Zax qochirish usullari va tarmoqlari - Геодезия - Презентации

Информация о документе

Цена	3000UZS
Размер	87.8KB
Покупки	0
Дата загрузки	23 Сентябрь 2019
Расширение	pptx
Раздел	Презентации
Предмет	Геодезия

Zax qochirish usullari va tarmoqlari

Купить

O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Qishloq va Suv xo‘jaligi vazirligi Toshkent Irrigatsiya va Melioratsiya Instituti “Yerdan Foydalanish va Yer Kadastri” fakulteti “Melioratsiya va Yerlarni rekultivatsiyalash”fanidan Mavzu: Zax qochirish usullari va tarmoqlari. Bajardi: 3-kurs 6-gurux talabasi S. Eraliev. Qabul qildi: dots. Sh. Botirov. Toshkent-2013Mustaqil ish www.arxiv.uz

R e j a : I. K i r i s h . II. A s o s i y q i s m . 1. Z a x q o c h i r i s h m e l i o r a t s i y a s i h a q i d a t u s h u n c h a , u n i n g m a q s a d i v a v a z i f a l a r i . 2. Ye r l a r z a x l a n i s h i n i n g a t ro f m u h i t g a v a t u p r o q h o l a t i g a t a ’ s i r i . 3. To p r o q l a r n i n g s h o ’ r l a n i s h i s a b a b l a r i . d a r a j a s i , x i l i v a u l a r n i n g o ’ s i m l i k l a r g a t a ’ s i r i . 4. To p r o q l a r n i n g s h o ’ r l a n i s h i n i n g o l d i n i o l d i n i o l i s h v a u l a r g a q a r s h i ku r a s h . 5. To p r o q l a r n i n g s h o ’ r l a n i s h i g a q a r s h i Re s p u b l i k a m i z d a o l i b b o r i l a y o t g a n i s h l a r , c h o r a t a d b i r l a r. III. X u l o s a . M AV Z U :

Z A X Q O C H I R I S H M E L I O R AT S I Y A S I N I N G V A Z I F A S I - T U P R O Q N I N G U N U M D O R L I G I O S H I R I S H M A Q S A D I D A , U N D A O ’ S I M L I K L A R U C H U N Q U L AY S U V TA RT I B I N I V A U B I L A N B O G ’ L I Q B O ’ L G A N H A V O , T U Z H A M D A O Z U Q A T A R T I B L A R I N I V U J U D G A K E LT I R I S H D A N I B O R A T . T U P R O Q D A G I O R T I Q C H A N A M N I Q O C H I R I S H FA Q AT I S S I Q L I K V A M I K R O B I O L O G I K TA RT I B L A R N I G I N A Y A X S H I L A B Q O L M A S D A N , Z A X I Q O C H I R I L A Y O T G A N M AY D O N D A G I Y E R U S T K I H A V O Q AT L A M I N I N G N A M L I K V A H A R O R AT S H A R O I T L A R I N I H A M O ’ Z G A R T I R A D I . Z a x q o c h i r i s h – o r t i q c h a n a

 Zax qoch iri sh tuproqn ing fi zi k v a ki my ov iy xossalari ni , mi kroorgani zm tarki bin i ham o’z garti radi . Quri ti sh mel i oratsiy asi antropoge n faktor bo’li b , yangi tup roq pay do bo’l i shi ga ol i b ke ladi . Qu ri ti sh mel i oratsiy asi o’rmon o’ sish ini , darax t turl ari tarki bi ni y ax shi l ash uch un zarurdi r. Quri ti sh torf oli sh i shl arin in g tarki bi y qi smid ir , u boshqa f oy dal i qaz il ma b oy li kl arini (ko’mir, temi r rudasi v a b oshqa ) ochi q usul da qazi b ol i shda ham qo’l l ani l adi . Sh uni ngdek quri ti sh , zax qoch i rish ishlari , i shl ab chiqari sh ob ’ektl ari ni , axol i punktl arini , qi shl oq xo’j ali k, chorv achil i k kompl e ksl ari ni , y o’l , ae rodrom v a boshqal arni quri shda ham z arurdi r. Z A X Q O C H I R I S H M

o z u q a m o d d a l a r i h a m c h i q i b ke t i s h i m u m k i n . S h u n i n g u c h u n n a m l i k m e ’ y o r i r o s t l a n i s h i ke r a k . B u n d a a g r o t e x n i k t a d b i r l a r h a m b i r g a q o ’ l l a n s a t u p r o q n i n g a g r e g a t h o l a t i v a s u v fi z i k x o s s a l a r i h a m y a x s h i b o ’ l a d i . U n d a n t a s h q a r i g i d r o g e o l o g i k r e j i m , g r u n t s u v l a r i n i n g ( G S ) s a t h i h a m y a x s h i b o ’ l i s h i k e r a k . A g a r G S l a r i s h o ’ r l a n i s h i m e ’ y o r d a n o r t i q b o ’ l s a v a u t u p r o q n i n g f a o l q a t l a m i g a y a q i n j o y l a s h s a , y e r s h o ’ r l a n i b ke t i s h i m u m k i n . Tu p r o q n a m l i g i v a a e r a t s i y a s i G S s a t h i y

B U Y E R D A : H X – H I S O B I Y Q AT L A M C H U Q U R L I G I ; H K – K A P I L LYA R KO ’ TA R I L I S H B A L A N D L I G I . S H O ’ R L A N M A G A N Y E R L A R D A E K I N T U R I G A Q A R A B Q U R I T I S H N O R M A S I 0 , 6 0 - 1 , 5 M B O ’ L A D I S H O ’ R L A N G A N Y E R L A R D A , I K K I L A M C H I S H O ’ R L A N I S H N I N G O L D I N I O L I S H U S H U N G S S AT H I N I S H U N D AY M I N I M A L C H U Q U R L I K D A U S H L A B T U R I S H K E R A K K I , B U N D A V E G E TA T S I YA D A V R I D A A E R A T S I YA Z O N A S I B I L A N U M U M I Y S U V A L M A S H U V M A N F I Y , YA ’ N I T U P R O Q S U V L A R I P A S T G A Y O ’ N A L G A N B O ’ L I S H I TA ’ M I N L A N G A N B O ’ L I S H I S H I K E R A K . B U N D AY C H U Q U R L I K N I Y A

H o z i r g i v a q t d a E r o n , Po k i s t o n , Tu r k i y a d a – 5 0 % , H i n d i s t o n , S u r i y a , M i s r A r a b Re s p u b l i k a s i d a 2 0 – 3 0 % y e r l a r s h o ’ r l a n g a n . 1 . Y O G ’ I N S U V I D A T U Z J U D A O Z B O ’ L G A N L I G I D A N YA ’ N I O ’ R TA X I S O B D A H A R L I T R D A 2 – 3 M G X L O R , 2 – 4 M G S U L FAT K I S L O T A S I B U N D AY Y O ’ L B I L A N T U P R O Q S H O ’ R L A N I S H I N I N G A M A L I Y A X A M I YAT I Y O ’ Q A M M O B U N D A Y S H A R O I T D A T U P R O Q L A R O RT I Q C H A N A M I Q A D I V A B O T Q O Q L A N A D I .Maydonlar tabiiy va sun’iy omillarga ko’ra sho’rlanadi . Tabiiy omillarga : Yog’in va qor, Geomorfologik, Gidrologik, Gidrogeologik omillar kiradi. Sun’iy omillarga: Sug’orish va xo’jalik

2 . G E O M O R F O L O G I K – Y E R R E L E F I M A K R O , M E Z O V A M I K R O R E L E F K O ’ R I N I S H L A R I D A X O S I L B O ’ L A D I G A N TA ’ B I I Y Z O V U R L A N M A G A N N I S H A B S I Z Y E R L A R D A O R T I Q C H A S U V V A T U Z L A R N I N G T O ’ P L A N I S H I . 3 . G I D R O L O G I K – M A ’ L U M B I R M AY D O N N I D A R Y O , S O Y S U V L A R I B I L A N B O S I B Q O L I S H I . S U V B O S G A N Y E R L A R O RT I Q C H A N A M I Q A D I V A B O T Q O Q L A S H A D I , A G A R D A S U V B I L A N B I R G A T U Z E R I T M A L A R I K I R I B K E L S A , U L A R S H O ’ R L A N A D I H A M . 4 . G I D R O G E O L O G I K – A S O S A N Y E R O S T I S U V L A R I N I H A R A K A T I N A T I J A S I D A Y E R L A R N I B O T Q O Q L A N I S H I V A S

S u n ’ i y – s u g ’ o r i s h , xo ’ j a l i k o m i l l a r i g a – t u p r o q n i a k t i v q a t l a m i n i s u n ’ i y n a m l a n t i r i s h n a t i j a s i s u g ’ o r i s h s u v l a r i n i h a m s u g ’ o r i s h s u g ’ o r i s h t a r m o g ’ i d a n h a m s u g ’ o r i s h d a l a s i d a n s e z i l i s h i x i s o b i g a s i z o t s u v l a r i n i ko ’ t a r i l i s h i n a t i j a s i d a g i b o t q o q l a n i s h v a s h o ’ r l a n i s h k i r a d i . 1 . Y O G ’ I N S U V I D A T U Z J U D A O Z B O ’ L G A N L I G I D A N YA ’ N I O ’ R TA X I S O B D A H A R L I T R D A 2 – 3 M G X L O R , 2 – 4 M G S U L FAT K I S L O TA S I B U N D AY Y O ’ L B I L A N T U P R O Q S H O ’ R L A N I S H I N I N G A M A L I Y A X A M I YAT I Y O ’ Q A M M O B U N D AY S H A R

S h o ’ rxo k v a s h o ’ r t o b t u p r o q l a r d a s u v d a e r u v c h a t u z l a r n i n g t a r k i b i t u r l i – t u m a n b o ’ l i s h i m u m k i n . S h u n g a q a r a m a y , b u t u z l a r a n c h a k a m k a t i o n v a a n i o n l a r d a n h o s i l b o ’ l a d i . Tu z h o s i l b o ’ l i s h i d a k a t i o n l a r d a n , a s o s a n N a , M g v a S a ( s h o ’ r l a n g a n t u p r o q l a r d a k a l i y l i t u z l a r a n c h a k a m u c h r a y d i . Tu p r o q l a r n i n g s h o ’ r l a n i s h i d a ko ’ p i n c h a n a t r i y ( N a N o 3 ) m u x i m r o l o ’ y n a y d i ) , a n i o n l a r d a n e s a S I | , S O 4 , S O 3 v a N S O 3 i s h t i r o k e t a d i . S h u k a t i o n v a a n i o n l a r b i r- b i r i b i l a n b i r i k i b , q u y i d a

Xloridlar anion Sulfatlar anion Karbonatla r anion SO 3 Bikarbonatlatlar anion NSO 3 NaSL (osh tuzi) N 2 SO 4 (glauber tuzi) N 2 SO 3 (kir soda) NaNSO 3 (ichimliksod a) MgSL 2 (magniy xlorid) MgSO 4 (magn iy sulfat) MgSO 3 (magn iy karbonat) Mg(NSO 3 ) 2 (magniy bikarbonat) SaSL 2 (kalsiy xlorid) SaSO 4 (gips) SaSO 4 (ohak) Sa(NSO 3 ) 2 (kalsiy bikarbonat)T U P R O Q L A R N I N G S H O ’ R L A N I S H I D A I S H T I R O K E TA D I G A N T U Z L A R Bu tuzlarning birortasi ham qishloq xo’jaligi o’simliklarining normal rivojlanishi uchun bevosita zarur emas. Ularning ko’pchiligi tuproqda uncha ko’p bo’lmaganida ham ekinlarni nobud qiladi. Shu sababli ular zararli tuzlar deyiladi. Yerlarning sho’rlanishiga va botqoqlanishiga qarshi kurashish tadbirlarini amalga oshirishning katta axamiyati

 Ye r l a r s h o ’ r l a n i s h i n i n g v a b o t q o q l a n i s h i n i n g o l d i n i o l i s h t a d b i r l a r i .  S h o ’ r l a n g a n v a b o t q o q l a n g a n y e r l a r n i t u b d a n y a x s h i l a s h t a d b i r l a r i . S h o ’ r l a n i s h v a b o t q o q l a n i s h xo d i s a l a r i n i n g o l d i n i o l i s h d a a v v a l o s h u xo d i s a l a r n i ke l t i r i b c h i q a r u v c h i q u y i d a g i a s o s i y s a b a b l a r n i b a r t a r a f q i l i s h ke r a k .  S u v i s r o f g a r c h i l i g i g a y o ’ l q o ’ y m a s l i k ( c h u n k i b u s u v l a r s h o ’ r s u v l a r g a q o ’ s h i l i b u l a r n i n g s a t h i ko ’ t a r i l i s h i m u m k i n ) .  Tu p r o q n a m l i g i n i n g b u g ’ l a n i s h i n i h a r t a r a f

S I Z O T S U V L A R I N I N G S AT H I N I P A S A Y T I R I S H D A E N G Q U L A Y V O S I T A L A R D A N B I R I : D A R A X T O ’ T Q A Z I S H V A D A L A E K I N L A R I N I E K I S H , E K I N S U G ’ O R I S H R E J I M I V A O ’ L C H A M I N I T O ’ G ’ R I TA N L A S H , S U G ’ O R I S H S U V I N I T E J A S H V A B O S H Q A L A R . S U G ’ O R I L A D I G A N Y E R L A R N I N G S H O ’ R L A N I S H I G A Q A R S H I A S O S I Y TA D B I R L A R D A N B I R I B U – S H O ’ R Y U V I S H D I R . B U TA D B I R T U P R O Q N I N G D A R A J A S I G A V A D R E N A J L A R M A V J U D L I G I G A Q A R A B B I R N E C H A M A R TA T A K R O R L A N A D I . T U P R O Q L A R N I N G S H O ’ R L A N I S H I V A B O T Q O Q L A N I S H I G A Q A R S H I S H O ’ R L A N G A N

J U M L A D A N , S I R D A R Y O V I L O YAT I D A 9 4 T A L O Y I H A B O ’ Y I C H A 2 5 5 6 , 1 K M O C H I Q Z O V U R L A R N I TA M I R L A S H – T I K L A S H , 9 4 9 D O N A M E L I O R AT I V T I K Q U D U Q , 7 0 7 , 9 K M Y O P I Q – Y O T I Q Z O V U R L A R N I T O Z A L A S H I S H L A R I B A J A R I L G A N . N AT I J A D A M E L I O R AT I V X O L AT I YA X S H I L A N G A N Y E R L A R 4 5 9 4 G E KTA R G A K O ’ P A Y G A N , M E L I O R AT I V J I X A T D A N Q O N I Q A R S I Z M AY D O N L A R 3 7 0 4 8 G E KT A R G A K A M AY G A N . S I Z O T S U V L A R I S A T H I N I P A S AY I S H I D A H A M I J O B I Y N A T I J A L A R G A E R I S H I L G A N . X O R A Z M V I L O Y AT I D A E S A Y E R L A R N I N G 5 4 F O I Z I K U C H S I Z , 3 3 F O I Z I O ’ RT A C H A

X u l o s a q i l i b a y t a d i g a n b o ’ l s a k , y e r l a rn i n g m e l i o r a t i v xo l a t i n i y a x s h i l a s h a l l a q a c h o n d a v l a t d a s t u r i g a a y l a n i b u l g u rg a n . B u l a rd a n m a q s a d O ’ z b e k i s t a n a g r a r , q i s h l o q xo ’ j a l i g i g a i x t i s o s l a s h g a n d a v l a t b o ’ l i b , u n i n g i q t i s o d i y o t i q i s h l o q xo ’ j a l i g i b i l a n u z v i y b o g ’ l i q d i r. S h u s a b a b d a n , y e r l a rn i n g xo l a t i g a h a r b i r xo ’ j a l i k r a x b a r l a r i ka t t a e ’ t i b o r b e r i s h l a r i t a l a b q i l i n a d i . S u g ’ o r i s h s u v l a r i d a n u n u m l i f o y d a l a n g a n xo l d a i s h o l i b b o r i s h l o z i m . X U LO S A www.arxiv.uz

1. X a m i d o v M . X , U r a z ke l d i y e v A . B , B o t i r o v S h . C h , „ M e l i o r a t s i y a v a y e r l a r n i r e ku l t i v a t s i y a l a s h “ d a r s l i k To s h ke n t – 2 0 1 2 . 2. X a m i d o v M , S h u ku r u l l a y e v X , M a m a t a l i y e v A , „Q i s h l o q xo ‘ j a l i k g i d r o t e x n i k a m e l i o r a t s i y a s i “ To s h ke n t – 2 0 0 9 . 3. „ Q i s h l o q h a y o t i “ g a z e t a s i Ya n v a r 2 0 1 3 y i l F OY D A L A N I L G A N A D A B I YO T L A R R O ‘ Y X AT I . www.arxiv.uz

E‘TIBORINGIZ UCHUN RAXMAT!!!

Купить