i n i c h i z i b , η s o l / c n i n g q i y m a t C O g a c h a e k t r o p o l y a s i g a q i l i s h k e r a k . T o ’ g ’ r i c h i z i q n i n g o r d i n a t a o ’ q i k e s i s h g a n j o y i q o v u s h q o q l i k h a d i d i r . [ η ] - n i a n i q l a s h](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_48.webp?v=1)
![[ η ] = K m · M α A g a r £ = 1 b o ’ l s a , t e n g l a m a S h t a u n d e n g e r t e n g l a m a s i g a a y l a n a d i . Y u q o r i d a g i f o r m u l a l a r d a u c h r a y d i g a n D , K n , £ l a r d o i m i y b o ` l g a n k o n s t a n t a l a r d i r . K m p o l e m e r l a r n i n g t a b i i y e r i t u v c h i d a g i e r i t m a s i u c h u n d o i m i y k o i f f i s e n t . B u n i k r o s k o p i k u s u l b i l a n t o p i s h m u m k i n . £ - e r i t m a d a g i m a k r o m o l e k u l a l a r s h a k l i n i x a r a k t e r l o v c h i k a t t a l i k b o ` l i b , p o l i m e r z a n j i r i n i n g e g i l u v c h a n l i g i g a v a e r i t u v c h i n i n g t a b i a t i g a b o g ` l i q . D - p o l i m e r v a e r i t u v c h i t a b i a t i g a b o g ` l](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_49.webp?v=1)
![e k s t r o p o l y a s i y a q i l i n a d i . T o p i l g a n q o v u s h q o q l i k h o d i d a n m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a t o p i l a d i . [ 2 1 ] . Q o v u s h q o q l i k h a d i g a e r i t u v c h i l i k t a b i a t i h a m k a t t a t a ` s i r k o ` r s a t a d i . M o l e k u l y a r z a n j i r l a r i t u r l i e r i t u v c h i l a r d a t u r l i k o n f o r m a t s i g a e g a b o ` l a d i . S h u n i n g u c h u n h a m q o v u s h q o q l i k e r i t u v c h i l a r d a n t u r l i c h a b o ` l a d i . I I I . T a j r i b a q i s m i 3 . 1 . V i n i l x l o r i d n i v i n i l a s e t a t b i l a n s o p o l i m e r i n i f r a k s i y a l a r g a a j r a t i s h . P o l i m e r l a r n i f r a k s i y a l a r g a a j r a t i s h u l a r e r u v c h a n l i g i](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_50.webp?v=1)
![i b o r a t b o ` l i b , p o l i d i s p e r s l i k d a r a j a s i a v v a l g i g a q a r a g a n d a a n c h a k a m a y g a n b o ` l a d i . [ 1 3 ] . F r a k s i y a l a r g a a j r a t i s h 2 x i l b o ` l a d i . 1 . P r e p a r a t i v f r a k s i y a l a s h b u n d a p o l i m e r y o k i s o p o l i m e r f r a k s i y a l a r g a a j r a t i b o l i n i b b u l a r n i n g x o s s a l a r i m a x s u s u s u l l a r b i l a n t e k s h i r i l a d i . 2 . A n a l i t i k f r a k s i y a l a s h b u n d a f r a k s i y a l a r g a a l o h i d a a j r a t i b o l i n m a y , t a j r i b a l a r o r q a l i t a q s i m l a n i s h d i a g r a m m a s i c h i z i l a d i . V i n i l x l o r i d n i n g v i n i l a s e t a t b i l a n s o p o l i m e r f r a k s i y a l a r g a](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_51.webp?v=1)
![s e k u n d s e k u n d 0 2 4 - - - - 0 . 0 5 - 2 4 . 8 1 . 0 3 2 0 . 0 3 2 0 . 6 3 5 0 . 1 - 2 5 . 6 1 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 6 3 5 0 . 2 - 2 7 . 6 1 . 1 5 0 . 1 5 0 . 3 5 0 . 3 - 3 0 1 . 2 5 0 . 2 5 0 . 8 2 5 0 . 4 - 3 2 . 6 1 . 3 6 0 . 3 6 0 . 9 0 . 5 - 3 5 . 8 1 . 4 9 0 . 4 9 0 . 9 7 5 η s o l / C n i k o n s e n t r a s i y a s i ( C ) g a b o g ’ l i q l i k g r a f i g i n i c h i z i b , x a r a k t e r i s t i k q o v u s h q o q l i k ( [ η ] 3 ) n i a n i q l a d i k : V i n i l x l o r i d n i n g v i n i l a t s e t a t b i l a n s o p o l i m e r i n i e t a n o l d a g i η s o l / C n i C g a b o g ’ l i q l i k g r a f i g i . A j r a t i b o l i n g a n q o l g a n 5 t a f r a k s i y a l a r n i h a m η n i s n i η s o l 6 0](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_58.webp?v=1)
![t e n g l a m a n i l o g a r i f m l a s a k : M = 1 035,0 1690g 35,0 1690 M = 2 0 2 0 0 M = 2 0 2 0 0 u g l e r o d b i r l i g i g a t e n g . S h u u s u l d a s o p o l i m e r n i n g q o l g a n f r a k s i y a l a r i n i h a m m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a l a r i n i h i s o b l a b c h i q d i k . b g b My 28700 6 5200 13500 20200 41800 45200 4600 F r a k s i y a l a r 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 ] [ cm 1 , 4 4 1 , 3 8 1 , 1 0 1 , 6 0 0 , 5 3 0 , 2 5 b My 4 6 0 0 4 5 2 0 0 4 1 8 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 3 8 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 3](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_61.webp?v=1)
![4 . U b b e l o d e v i s k o z i m e t r i d a n f o y d a l a n i b , a j r a t i l g a n h a r f r a k s i y a n i n g n i s , s o l v a [ ] x a r a k t e r i s t i k q o v u s h q o q l i k l a r i a n i q l a n d i . 5 . 0 , 5 ≤ £ ≤ 1 d a n f o y d a l a n g a n h o l d a o l i n g a n n a t i j a l a r g a ( [ ] = 0 , 6 0 , £ = 0 , 7 5 ) a s o s l a n i b b u k i l u v c h a n z a n j i r l i s o p o l i m e r l a r s i n f i g a k i r i s h i a n i q l a n d i . 6 . M a r k – K u n - X a u n k t e n g l a m a s i d a n f o y d a l a n i b s o p o l i m e r n i n g o ’ r t a c h a m o l e k u l y a r m a s s a s i ( M = 2 8 7 0 0 y . b . ) t o p i l a d i . F o y d a l a n i l g a n a d a b i y o t l a r 1 . I . A . K a r i m o v ” B i z n i n g a s o s i y v a z i f a m i z](https://docx.uz/documents/ff623b1b-ac54-4ba6-9150-7e64a882804d/page_63.webp?v=1)
