Analysis of English and Uzbek poetry

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Analysis of English and Uzbek poetry

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I. POETRY AND ITS MAIN PECULIARITIES
1.1 Phonetic features of poetry................................................. 7
1.2 Grammatic features of poetry............................................ 14
1.3 Lexical features of poetry.................................................... 20
CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK POETRY
2.1 Shakespeare`s sonnets and analysis (sonnet 37, 53, 60, 26
130)......................................................................................
2.2 Analysis of Uzbek poems by U.Nosir and M. Yusuf.... 34
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 40
THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE ............................................................. 45

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INTRODUCTION
This course paper is devoted to the study of Poetry and its peculiarities. The
theme of my course paper is ―Analysis of English and Uzbek Poetry . ‖
―For the decision of problems on building of the state new to us essentially a
professional training of the new formation, the brought up on national both
universal values and capable to realize in practice uneasy and major problems on
modernization of the country and building of a modern democratic society had
great value.
The country was in great need in independent and is modern the conceiving
shots deeply feeling the responsibility for the present and the future of the country,
responsibility for destiny of the Native land
‖ 1
.
The actuality of the theme. The word poetry is derived from the Greek
poises, meaning a "making" or "creating". It is a form of art in which language is
used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities with or without its ostensible meaning.
Poetry may be used either as an independent art by itself or in conjunction with
other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns or lyrics. Earlier definitions of poetry focused
on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts
concentrated on features such as repetition and rhyme, and emphasized the
aesthetics which distinguish poetry from prose. From the mid-20th century, poetry
has sometimes been more loosely defined as a fundamental creative act using
language
The object of course paper: The main peculiarities of poetry, its basic
features and peculiarities in English and Uzbek poetry.
Degree of a level of scrutinity. In this occasion have been protected a
number candidate and theses for a doctor's degree among which it is possible to
note L.S.Barxudarov, A.S.Smirinskiy, B.A. Ilish, G.N.Voronsova, V.Ya.Plotkin,
Ya.Blox, R.V. Reznik, T.S.Sorokina, V.G.Gak, V.I.Orseva and Muminova A.G.,
1 Каримов И.А. Юксак маънавият – енгилмас куч. –Т.: ―Маънавият , 2008.
‖ 97 бет .
4

A.Kattabekov, Q.Yo’ldoshov, H.Boltayev, O`.Yusupov, D.Ashurova,
A.I.Boltabev, A.A.Abduazizov, O.Mo`minov, N.Qambarov, T.T.Ikromov,
S.A.Jalalov, T.Q. Sattarov, G.T. Mahkamova's works, etc.
The aim of this course paper: It is to reveal the main peculiarities of poetry
in English and Uzbek languages.
As task of the course paper: We have planned to discuss the following
points:
To explain the main peculiarities of poetry.
To explain poetry as a part of Belles-lettres style.
To investigate the bright examples of poetry – poems.
The structure of my course paper is:
Introduction, main part, conclusion and the list of used literature.
In introduction we have introduced my course paper.
In the main part we worked at poetry and it’s main peculiarities.
So, Poetry and is a form of literary art in which language is used for it’s
aesthetic and evocative qualities.
Poetry is often used particular forms and conventions to expand the literal
meaning of the words, or to evoke emotional or sensual responses. Devices such as
assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve
musical or incantatory effects. Poetry's use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and
other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leave a poem open to multiple
interpretations. Similarly, metaphor and simile create a resonance between
otherwise disparate images a layering of meanings, forming connections previously
not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in
their patterns of rhyme or rhythm.
Some forms of poetry are specific to particular cultures and genres,
responding to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. While
readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and
Rumi may think of it as being written in rhyming lines and regular meter, there are
5

traditions, such as those of Du Fu and Beowulf that use other approaches to
achieve rhythm and euphony. In today's globalize world, poets often borrow styles,
techniques and forms from diverse cultures and languages.
Methods of the inquiry: Comparative analysis, sociological supervision,
theoretical reflection and locally-experimental methods of thinking have been used.
Scientific novelty of course paper: In this connection scientific novelty of
research is caused by following factors:
- to analyze the notion of poetry as a part of belle letter style;
- to classify and concretize the term of poetry and it’s features;
- to show up the pronunciation and phonetic features of poetry;
- to research Grammatik features of poetry and its usage;
- to concretize the specific peculiarities of lexical features of poetry;
- to present some peculiar features of Shakespeare’s sonnet (sonnet 37, 53,
60, 130);
- to give some analysis of Uzbek poems by U.Nosir and M. Yusuf
The theoretical and the methodological basis of work were made by works
and performances of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of I.A.Karimov
and some works of linguistics’ of the given theme.
The application of results in practice: some points of the work have been
published in scientific and practical conferences, printed in magazines and
journals.
The value of theoretical and practical results of course paper: it can be
used in lecturing of the main features of poetry, in summarizing scientific works of
the investigated field.
The structure of the course paper. Course paper consists of Introduction,
Conclusion, the List of the used literature and appendices in which, the author of
dissertation cites poetic data, results of sociological interrogations.

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CHAPTER I. POETRY AND ITS MAIN PECULIARITIES
1.1 Phonetic features of poetry
When people use word poetry in conversation, they may not have a clear
definition in mind, but they are likely to assume that the term implies certain
qualities. An ice skater is said to achieve poetry in motion An art comment is‖ ‖
praised for containing ― more truth than poetry these two phrases suggest that
‖
poetry may be a matter of grace and of beauty, but may also represent sheer
impractical fancy.
Yet the origin of the word implies somewhat different meaning ―The Greek
verb ―poises means just ―to make or ―to construct : the, the poet is a man who
‖ ‖ ‖
constructs something, a ―maker the poem is a construction in words .
‖ 2

So, poetry is a form of literary art in which language is used for it is aesthetic
evocative qualities in addition to or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Poetry may be
written independently, as discrete poems, may occur in conjunction with other arts,
as in poetic drama, hymns or lyrics.
Poetry, and discussions of it, have a long history. Early attempts to define
poetry, such as Aristotle’s Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric,
drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated n features such as repletion,
verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry
from prose.
The belles- lettres style is a generic term for three substyles in which the main
principles and the most general properties of the styles are materialized. These
three substyles are:
1 The language of poetry, or simply verse.
2 Emotive prose, or the language of fiction.
3 The language of the drama.
The first substytle we shall consider is verse. It is first differentiating property
is it is orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic
2 A Poetry Anthology. Marlies K.D and W.S.Jonson Random Hause. 19862, page13.
7

arrangement of the utterances. The rhythmic aspect calls forth syntactical and
semantic peculiarities which also fall into a more or less strict orderly arrangement.
Rhythm and rhyme are immediately distinguishable properties of the poetic
substyle provided they are wrought into compositional patterns. The various
compositional forms of rhyme and rhythm are generally studied under the terms
versification or prosody.
A great influence on the characteristic features of the belles –lettres style was
exercised by Shakespeare.Although he never prose, except for a few insertions in
some of his play, he declared his poetical credo and his attitude towards all kind of
his works 3
.
History. Poetry as an art form may predate literacy. Many ancient works, from
the Vedas to the Odyssey, appear to have been composed in poetic form to aid
memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies. Poetry
appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments
found on early monoliths, rune stones and steal.
The oldest surviving poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium
BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script
on clay tablets and, later, papyrus. Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek
epics, Iliad and Odyssey, and the Indian epics, Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a
form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics" — the
study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese
through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons
of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently,
thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal
differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo
Basho's Oku no Hosomichi, as well as differences in context spanning Tanakh
religious poetry, love poetry, and rap.
3 Galperin I.R. An Essay in Stylistic analysis. M.: 1968, P. 18.
8

Context can be critical to poetics and to the development of poetic genres and
forms. Poetry that records historic events in epics, such as Gilgamesh or Firdausi’s
Shahnameh, will necessarily be lengthy and narrative, while poetry used for
liturgical purposes ( hymns, psalms, suras and hadiths ) is likely to have an
inspirational tone, whereas elegy and tragedy are meant to evoke deep emotional
responses. Other contexts include Gregorian chants, formal or diplomatic speech,
political rhetoric and invective, light-hearted nursery and nonsense rhymes, and
even medical texts.
When I write poetry, I check out the meaning of words for too often they
sound the same, but once written, and if spelled wrong, in consequence, give a
complete different meaning of what I had intended; this I call a moment of damage
control. If my rhyme is flat, and my cadence is off, so what, I can survive, as long
as the meaning of my words are not; and are as I meant them to be. Even
punctuation can be off, and not do too much damage, but not so with my meaning
of words, when they are off; or, is not as I intended them to be. I am not a
professor, or perfectionist in/of English, nor need to be, a minor in literature is it
and will do, but here is the bottom of the iceberg in poetry--the meaning of words.
Write what you mean in words, and mean what the words say in writing poetry; or
so I must remember for myself; or at least now and then remind myself; remind
myself that poetry is the highest point or form in/of writing. Yet, sometimes I must
give up something to get something, but never the meaning of a word. Well, that is
how I feel anyhow. Why? it is damaging not only to me, but to the reader.
Onomatopoeia Poems - Examples of Onomatopoeia Poetry and Its Features
Various types of poetry like lyrics, ballads, epic and sonnet examples are of great
interest to study. The examples of onomatopoeia poetry will help you learn how
the sound of the words can play crucial role in making of onomatopoeia.
Onomatopoeia is sometimes called echoism that means it echoes something.
In other words, it denotes a word or a combination of words where whose sounds
9

have some resemblance to the sound it denotes. For instance, the words like "hiss",
"buzz", "bang" are associated with a particular sound or as you pronounce them,
you will associate that particular sound in your mind.
John Crowe Ransom, an American critic, has also remarked about the play of
sound and its significance in poetry. He suggested that by making only two little
changes in the consonants of the last lines above, you will miss the echoic effect
because the meaning will get changed. For example, it will look like "And
murdering of innumerable beeves".
The sounds of onomatopgeic words are soietimes pleasant or sometimes
boring! In "Meetilg at Night" (1845), Robert Brownilg created s1uiqhy effects:
As I gain the cote 7ith pushing prow,
And quench its speed i' the slushy sand. A
tape at the pane, the quick sharp scratch
And blue spurt of a lighted latch...
Dhe concept of onomatopoeia , in gener`l and broader sanse, is applied to
wmrds to suggest what they denote; in movement, size, force, feel, or sound. The
poedry with the use of such suggestions, the use sound and rhythmic movement are
wonderful to read, recite and enjoy. It is very true that poetry can not be read but
recited or sung!
Poetry is more than just rhyming. In fact, poetry doesn't even have to
rhyme. The main sources are movement and sound. These two things along with
feeling make up what poetry is...
1. The art or work of a poet.
2. Poems regarded as forming a division of literature.
3 The poetic works of a given author, group, nation, or kind.
4. A piece of literature written in meter; verse.
5. Prose that resembles a poem in some respect, as in form or
sound.
6. The essence or characteristic quality of a poem.
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7. A quality that suggests poetry, as in grace, beauty, or harmony:
the poetry of the dancer's movements.
Features of Poems:
 Poems have meaning . Poems can describe an interesting place or person, tell a
story or explain feelings.
 Poems have sounds . Poems sound different from other types of writing. Poems
may have rhyming words, a regular rhythm like music, words with repeated
sounds, or even words that sound like their meaning.
 Poems have images . Poems create pictures in our mind, called images. Images
often refer to our sense of sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. An image may
describe something, or it may compare one thing to another. Images help you
see something as if it is really there.
 Poems have lines . Poems have lines that may be long or short, and can be made
up of whole sentences or sentence fragments. Some poems have lines arranged
in stanzas. A stanza is a group of lines that are arranged in a definite pattern. In
other poems, the lines make a picture or shape to illustrate the topic.
 Poems have patterns . Poems have patterns of letters, syllables and words.
These patterns often help you to hear the rhythm of a poem. Some types of
poems have patterns with a particular number of syllables in each line, and
others have words repeated throughout the poem. As you read through this book,
you will find out more about the features of poems, and how you can use them
to write your own poetry.
―Whereas the ―material of language forms an integrated and hierarchically‖
organized system, the pigments or the quality and texture of wood or of stone
acquire systematicity solely because of and within the artistic product
‖ 4
.
Definition of Poetry. Poetry is piece of literature written by a poet in meter or
verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of
4 Style in language. Thomas A. Sebeok New York. London. 1960. Page 69.
11

techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The emphasis on the
aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition, meter and
rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose. Poems often
make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey emotions. An
example of Name Poem is detailed above.
Structure of Poetry . The structure used in poems varies with different types
of poetry and can be seen in the above example of Name Poem. The structural
elements include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Poets combine the use of
language and a specific structure to create imaginative and expressive work. The
structure used in some Poetry types are also used when considering the visual
effect of a finished poem. The structure of many types of poetry result in groups of
lines on the page which enhance the poem's composition.
Classical Approach to Poetry . Classical thinkers employed classification as
a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. Notably, the existing fragments of
Aristotle's Poetics describe three genres of poetry — the epic, the comic, and the
tragic — and develop rules to distinguish the highest-quality poetry in each genre,
based on the underlying purposes of the genre. Later aestheticians identified three
major genres: epic poetry, lyric poetry and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and
tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry. Aristotle's work was influential
throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, as well as in Europe
during the Renaissance. Later poets and aestheticians often distinguished poetry
from, and defined it in opposition to, prose, which was generally understood as
writing with a proclivity to logical explication and a linear narrative structure.
Modern Approach to Poetry . Some 20th century literary theorists, relying
less on the opposition of prose and poetry, focused on the poet as simply one who
creates using language, and poetry as what the poet creates. The underlying
concept of the poet as creator is not uncommon, and some modernist poets
essentially do not distinguish between the creation of a poem with words, and
12

creative acts in other media such as carpentry. Yet other modernists challenge the
very attempt to define poetry as misguided, as when Archibald MacLeish
concludes his paradoxical poem, "Ars Poetical," with the lines: "A poem should
not mean / but be." 5

Disputes over the definition of poetry, and over poetry's distinction from other
genres of literature, have been inextricably intertwined with the debate over the
role of poetic form. The rejection of traditional forms and structures for poetry that
began in the first half of the twentieth century, coincided with a questioning of the
purpose and meaning of traditional definitions of poetry and of distinctions
between poetry and prose, particularly given examples of poetic prose and prosaic
"poetry". Numerous modernist poets have written in non-traditional forms or in
what traditionally would have been considered prose, although their writing was
generally infused with poetic diction and often with rhythm and tone established by
non-metrical means. While there was a substantial formalist reaction within the
modernist schools to the breakdown of structure, this reaction focused as much on
the development of new formal structures and syntheses as on the revival of older
forms and structures.
More recently, postmodernism has fully embraced MacLeish's concept and
come to regard boundaries between prose and poetry, and also among genres of
poetry, as having meaning only as cultural artifacts. Postmodernism goes beyond
modernism's emphasis on the creative role of the poet, to emphasize the role of the
reader of a text, and to highlight the complex cultural web within which a poem is
read. Today, throughout the world, poetry often incorporates poetic form and
diction from other cultures and from the past, further confounding attempts at
definition and classification that were once sensible within a tradition such as the
Western canon.
Funny poetry . Funny poetry resource providing the famous funny poems by
the World's most popular Poets. Whether your search is for Classic Funny Poetry
5 ―http:/www.allbest.ru ‖
13

or Modern Funny poetry you will find the funny poetry of your choice on this
Funny Poetry section. Please visit our exclusive Poetry Forum, designed by the
Poetry for anyone interested in, or with questions about, Funny poetry.
1.2 Grammatic features of poetry
Prosody is the study of the meter, rhythm, and intonation of a poem. Meter is
the definitive pattern established for a verse (such as iambic pentameter), while
rhythm is the actual sound that results from a line of poetry. Prosody also may be
used more specifically to refer to the scanning of poetic lines to show meter.
Rhythm: The methods for creating poetic rhythm vary across languages and
between poetic traditions. Languages are often described as having timing set
primarily by accents, syllables, or morass, depending on how rhythm is
established, though a language can be influenced by multiple approaches. For
example:
Japanese is a morass-timed language.
Latin, Catalan, French and Spanish are syllable-timed languages.
English, Russian and, generally, German are stress-timed languages.
Chinese, Vietnamese, Lithuanian, and most Sub-Saharan languages are Tonal
languages
Meter: In the Western poetic tradition, meters are customarily grouped
according to a characteristic metrical foot and the number of feet per line. Some
examples of metric system are:
iambic pentameter. It contains five feet per line, in which the predominant
kind of foot is the "iamb. It system originated in ancient Greek poetry, and was
used by poets such as Pindar and Sappho, and by the great tragedians of Athens.
Dactylic hexameter. It has six feet per line, of which the dominant kind of
foot is the dactyl. Dactylic hexameter was the traditional meter of Greek epic
poetry, the earliest extant examples of which are the works of Homer and Hesiod.
Meter is often scanned based on the arrangement of "poetic feet" into lines. In
English, each foot usually includes one syllable with a stress and one or two
14

$without a stress. In other languages, it may be a combination of the number of syllables and the length of the vowel that determines how the foot is parsed, where one syllable with a long vowel may be treated as the equivalent of two syllables with short vowels. The generally accepted names for some of the most commonly used kinds of feet include spondee — two stressed syllables together iamb — unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable trochee — one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable dactyl — one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables anapest — two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable pyrrhic - two unstressed syllables together (rare, usually used to end dactylic hexameter)\ The number of metrical feet in a line are described in Greek terminology as follows: diameter — two feet trimeter — three feet tetrameter — four feet pentameter — five feet hexameter — six feet heptameter — seven feet octameter — eight feet Rhyme, Alliteration, Assonance: Rhyme, alliteration, assonance and consonance are ways of creating repetitive patterns of sound. They may be used as an independent structural element in a poem, to reinforce rhythmic patterns, or as an ornamental element. Rhyme consists of identical (hard-rhyme) or similar (softrhyme) sounds placed at the ends of lines or at predictable locations within lines (internal rhyme). Languages vary in the richness of their rhyming structures. Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables. We find alliteration in many familiar phrases and expressions such as "down in the dumps." 15$