Analysis of English and Uzbek poetry

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Analysis of English and Uzbek poetry

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I. POETRY AND ITS MAIN PECULIARITIES
1.1 Phonetic features of poetry................................................. 7
1.2 Grammatic features of poetry............................................ 14
1.3 Lexical features of poetry.................................................... 20
CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK POETRY
2.1 Shakespeare`s sonnets and analysis (sonnet 37, 53, 60, 26
130)......................................................................................
2.2 Analysis of Uzbek poems by U.Nosir and M. Yusuf.... 34
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 40
THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE ............................................................. 45

3

INTRODUCTION
This course paper is devoted to the study of Poetry and its peculiarities. The
theme of my course paper is ―Analysis of English and Uzbek Poetry . ‖
―For the decision of problems on building of the state new to us essentially a
professional training of the new formation, the brought up on national both
universal values and capable to realize in practice uneasy and major problems on
modernization of the country and building of a modern democratic society had
great value.
The country was in great need in independent and is modern the conceiving
shots deeply feeling the responsibility for the present and the future of the country,
responsibility for destiny of the Native land
‖ 1
.
The actuality of the theme. The word poetry is derived from the Greek
poises, meaning a "making" or "creating". It is a form of art in which language is
used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities with or without its ostensible meaning.
Poetry may be used either as an independent art by itself or in conjunction with
other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns or lyrics. Earlier definitions of poetry focused
on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts
concentrated on features such as repetition and rhyme, and emphasized the
aesthetics which distinguish poetry from prose. From the mid-20th century, poetry
has sometimes been more loosely defined as a fundamental creative act using
language
The object of course paper: The main peculiarities of poetry, its basic
features and peculiarities in English and Uzbek poetry.
Degree of a level of scrutinity. In this occasion have been protected a
number candidate and theses for a doctor's degree among which it is possible to
note L.S.Barxudarov, A.S.Smirinskiy, B.A. Ilish, G.N.Voronsova, V.Ya.Plotkin,
Ya.Blox, R.V. Reznik, T.S.Sorokina, V.G.Gak, V.I.Orseva and Muminova A.G.,
1 Каримов И.А. Юксак маънавият – енгилмас куч. –Т.: ―Маънавият , 2008.
‖ 97 бет .
4

A.Kattabekov, Q.Yo’ldoshov, H.Boltayev, O`.Yusupov, D.Ashurova,
A.I.Boltabev, A.A.Abduazizov, O.Mo`minov, N.Qambarov, T.T.Ikromov,
S.A.Jalalov, T.Q. Sattarov, G.T. Mahkamova's works, etc.
The aim of this course paper: It is to reveal the main peculiarities of poetry
in English and Uzbek languages.
As task of the course paper: We have planned to discuss the following
points:
To explain the main peculiarities of poetry.
To explain poetry as a part of Belles-lettres style.
To investigate the bright examples of poetry – poems.
The structure of my course paper is:
Introduction, main part, conclusion and the list of used literature.
In introduction we have introduced my course paper.
In the main part we worked at poetry and it’s main peculiarities.
So, Poetry and is a form of literary art in which language is used for it’s
aesthetic and evocative qualities.
Poetry is often used particular forms and conventions to expand the literal
meaning of the words, or to evoke emotional or sensual responses. Devices such as
assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve
musical or incantatory effects. Poetry's use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and
other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leave a poem open to multiple
interpretations. Similarly, metaphor and simile create a resonance between
otherwise disparate images a layering of meanings, forming connections previously
not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in
their patterns of rhyme or rhythm.
Some forms of poetry are specific to particular cultures and genres,
responding to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. While
readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and
Rumi may think of it as being written in rhyming lines and regular meter, there are
5

traditions, such as those of Du Fu and Beowulf that use other approaches to
achieve rhythm and euphony. In today's globalize world, poets often borrow styles,
techniques and forms from diverse cultures and languages.
Methods of the inquiry: Comparative analysis, sociological supervision,
theoretical reflection and locally-experimental methods of thinking have been used.
Scientific novelty of course paper: In this connection scientific novelty of
research is caused by following factors:
- to analyze the notion of poetry as a part of belle letter style;
- to classify and concretize the term of poetry and it’s features;
- to show up the pronunciation and phonetic features of poetry;
- to research Grammatik features of poetry and its usage;
- to concretize the specific peculiarities of lexical features of poetry;
- to present some peculiar features of Shakespeare’s sonnet (sonnet 37, 53,
60, 130);
- to give some analysis of Uzbek poems by U.Nosir and M. Yusuf
The theoretical and the methodological basis of work were made by works
and performances of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of I.A.Karimov
and some works of linguistics’ of the given theme.
The application of results in practice: some points of the work have been
published in scientific and practical conferences, printed in magazines and
journals.
The value of theoretical and practical results of course paper: it can be
used in lecturing of the main features of poetry, in summarizing scientific works of
the investigated field.
The structure of the course paper. Course paper consists of Introduction,
Conclusion, the List of the used literature and appendices in which, the author of
dissertation cites poetic data, results of sociological interrogations.

6

CHAPTER I. POETRY AND ITS MAIN PECULIARITIES
1.1 Phonetic features of poetry
When people use word poetry in conversation, they may not have a clear
definition in mind, but they are likely to assume that the term implies certain
qualities. An ice skater is said to achieve poetry in motion An art comment is‖ ‖
praised for containing ― more truth than poetry these two phrases suggest that
‖
poetry may be a matter of grace and of beauty, but may also represent sheer
impractical fancy.
Yet the origin of the word implies somewhat different meaning ―The Greek
verb ―poises means just ―to make or ―to construct : the, the poet is a man who
‖ ‖ ‖
constructs something, a ―maker the poem is a construction in words .
‖ 2

So, poetry is a form of literary art in which language is used for it is aesthetic
evocative qualities in addition to or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Poetry may be
written independently, as discrete poems, may occur in conjunction with other arts,
as in poetic drama, hymns or lyrics.
Poetry, and discussions of it, have a long history. Early attempts to define
poetry, such as Aristotle’s Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric,
drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated n features such as repletion,
verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry
from prose.
The belles- lettres style is a generic term for three substyles in which the main
principles and the most general properties of the styles are materialized. These
three substyles are:
1 The language of poetry, or simply verse.
2 Emotive prose, or the language of fiction.
3 The language of the drama.
The first substytle we shall consider is verse. It is first differentiating property
is it is orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic
2 A Poetry Anthology. Marlies K.D and W.S.Jonson Random Hause. 19862, page13.
7

arrangement of the utterances. The rhythmic aspect calls forth syntactical and
semantic peculiarities which also fall into a more or less strict orderly arrangement.
Rhythm and rhyme are immediately distinguishable properties of the poetic
substyle provided they are wrought into compositional patterns. The various
compositional forms of rhyme and rhythm are generally studied under the terms
versification or prosody.
A great influence on the characteristic features of the belles –lettres style was
exercised by Shakespeare.Although he never prose, except for a few insertions in
some of his play, he declared his poetical credo and his attitude towards all kind of
his works 3
.
History. Poetry as an art form may predate literacy. Many ancient works, from
the Vedas to the Odyssey, appear to have been composed in poetic form to aid
memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies. Poetry
appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments
found on early monoliths, rune stones and steal.
The oldest surviving poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium
BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script
on clay tablets and, later, papyrus. Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek
epics, Iliad and Odyssey, and the Indian epics, Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a
form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics" — the
study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese
through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons
of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently,
thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal
differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo
Basho's Oku no Hosomichi, as well as differences in context spanning Tanakh
religious poetry, love poetry, and rap.
3 Galperin I.R. An Essay in Stylistic analysis. M.: 1968, P. 18.
8

Context can be critical to poetics and to the development of poetic genres and
forms. Poetry that records historic events in epics, such as Gilgamesh or Firdausi’s
Shahnameh, will necessarily be lengthy and narrative, while poetry used for
liturgical purposes ( hymns, psalms, suras and hadiths ) is likely to have an
inspirational tone, whereas elegy and tragedy are meant to evoke deep emotional
responses. Other contexts include Gregorian chants, formal or diplomatic speech,
political rhetoric and invective, light-hearted nursery and nonsense rhymes, and
even medical texts.
When I write poetry, I check out the meaning of words for too often they
sound the same, but once written, and if spelled wrong, in consequence, give a
complete different meaning of what I had intended; this I call a moment of damage
control. If my rhyme is flat, and my cadence is off, so what, I can survive, as long
as the meaning of my words are not; and are as I meant them to be. Even
punctuation can be off, and not do too much damage, but not so with my meaning
of words, when they are off; or, is not as I intended them to be. I am not a
professor, or perfectionist in/of English, nor need to be, a minor in literature is it
and will do, but here is the bottom of the iceberg in poetry--the meaning of words.
Write what you mean in words, and mean what the words say in writing poetry; or
so I must remember for myself; or at least now and then remind myself; remind
myself that poetry is the highest point or form in/of writing. Yet, sometimes I must
give up something to get something, but never the meaning of a word. Well, that is
how I feel anyhow. Why? it is damaging not only to me, but to the reader.
Onomatopoeia Poems - Examples of Onomatopoeia Poetry and Its Features
Various types of poetry like lyrics, ballads, epic and sonnet examples are of great
interest to study. The examples of onomatopoeia poetry will help you learn how
the sound of the words can play crucial role in making of onomatopoeia.
Onomatopoeia is sometimes called echoism that means it echoes something.
In other words, it denotes a word or a combination of words where whose sounds
9

have some resemblance to the sound it denotes. For instance, the words like "hiss",
"buzz", "bang" are associated with a particular sound or as you pronounce them,
you will associate that particular sound in your mind.
John Crowe Ransom, an American critic, has also remarked about the play of
sound and its significance in poetry. He suggested that by making only two little
changes in the consonants of the last lines above, you will miss the echoic effect
because the meaning will get changed. For example, it will look like "And
murdering of innumerable beeves".
The sounds of onomatopgeic words are soietimes pleasant or sometimes
boring! In "Meetilg at Night" (1845), Robert Brownilg created s1uiqhy effects:
As I gain the cote 7ith pushing prow,
And quench its speed i' the slushy sand. A
tape at the pane, the quick sharp scratch
And blue spurt of a lighted latch...
Dhe concept of onomatopoeia , in gener`l and broader sanse, is applied to
wmrds to suggest what they denote; in movement, size, force, feel, or sound. The
poedry with the use of such suggestions, the use sound and rhythmic movement are
wonderful to read, recite and enjoy. It is very true that poetry can not be read but
recited or sung!
Poetry is more than just rhyming. In fact, poetry doesn't even have to
rhyme. The main sources are movement and sound. These two things along with
feeling make up what poetry is...
1. The art or work of a poet.
2. Poems regarded as forming a division of literature.
3 The poetic works of a given author, group, nation, or kind.
4. A piece of literature written in meter; verse.
5. Prose that resembles a poem in some respect, as in form or
sound.
6. The essence or characteristic quality of a poem.
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7. A quality that suggests poetry, as in grace, beauty, or harmony:
the poetry of the dancer's movements.
Features of Poems:
 Poems have meaning . Poems can describe an interesting place or person, tell a
story or explain feelings.
 Poems have sounds . Poems sound different from other types of writing. Poems
may have rhyming words, a regular rhythm like music, words with repeated
sounds, or even words that sound like their meaning.
 Poems have images . Poems create pictures in our mind, called images. Images
often refer to our sense of sight, smell, sound, taste and touch. An image may
describe something, or it may compare one thing to another. Images help you
see something as if it is really there.
 Poems have lines . Poems have lines that may be long or short, and can be made
up of whole sentences or sentence fragments. Some poems have lines arranged
in stanzas. A stanza is a group of lines that are arranged in a definite pattern. In
other poems, the lines make a picture or shape to illustrate the topic.
 Poems have patterns . Poems have patterns of letters, syllables and words.
These patterns often help you to hear the rhythm of a poem. Some types of
poems have patterns with a particular number of syllables in each line, and
others have words repeated throughout the poem. As you read through this book,
you will find out more about the features of poems, and how you can use them
to write your own poetry.
―Whereas the ―material of language forms an integrated and hierarchically‖
organized system, the pigments or the quality and texture of wood or of stone
acquire systematicity solely because of and within the artistic product
‖ 4
.
Definition of Poetry. Poetry is piece of literature written by a poet in meter or
verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of
4 Style in language. Thomas A. Sebeok New York. London. 1960. Page 69.
11

techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The emphasis on the
aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition, meter and
rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose. Poems often
make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey emotions. An
example of Name Poem is detailed above.
Structure of Poetry . The structure used in poems varies with different types
of poetry and can be seen in the above example of Name Poem. The structural
elements include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Poets combine the use of
language and a specific structure to create imaginative and expressive work. The
structure used in some Poetry types are also used when considering the visual
effect of a finished poem. The structure of many types of poetry result in groups of
lines on the page which enhance the poem's composition.
Classical Approach to Poetry . Classical thinkers employed classification as
a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. Notably, the existing fragments of
Aristotle's Poetics describe three genres of poetry — the epic, the comic, and the
tragic — and develop rules to distinguish the highest-quality poetry in each genre,
based on the underlying purposes of the genre. Later aestheticians identified three
major genres: epic poetry, lyric poetry and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and
tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry. Aristotle's work was influential
throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, as well as in Europe
during the Renaissance. Later poets and aestheticians often distinguished poetry
from, and defined it in opposition to, prose, which was generally understood as
writing with a proclivity to logical explication and a linear narrative structure.
Modern Approach to Poetry . Some 20th century literary theorists, relying
less on the opposition of prose and poetry, focused on the poet as simply one who
creates using language, and poetry as what the poet creates. The underlying
concept of the poet as creator is not uncommon, and some modernist poets
essentially do not distinguish between the creation of a poem with words, and
12

creative acts in other media such as carpentry. Yet other modernists challenge the
very attempt to define poetry as misguided, as when Archibald MacLeish
concludes his paradoxical poem, "Ars Poetical," with the lines: "A poem should
not mean / but be." 5

Disputes over the definition of poetry, and over poetry's distinction from other
genres of literature, have been inextricably intertwined with the debate over the
role of poetic form. The rejection of traditional forms and structures for poetry that
began in the first half of the twentieth century, coincided with a questioning of the
purpose and meaning of traditional definitions of poetry and of distinctions
between poetry and prose, particularly given examples of poetic prose and prosaic
"poetry". Numerous modernist poets have written in non-traditional forms or in
what traditionally would have been considered prose, although their writing was
generally infused with poetic diction and often with rhythm and tone established by
non-metrical means. While there was a substantial formalist reaction within the
modernist schools to the breakdown of structure, this reaction focused as much on
the development of new formal structures and syntheses as on the revival of older
forms and structures.
More recently, postmodernism has fully embraced MacLeish's concept and
come to regard boundaries between prose and poetry, and also among genres of
poetry, as having meaning only as cultural artifacts. Postmodernism goes beyond
modernism's emphasis on the creative role of the poet, to emphasize the role of the
reader of a text, and to highlight the complex cultural web within which a poem is
read. Today, throughout the world, poetry often incorporates poetic form and
diction from other cultures and from the past, further confounding attempts at
definition and classification that were once sensible within a tradition such as the
Western canon.
Funny poetry . Funny poetry resource providing the famous funny poems by
the World's most popular Poets. Whether your search is for Classic Funny Poetry
5 ―http:/www.allbest.ru ‖
13

or Modern Funny poetry you will find the funny poetry of your choice on this
Funny Poetry section. Please visit our exclusive Poetry Forum, designed by the
Poetry for anyone interested in, or with questions about, Funny poetry.
1.2 Grammatic features of poetry
Prosody is the study of the meter, rhythm, and intonation of a poem. Meter is
the definitive pattern established for a verse (such as iambic pentameter), while
rhythm is the actual sound that results from a line of poetry. Prosody also may be
used more specifically to refer to the scanning of poetic lines to show meter.
Rhythm: The methods for creating poetic rhythm vary across languages and
between poetic traditions. Languages are often described as having timing set
primarily by accents, syllables, or morass, depending on how rhythm is
established, though a language can be influenced by multiple approaches. For
example:
Japanese is a morass-timed language.
Latin, Catalan, French and Spanish are syllable-timed languages.
English, Russian and, generally, German are stress-timed languages.
Chinese, Vietnamese, Lithuanian, and most Sub-Saharan languages are Tonal
languages
Meter: In the Western poetic tradition, meters are customarily grouped
according to a characteristic metrical foot and the number of feet per line. Some
examples of metric system are:
iambic pentameter. It contains five feet per line, in which the predominant
kind of foot is the "iamb. It system originated in ancient Greek poetry, and was
used by poets such as Pindar and Sappho, and by the great tragedians of Athens.
Dactylic hexameter. It has six feet per line, of which the dominant kind of
foot is the dactyl. Dactylic hexameter was the traditional meter of Greek epic
poetry, the earliest extant examples of which are the works of Homer and Hesiod.
Meter is often scanned based on the arrangement of "poetic feet" into lines. In
English, each foot usually includes one syllable with a stress and one or two
14

$without a stress. In other languages, it may be a combination of the number of syllables and the length of the vowel that determines how the foot is parsed, where one syllable with a long vowel may be treated as the equivalent of two syllables with short vowels. The generally accepted names for some of the most commonly used kinds of feet include spondee — two stressed syllables together iamb — unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable trochee — one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable dactyl — one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables anapest — two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable pyrrhic - two unstressed syllables together (rare, usually used to end dactylic hexameter)\ The number of metrical feet in a line are described in Greek terminology as follows: diameter — two feet trimeter — three feet tetrameter — four feet pentameter — five feet hexameter — six feet heptameter — seven feet octameter — eight feet Rhyme, Alliteration, Assonance: Rhyme, alliteration, assonance and consonance are ways of creating repetitive patterns of sound. They may be used as an independent structural element in a poem, to reinforce rhythmic patterns, or as an ornamental element. Rhyme consists of identical (hard-rhyme) or similar (softrhyme) sounds placed at the ends of lines or at predictable locations within lines (internal rhyme). Languages vary in the richness of their rhyming structures. Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables. We find alliteration in many familiar phrases and expressions such as "down in the dumps." 15$

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in non-rhyming words as in,
"some ship in distress that cannot ever live." It is used in modern English-language
poetry, and in Old French, Spanish and Celtic languages.
Rhyming Schemes: In many languages poets use rhyme in set patterns as a
structural element for specific poet forms, such as ballads, sonnets and rhyming
couplets. However, the use of structural rhyme is not universal. Much modern
poetry avoids traditional rhyme schemes. Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not
use rhyme. Rhyme entered European poetry in the High Middle Ages, in part under
the influence of the Arabic language in Al Andalus (modern Spain).[50] Arabic
language poets used rhyme extensively. Some rhyming schemes have become
associated with a specific language, culture or period, while other rhyming
schemes have achieved use across languages, cultures or time periods. Some forms
of poetry carry a consistent and well-defined rhyming scheme, such as the chant
royal or the rubaiyat, while other poetic forms have variable rhyme schemes.
Lines and stanzas . Poetry is often separated into lines on a page. These lines
may be based on the number of metrical feet, or may emphasize a rhyming pattern
at the ends of lines. Lines may serve other functions, particularly where the poem
is not written in a formal metrical pattern. Lines can separate, compare or contrast
thoughts expressed in different units, or can highlight a change in tone. Lines of
poems are often organized into stanzas, which are denominated by the number of
lines included. Thus a collection of two lines is a couplet (or distich), three lines a
triplet (or tercet), four lines a quatrain, five lines a quintain (or cinquain), six lines
a sestet, and eight lines an octet. These lines may or may not relate to each other by
rhyme or rhythm. For example, a couplet may be two lines with identical meters
which rhyme or two lines held together by a common meter alone. Stanzas often
have related couplets or triplets within them. Other poems may be organized into
verse paragraphs, in which regular rhymes with established rhythms are not used,
but the poetic tone is instead established by a collection of rhythms, alliterations,
16

and rhymes established in paragraph form. Many medieval poems were written in
verse paragraphs, even where regular rhymes and rhythms were used.
Ballade Poetry Types . Ballade Poetry Types are a French verse form, usually
with three stanzas of seven, eight, or ten lines and a shorter final stanza of four or
five lines. All stanzas end with the same one-line refrain. One of the most famous
ballades is "Ballade des pendus" ("Ballade of the hanged men") by Francois Villon
(1431 - c. 1463)
Example of Ballade Poetry Types
There are many examples of different types of poetry. An example of Ballade
Poetry Types can be found in the poetic work of zzzz.
Example of Ballade Poetry Types - Excerpt
Analogy Poetry Type . An Analogy is a likeness or similarity between things
(a subject and an analog) that are otherwise unlike. Analogy is the comparison of
two pairs which have the same relationship.
Alexandrine Poetry Type . Alexandrine Poetry Type is a line of poetry that
has 12 syllables and derives from a medieval romance about Alexander the Great
that was written in 12-syllable lines. An alexandrine is used to describe a line of
poetic meter.
Example of Alexandrine Poetry Type. The Senryu Poetry Type is a short
Japanese poem that is similar to a Haiku poem in structure but treats human beings
rather than nature, often in a humorous or satiric way. Haiku is usually published
with the name of the author and senryu is not.
Poetry about death . Resource providing famous poems about death by the
World's most popular Poets. Whether your search is for Classic Poetry about Death
or Modern poetry about Death, you will find the Death poetry of your choice on
this Poetry section. Please visit our exclusive Poetry Forum.
Click any link to go to the section dedicated to your chosen Death poem.
Poetry about Death . The Poetry about Death listed on this page details the full titles
of Poetry about Death and their poets. Clicking on your choice of Poetry about
17

Death will enable access to the lyrics / words of the poetry about death. The list is
clearly not exhaustive but it is believed that a good cross section of popular Poetry
about Death and their poets have been included. Death poetry is one of the most
popular types of poetry, providing great pleasure to many people. Poetry with the
powerful theme of Death often touches the emotions of the readers, and people are
able to personally relate to many of the words and lyrics of such poetry. Please refer
to our Copyright page and our Privacy Statement regarding Terms of Use.
There are so many poems to choose from it is difficult to know where to make
a start! We have therefore devised a Top 20 List of our favorite poems. It was an
extremely difficult task and obviously our choice, in the end, was based on
personal preferences! We hope that the list will provide our readers with as much
pleasure that these famous verses have given to us. A good knowledge of these
famous verses will provide all students and children with a good grounding of the
subject. Each poet has a different style of writing making expert use of the English
language. We have been asked on many occasions which is our favorite poem.
Impossible! Writing styles, subject matter and even childhood memories influence
choices, so we gave up and endeavored to, at least, compile a list of our top twenty
famous and favorite poems! The first line of the famous verse has been included to
jog the memory! Please refer to the Index for the Top 20 list! We can, however
give examples of some moving verses from a selection of the poems about death:
Famous Poetry. The Famous Poetry contains a huge selection of famous
from the greatest and most celebrated poets and authors. There are examples of
each of the different famous poetry verse forms including verses, poems, limericks,
rhymes, ballades, blank verses, elegy, idylls, lays, lyrics, odes and sonnets! Many
different famous and popular poem categories have been included to suit a variety
of needs including love poems, teen poems, children's poems, dark poems,
romantic poems, love poetry, funny poems, sad poems, friendship poems and
limericks! All the different types of famous poems can be found on Poetry All of
the most famous and great poets and love poems have been featured including
18

Shakespeare, Browning, Eliot, Joyce, Tennyson and Butler. Check out the
definitions of a Cinquain, Couplet, Epigram and Quatrain - great for students of
literature! There are even explanations of the famous Japanese poem formats such
as Tanka, Terza rima, Senryu and Haiku! Common mis-spellings are peotry -
poetrey - poety - poettry - famous poetry and peotry.
Romantic poetry . Resource providing the famous romantic poetry by the
World's most popular Poets. Whether your search is for Classic Romantic poetry or
Modern Romantic poetry you will find the love poetry of your choice on this
Romantic poetry section. Please visit our exclusive Poetry Forum, designed by the
Poetry interested in, or with questions about, romantic poetry. Romantic poetry .
The Romantic poetry listed on this page details the full titles of the Romantic
poetry and their poets. Clicking on your chosen Romantic poetry will enable
access to the lyrics / words of the romantic poetry. The list is clearly not exhaustive
but it is believed that a good cross section of popular Romantic poetry and their
poets have been included. Love poetry is on of the most popular types of poetry,
providing great pleasure to many people. Poetry with the powerful romantic theme
often touches the emotions of the readers, and people are able to personally relate
to many of the words and lyrics of such poetry. 'Poetry ' is solely for educational
purposes and any reproduction of the romantic poetry contained on this web site is
not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.".
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Publishing Poetry or Self Publishing Poetry. Learning about Publishing poetry
and reading the poems of famous poets are the first steps to publishing poetry or
self publishing poetry. Publishing Poetry is a wonderful outlet for expressing your
ideas. Poems can be used to convey ideas, information and feelings but, above all,
it is a great means of entertainment. The elements to include are imagination and
imagery and conveying these ideas by Publishing poetry which makes good use of
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rhythm, rhyme, tone and using the English language and its various means to
enhance your work. The use of devices such as metaphors and similes allows the
writer the broaden the images and meanings of everyday terms so that they take on
a new dimension and improves the chances of publishing poetry.
Thus this extract of the poem shows some specific features of poetry. It has its
own spirit, chosen words, tones and sounding. I think one can also feel that the
grammatical structure is difficult. It depends on differences of poetry’s Jaures, the
vision of the author and of course there should be a certain grammatical structure,
tense forms, non-finite and especially the passive.
1.3 Lexical features of poetry
Lexical. (This structure is exclusive to poetry: It involves "similarities in form
and position among certain words in the text, similarities that are rationalized and
interpreted in terms of meaning" (Riffaterre, 1983, 36)).
Within the lexical structure, there are two categories of formal and positional
similarities on which the reader of the poem can reflect:
1. One category includes similarities derived by parataxis, which are
observable by identifying semantic accumulations.
2. In the other category we include similarities involving hypotaxis,
which has to do with the co-occurrence of words grouped into descriptive systems.
Teen Poetry. There are many examples of different types of Teen poetry and
poems. This section provides a selection of different types of Teen poetry and
poems by most famous Poets. The types of Teen poetry and poems have been
selected to cover all kinds of poetry with a Teen related theme.
Examples of Teen Poetry. Poems are kinds of literature written by the poet in
meter or verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of
variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The
emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition,
meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose.
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Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey
emotions.
The structural elements might include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza.
Poets combine the use of language and a specific structure to create an imaginative
and expressive poem such as shown in the above examples. The structure used is
chosen by the poet when considering the visual effect of a finished poem.
Dark Poetry . There are many examples of different types of Gothic or Dark
poetry and poems. This section provides a selection of different types of Dark
poetry and poems by most famous Poets. The types of Gothic or Dark poetry and
poems have been selected to cover all kinds of poetry with a Gothic or Dark related
theme.
Examples of Structure of Dark Poetry. The structural elements might include
the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Poets combine the use of language and a
specific structure to create an imaginative and expressive poem such as shown in
the above examples. The structure used is chosen by the poet when considering the
visual effect of a finished poem.
American Poetry. There are many examples of different types of American
poetry and poems. This section provides a selection of different types of American
poetry and poems by most famous Poets. The types of American poetry and poems
have been selected to cover all kinds and different styles of poetry by famous
American poets.
Examples of American Poetry. Poems are kinds of literature written by the
poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use
of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The
emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition,
meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose.
Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey
emotions.
21

Examples of Structure of American Poetry. The structural elements might
include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Poets combine the use of language
and a specific structure to create an imaginative and expressive poem such as
shown in the above examples. The structure used is chosen by the poet when
considering the visual effect of a finished poem.
American Poetry & Poems. The words of the most famous Types of
American Poetry and Poems by the Worlds greatest poets
Illustrating examples of various American Poetry types. Free Educational
resource for examples of different types of American poetry and poems
Structure, example, type, form and term are illustrated in this selection of
different types of American poetry and poems
Poetry quotes. Quotations resource providing famous quotes by the World's
most popular Poets. Whether your search is for Classic Poetry Quotes or Modern
Poetry Quotes or quotations you will find the quote of your choice in the Poetry
Quotes / Quotations section of this web site. Please visit our exclusive Poetry
Forum, designed by the Famous Poetry site for anyone interested in, or with
questions about, Poetry Quotes or Quotations.
Poetry Quotes and their poets or authors may be viewed on this section. The
Poetry Quotes detailed cover a whole range of topics but are particularly
interesting as they are Poetry quotes by actual poets! Poetry Quotes are always
popular and many quotes pass into the English language and are used as common,
everyday terms. The surprise comes when the originator of the quote is revealed.
We would strongly recommend the Shakespeare quote section to illustrate this fact.
For Additional non-poetry specific famous quotes we would recommend
English Poetry . There are many examples of different types of English
poetry and poems. This section provides a selection of different types of English
poetry and poems by most famous Poets. The types of English poetry and poems
have been selected to cover all kinds and different styles of poetry by famous
English poets.
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Examples of English Poetry . Poems are kinds of literature written by the
poet in meter or verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use
of variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The
emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition,
meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose.
Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey
emotions.
Examples of Structure of English Poetry . The structural elements might
include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Poets combine the use of language
and a specific structure to create an imaginative and expressive poem such as
shown in the above examples. The structure used is chosen by the poet when
considering the visual effect of a finished poem.
There are many examples of different types of classic Wedding poetry and
poems. This section provides a selection of different types of classic Wedding
poetry and poems by most famous Poets. The different types of classic Wedding
poetry and poems have been selected to cover all kinds of poetry with a Wedding
related theme. If you are getting married find some beautiful words or lines from
the many examples of wedding poems. If your brother, sister or another family
member is getting married chose a couple of lines from the greatest love poems in
the world. The famous classic love poems Shall I compare thee to a summers day
by William Shakespeare or Come live with me and be my love by Christopher
Marlowe are beautiful examples or more modern words can be found in Song of
the Open Road by Walt Whitman. A funny example of a wedding poem can be
found in the Recipe for a Happy Marriage.
Wedding Poetry . Looking for a suitable love poem for a brother, sister or
another member of the family? Some of the best love poems are featured in this
section. A line or couplet can be chosen as the perfect words for the bride or
bridegroom - a much loved brother, sister or other member of the family. Romantic
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love poems and poetry by classic poets and authors for that very special day. Did
you know that an Epithalamium (or Epithalamion) is a wedding day poem written
in honour of a bride and bridegroom? Did you know that a Prothalamium (or
Prothalamion) is a song or poem in honor of a bride and bridegroom before their
wedding?
Free Examples of Wedding Poetry. Poems written with a wedding-theme are
kinds of literature written by the poet in meter or verse expressing various
emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of techniques including
metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The emphasis on the aesthetics of language
and the use of techniques such as repetition, meter and rhyme are what are
commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose. Poems often make heavy use of
imagery and word association to quickly convey emotions. Romantic love poems
are perfect for the special day in the lives of a sister, bother or other close family
member. The romantic love poetry of William Shakespeare, John Keats, Walt
Whitman and Emily Dickenson will provide the inspiration for the special day.
Examples of Structure of Wedding Poetry. The structural elements might
include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza. Romantic and love Poets combine the
use of language and a specific structure to create an imaginative and expressive
poem such as shown in the above examples. The structure used is chosen by the
poet when considering the visual effect of a finished poem.
Wedding Anniversary Poetry. The words of many of the above examples are
suitable as Wedding anniversary poems. If you know someone who is celebrating
their Golden 50th Anniversary or even their diamond 60th anniversary why not
chose some lovely words from any of the above examples. Celebrate a 50th
Anniversary or even 60th anniversary with some romantic words from classic love
poems. Whether your search is for Classic Love Poetry or Modern Love poetry you
will find the love poetry of your choice on this Love Poetry section. Click any link
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to go to the section dedicated to your chosen love poem. We highly recommend the
following sites for Love Quotes:
There are so many wonderful poems to choose from it is difficult to know
where to make a start! We have therefore devised a Top 20 List of our favourite
poems. It was an extremely difficult task and obviously our choice, in the end, was
based on personal preferences! We hope that the list will provide our readers with
as much pleasure that these famous verses have given to us. A good knowledge of
these famous verses will provide all students and children with a good grounding
of the subject. Each poet has a different style of writing making expert use of the
English language. We have been asked on many occasions which is our favourite
poem. Impossible! Writing styles, subject matter and even childhood memories
influence choices, so we gave up and endeavored to, at least, compile a list of our
top twenty famous and favorite poems! The first line of the famous verse has been
included to jog the memory! Please refer to the Index for the Top 20 list! We can,
however give examples of some lovely verses from a selection of the most popular
love poems ever written:
Thus the above mentioned chapter gives us a vivid example of poetry as a part
of belle letter style. We may conclude and summarize that poetry and its features
as an independent art by itself or in conjunction with other arts as in poetic drama,
song and comedy. Besides by analyzing differences of poems we can show that
poems have meaning, sounds, images, lines and patterns. Stating the phonetic
features of poetry it is important to classify them according to the classical and
modern approach. So the classical approach gives us full imagination on three
major genres: epic poetry, lyric poetry and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and
tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry. Furthermore some characteristic features
of the lines, structures, grammatical secularities have been studied in this chapter.

25

CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK POETRY 2.1
Shakespeare’s sonnet and analysis (sonnet 37, 53, 60, 130)
Among the most common form of poetry through the ages is the sonnet,
which, by the thirteenth century, was a poem of fourteen lines following a set
thyme scheme and logical structure. Traditionally, English poets use iambic
pentameter when writing sonnets, with the Spenserian and Shakespearean sonnets
being especially notably. In the romance languages the hendecasyllable and
Alexandrine are the most widely used meters, although the Petrarchan sonnet has
been used in Italy since the 14 th
century Sonnets are particularly associated with
love poetry, and often use a poetic diction heavily based on vivid imagery, but the
twists and turns associated with the move from octave to sestet and to final couplet
make them a useful and dynamic form for many subjects. Among English poetry
the most famous sonnets are written by Shakespeare. In the next passage we will
analyze a few sonnets of the great English playwright and poet – Shakespeare.
Here, we will present some bright sonnets of the great English playwright and poet
William Shakespeare.
SONNET 37
As a decrepit father takes delight
To see his active child do deeds of youth, So
I, made lame by fortune's dearest spite, Take
all my comfort of thy worth and truth.
For whether beauty, birth, or wealth, or wit,
Or any of these all, or all, or more,

Entitled in thy parts do crowned sit, I
make my love engrafted to this store:
So then I am not lame, poor, nor despised,
Whilst that this shadow doth such substance give
That I in thy abundance am sufficed And by a
part of all thy glory live.
Look, what is best, that best I wish in thee:
This wish I have; then ten times happy me!
Sonnet 37, which echoes Sonnet 36, conveys the emotions of a doting parent
and discontinues the confessional mode of the previous sonnets. "As a decrepit
26

father takes delight / to see his active child do deeds of youth," the poet takes
comfort in the youth's superlative qualities, and wishes "what is best," for the
youth. If the youth then has the best, the poet will be ten times happier. Separated
from the young man, the poet now is content merely to hear other people's
favorable opinions of the youth: "So I, made lame by Fortune's dearest spite, / Take
all my comfort of thy worth and truth." Sadly, the poet seems to be living through
the young man rather than for himself.
Shakespeare’s Sonnets 37 returns to a number of them sounded in the first 25
of the cycle, such as the effects of age and recuperation from age, and the blurred
boundaries between lover and beloved.
Just as an aged father takes delight in the youthful actions of his son, so I,
crippled by fortune, take comfort in your worth and faithfulness, says the author.
For weather its beauty, noble birth, wealth, or all of these and more, that you
possess, I attach my love to it, and as a result I am no longer poor, cropped, or
despised. Your mere shadow provides such solid reality to me that I am complete
with it. I wish whatever is granted, them I will be extremely happy.
The sonnet was at one point a favorite of biographically oriented critics, such
as Edward Capell. ―Dearest is glossed by Gervinus as ―heartful , but Malone’s‖ ‖
gloss ―most operative is generally accepted.
‖
Line 7 has been mich discussed. Malone’s emendation of ―their to ―thy is
‖ ‖
no longer accepted. George Stevens, finding an analogy in The Rape Lucrece ,
glossed it as ―entitled (ie, ennobled) by these things .
‖
―shadov and ―substance are drawn from renaissance neoplasm, Stephen
‖ ‖
Boot notes that ―the wit of line to derives from Shakespeare’s reversal of the from
relationship between reality and reflection
‖ 6
.
Several stylistic Devices are used in this poem which we’ll analyses below.
In the first quart in there is a stylistic deice which is bared on similarity –
― As a made lame by Fortune’s dearest spite It is
‖ simile .
6 Brewer W. Sonnets and Sestinas. Boston. 1997, p 305
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In the third line of the sonnet the art of Oxymoron is used. ―So. I made lame
by fortune’s dearest+spite . There are two words ―dearest and ―spite which are‖ ‖ ‖
opposite in the meaning to each other.
A phonetic Stylistic device – alliteration is used in the fifth line of the
sonnet:
―For whether b eauty, b irth, or w ealth, or w it .
‖
a SD based on the usage of negative construction to convey a positive
assertion – Litotes is used in the ninety line:
―So them I am not lame, poor, nor despis’d , ―I am not unlucky, I am
‖
lucky .
‖
As each poem has thyme, this sonnets has also very beautiful rhymes in the
end of each line. Here the first and of the third lines’ end can form a rhyme and the
second and fourth lines’ end can form another rhyme:
As a decrepit father takes d elight
To see his active child do deeds of youth , So
I, made lame by fortune's dearest spite ,
Take all my comfort of thy worth and truth .
Now, we’ll count other rhymes of the sonnet: ― wit – ―
‖ sit ; ‖
― more –―store ; ―
‖ ‖ despis`d” – ―suffic’d ; ‖
―give – ―live ; and ―thee – ―me .
‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
It should be noted that all Shakespeare’s sonnets are written in the same
rhymec form. It is based on cross rhymec form, but the last couplet is rhymed
traditionally ad Here we can show the basic form of the sonnet’s rhyme:
a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, and 99.
SONNET 53
What is your substance, whereof are you made,
That millions of strange shadows on you tend?
Since every one hath, every one, one shade, And
you, but one, can every shadow lend.
Describe Adonis, and the counterfeit
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Is poorly imitated after you;
On Helen's cheek all art of beauty set,
And you in Grecian tires are painted new:
Speak of the spring and foison of the year;
The one doth shadow of your beauty show,
The other as your bounty doth appear; And
you in every blessed shape we know. In all
external grace you have some part,
But you like none, none you, for constant heart.

Sonnet 53. A more relaxed poet appears to have forgotten his previous doubts
about his relationship with the young man, who is still attractive but whose true
self is elusive. Ironically, the poet's lavish and ornate eulogy of the youth — for
example, when he compares him to Adonis, a legendary classical beauty — is
exactly the kind of affected, stilted, and insincere-sounding poetry which the poet
earlier criticized his rivals for indulging in.
The extravagance of the poet's figures of speech hints at an illusory creature,
subtle and complex, perhaps beyond the poet's powers to describe. Images of
shadows, shades, and painting run throughout the sonnet, and the poet's language
employs ambiguous terms — for example, "shadow" may mean silhouette, picture,
reflection, symbol, or ghost. Other abstract terms are "substance," "tires," and
"blessed shape." Such language indicates the indefinable, cryptic nature of the
youth.
SOURCE AND ANALYSIS
Jonn Bernard notes the neoplatonic underpinnings of the poem, which derive
ultimately from Petrarch: ―the beloved’s transcendent beauty is variously diffused
through the natural world, but is purer at its source‖ 7
. Gerald massey notes: ―the
twinned references to Adonis and Helen underscore the sense of the beloved’s
androguny, most famously delineated in Sonnet go
‖ 8
. Oscar Wilde hypothesized
that the poem’s ―shadow refer to the young man’s roles.
‖
7 Brewer W. Sonnets and Sestinas. Boston. 1997, p 311
8 The same book. Page 312
29

Sonnet 53 also is full several different stylistic devices for example, in the
second line ―millions of strange shadow is ‖ hyperbole, because each one can
have only one shadow, not so much. The author wants to say that he see his
bellowed in everything he just see her reflection:
―That millions of strange shadows on you tend?
‖
To show stress of strong emotion the poet used repetition – an expressive
meaning which shows the state of ming. It’s in the third line of the sonnet:
―Since every one hath, every one , one shade . In the ninth line we can
‖
observe a phonetic stylistic device – alliteration :
― S peak of s pring, and foison of the year and finally, in the last line
‖
Shakespeare used a stylistic device which is based on the repetition of a syntactical
pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases – chiasmus:
―But you like none, none you , for constant heart . Now, we’ll work on the
‖
rhymes of the sonnet these words or syllables are rhyme to each other: ―made -
‖
―shade ; ―tend – ―lend ; ―counter
‖ ‖ ‖ feit –― ‖ set ; ―you – ―new ; ―y ‖ ‖ ‖ ear – ‖
―app ear ;
‖
―show –―know ; ―part – ―heart .
‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
SONNET 60
Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before, In
sequent toil all forwards do contend.
Nativity, once in the main of light,

Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crowned,
Crooked ellipses against his glory fight,
And Time that gave doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,

Feeds on the rarities of nature's truth,
30

And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow:
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.

Sonnet 60 focuses upon the theme of light passing this is one of the major
themes of Shakespeare’s sonnets, it can be seen in sonnet 1 as well. Sonnet 60 was
addressed to ―a fair youth― whose identity is questioned. In the last two lines the
speaker says that his verse will live on and therefore make the beauty of the
beloved immortal. The sonnet compares minutes to waves on pebbled shore
regularly replacing each other the rising of the sun setting is used as a metaphor
for human life. Time is also depicted as halting youth.
This sonnet is arranged into there quatrains which focus upon one metaphor
each there are numerous concepts such as ―Time in ―waves and ―minutes or‖ ‖ ‖
―death in the ―pebbled shore : So, in the second line there is a
‖ ‖ metaphor :
―So do our minutes hasten to their end
‖
But in the first line a simile is used:
―Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore
‖
In the 7 th
line oxymoron is used:
―Crooked ellipses against his glory fight
‖
One can observe in the 13 th
line a SD onomatopoeia :
―And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand
‖

SONNET 130 :
My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like The Sun
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red, than her lips red:
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If
hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
31

And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That
music hath a far more pleasing sound:
I grant I never saw a goddess go,
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:
And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare, As any
she belied with false compare.

Shakespeare’s sonnet 130 mocks the conventions of the garish and flowery
courtly sonnets in its realistic portrayal of his mistress. It may have been written in
response to the sonnets written by Petrarch to his love Laura, which made idealized
comparisons between a woman’s beauty and natural imagery, such as by
comparing her eyes to the sun or her heir to gold. When used to compare a
succession of body parts in such metaphors, as in this sonnet, the poem is called a
blazon. The first quatrain contains one such difference per line, while the second
and third contain 1 every 2 lines. The sonnet end swim an assertion that his
beloved is as beautiful as any that has been falsely poeticized by other poets. And
yet by heaven, I think my love as rare, As any she belied with false compare.
We can observe different SD in this sonnet also. For instance, in the fourth
line there are used both metaphor and epithet ―Hairs is compared with ―wires‖ ‖
which is a metaphor and ―black wires is a logical
‖ epithet , because wire is not
black, but logically it can be.
―If hairs be wires , black wires grow on her head
‖
In the 6 th
and 7 th
lines of we can observe the use of stylistic inversion:
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
In the first line both object and predicate come before the subject and in the
second line or in the seventh line of the sonnet both adverbial modifier of place and
link verb come before the predicative.
There is alliteration in the 11 th
line:
32

―I grant I never saw a g oddess g o ‖
And the last couplet is finished with the use of simile :
And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare ,
As any she belied with false compare
As I am interested in translation of poems I tried to translate this sonnet into
Uzbek. In the next page you can see it.
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; coral is far more than her lips are.
If snow is white, all I can say is that her breasts are a brownish grey colour. If hairs
can be compared with wires then black hairs grow on her head. I know what pink,
red and white roses look like but I don't see any roses in her cheeks. And there's
more pleasure in some perfumes than there is in my mistress' reeking breath! I love
her voice although I know that music is more pleasing to the ear. I admit I've never
seen a goddess walking; when my mistress walks she treads firmly on the ground.
And yet, by heaven, I think that my love is as unique as any woman who is the
subject of a romantic poem.
Sonnet 130 is a parody of the Dark Lady , who falls too obviously short of
fashionable beauty to be extolled in print. The poet, openly contemptuous of his
weakness for the woman, expresses his infatuation for her in negative comparisons.
For example, comparing her to natural objects, he notes that her eyes are "nothing
like the sun," and the colors of her lips and breasts dull when compared to the red
of coral and the whiteness of snow.
Whereas conventional love sonnets by other poets make their women into
goddesses, in Sonnet 130 the poet is merely amused by his own attempt to deify
his dark mistress. Cynically he states, "I grant I never saw a goddess go; / My
mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground." We learn that her hair is black,
but note the derogatory way the poet describes it: "black wires grow on her head."
Also, his comment "And in some perfumes is there more delight / Than in the
breath that from my mistress reeks" borders on crassness, no matter how satirical
he is trying to be. The poet must be very secure in his love for his mistress — and
33

hers for him — for him to be as disparaging as he is, even in jest — a security he
did not enjoy with the young man. Although the turn "And yet" in the concluding
couplet signals the negation of all the disparaging comments the poet has made
about the Dark Lady, the sonnet's last two lines arguably do not erase the
horrendous comparisons in the three quatrains.
SONNET 130 :
(Translation)
Маҳбубамнинг кўзларида қуѐ�шдан асар ҳам йўқ
Маржон унинг лабларин рангидан ҳам қизилроқ
Қор оппоқ бўлса, н
ѐга энди унинг бағри жигарранг,
Сочлар заррин бўлса, унинг бошида қора зар, қаранг,
М
ѐн қизил ва оқ Дамашқ атиргураини кўрганман,
Л
ѐкин унинг яноқларида йўқ ўндай гуллар
Баъзи атиргулларда кўпроқ ифор туйганман,
Ммаҳбубамнинг ҳушбўй нафасларига қадар
Сўзларини эшитишни истайман, билсамда
Мусиқаларда
ѐ�қимлироқ наво бор
М
ѐн тан оламан маҳбубам юрагида
Ҳ
ѐч қандай фариштадан садо йўқ
Худо ҳаққи, м
ѐнинг с ѐвгим шундай но ѐ�бдир, аммо
У ишонадиган
ѐ�лғон с ѐвгилардан кўнгил тўқ.

2.2 Analysis of uzbek poems by U.Nosir and M. Yusuf
Poetry often uses particular forms and conventions to suggest alternative
meaning in the words, or to evoke emotional and sensual responses. Devices such
as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve
musical effects the use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other stylistic elements
of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations, Similarly,
metaphor, simile and metonymy create a resonance between otherwise disparate
images- a layering if meaning, forming connections previously not perceived.
34

Some form o poetry are specific to particular cultures and genres, responding
to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. While readers
accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and Rumi may
think of it as being written in rhyming lines and regular meter, there are traditions,
such as those of Du Fu and Beowulf, that use other approaches to achieve rhythm
and euphony. Much of modern British and American poetry is to some extent a
critique of poetic tradition, playing with and testing the principle of eophony itself,
to the extent that sometimes it deliberately does not rhyme or keep to set rhythms
at all.In today’s globalized world, poets often borrow styles, techniques and forms
diverse cultures and languages
B)Poetic language
The problems of poetic language are complex and seem to be relevant to a
number of disciblines Attempts to explicate poetry from the various points of view
specific to different disciblines are always present
Since poetic language derives its material from the colloquial language, the
competence of the linguist may the chemist in art history when he deals with the
quality of pigments in a painting, or to that of the geologist when he describes the
quality of stone in a sculpture.
However, even if we provisionally agree to view the linguist as a specialist
who is not at all concerned with the aesthetic quality of poetry, his position differs
from that of thechemist or geologist, in as much as the facts of language are in and
of themselves facts of culture.
In characterizing the ―material of language Edward Stankiewicz says: ‖
―Whereas the ―material of language forms an integrated and hierarchically
‖
organized system, the pigments or the quality and texture of wood or of stone
acquire systematicity solely because of and within the artistic product
‖ 9

E)Analysis of Uzbek poems by U.Nosir and M.Yusuf
35

―Anyone who observes glorious and frank, sometimes thoughtful, but
always interesting poetry of Usmon Nosir,certainly be drawned into endless
thoughts……..‖ 10
( Abdulla Oripov,1983)
Nil va Rim
Lampam yonur…Yaralangaan qanotday og’ir.
O’y bosadi.Yuragimda go’yo sel yog’r
Qiynalaman.Tirishaman, Hushim parishon,

O’tmish, hozir va kelajak ko’rinur har on Chirogimga
parvonadek urinar yillar,
To’rt tarafim to’lib ketar kuygan qanotga…

Hayolimda.katta sahro, men minib otga- Shamoldan
tez, bulutlardan engil choparman,

9
1Style in language. Thomas A. sebeok New York/London.1960,page 69
10
A.Kattabekov,Q.Yo’ldoshov, H.Boltayev Adabiyot 8-sinf uchun darslik ―O’qituvchi
‖ ‖ ‖
Toshkent,2001
Kuyib tushgan har qanotdan bir jon topaman

Termilaman o’lik ko’zga (nega qo’rqayin?)
Barchasidan o’yib olib ko’zining oyin-
Temulaman:qichqiradi yillar, odamlar
Eshitilar mengaular bosgan qadamlar …

The author used several defferent SD and expressive mean in this poem. For
example:
―… yaralangan qanotday og’ir is
‖ simile in the first line.
―…Yuragimda go’yo sel og’ir . It is also
‖ simile in the second line.
The third line ― Qiynalaman,Tirishaman.Hushum parishon is
‖
climax.alliteration is used in the 5 th
line : ―… k uchim k o’zimga kelar… . Again
‖
the using of simile in the 6 th
line :
―Chirogimga parvonadek urilar yillar
‖
In the 13 th
line one can observe onomatopoeia:
36

―… qichqiradi yillar odamlar... ‖
Now, let’sanalyse another poem of the great poet U.Nosir

MONOLOG
Sevgi !
Sening shirin tiligdan –(pessonification)
Kim o’pmagan kim tishlamagn?
Darding yoyday tilib ko’ksidan,(simile)
Kim qalbidan qonlar to’kmagan?(alliteration)
Seni yaxshi bilaman, go’zal
Petrarkani o’qiganim bor.(metonomy)
Buyuk rimning Sapfosi azal
Hayolimni oshiqday tortar (simile) Bilamanki
Tasso bechora
Rohat ko’rmay o’tgan bir umr.
Ey, makkara qiz, Leonora, Nomi
qora bilan yozilgur!...
Balki guldan yaralgan pari (metaphor)
Tosh ko’ngilli Beatrichi (illogical epithet)
- Gadosan,- deb qochmasa nari Dante
baxtli bo’lardi picha!
Balki, Hamlet oydin tunlarda
Ofeliyani erkalatardi
Balki, uzun sochini silab
Azongacha ertak aytardi Agar
hiyonatni bilmasa Ezmasa
fojea yuragin!
Yo’q! Yo’q ,shoir!Gar shunday bo’lsa, (repetition)
Shekisperning yo’qdi keragi! (hyperbole) Dezdemona,
gunohsiz dilbar,
Jigar qonlaringni ichgan kim ? (hyperbole)
Bilaman ,Otello, bilaman , (metaphor) Otello
haqlimi? Shoir- jim?
Jim !...Ufqdan dotar quyoshni
Shart kesilgan boshga o’xshatdim.(metaphor)
Parcha - parcha kuygan shafaqlar Tirqiragan
qonni eslatdi!
Q anday qo’rqinch! Q anday q abohat!(alliteration)

37

Here, we will observe two poems of the great uzbek poet Muhammad Yusuf
whose works are very popular among our people
Yurtim ado bo’lmas armonlaring bor
Yurtim ado bo’lmas armonlaring bor, Toshlarni
yiglatgan dotonlaring bor,
O’tmishingni o’ylab og’riydi jonim,
Ko’ksing to’la shahid o’g’lonlaring bor.

Yurtim, ko’nglingdek keng osmonlaring bor,
Yulduzni yig’latgan dostonlaring bor.
Osmonlaringda ham diydoringga zor,
Jayrondek termulgan Cho’lponlaring bor.

Qo’ling qadog’iga bosay yuzimni,
Onamsan-ku, og’ir olma so’zimni,
Qayinbarglar yopib qaro ko’zimni,
Olislarda qolgan Usmonlaring bor.

Alhazar, alhazar ming bor alhazar, Ana
yurishibdi kiyganlari zar, Qodiriyni
sotib shoir bo’lganlar --
Mehrobingdan chiqqan chayonlaring bor..

Qurboning bo’layin ey onajonim
Sening foryodlaring mening fig’onim,
O’tmishingni o’ylab o’rtanar jonim,
Aytsam ado bo’lmas dostonlaring bor

M.Yusuf in this poem used alliteration, onomatopoeia, personification, simile,
metaphor, repetition, metonymy. We will point each of them below:
Alliteration:
1. ―… a do b o`lmas armonlaring b or ‖
2. ― O` tmishingni o` ylab …
‖
3. ―… k o`nglingizdek k eng..
‖
4. ― Yu lduzni yi g`latgan…
‖
38

5. ―… ch iqan ch ayonlaring… ‖
6. ― O` tmishingni o` ylab o` rtanar…
‖ Onomatopoeia:
1. ―Toshlarni yig`latgan…
‖
2. ―Yulduzni yig`latgan…
‖ Personifification:
1. ― Ko`ksing to`la shahid o`g`lonlaring…
2. ―Yurtim, ko`nglingdek keng osmonlaring…
‖
3. ― Qo`ling qadog`iga bosay yuzimni
‖
4. ―Qainbarlar yopib qaro ko’zini
5. ―Sening faryodlaring …
‖ Simile:
1 …ko’nglingdek keng…..
‖ ‖
2 ―Jayrondek termulgan…
‖ Metaphor:
1― Onamsanku, og’ir olma so’zimni
‖
2―Qurboning bo’layin,ey onajonim
‖
Repetition:
― Alhazar , alhazar , ming bor alhazar
‖
Metanomy:
―Ana yurishibdi kiyganlari zar
‖
BIZ BAHTLI BO’LAMIZ
Maylida kimgadir yoqsa yoqmasa
Ularga qo’shilib yiglasharmidik
Biz baxtli bo’lamiz xudo hohlasa (alliteration)
Xudo hohlamasa uchrasharmidik Rayhon
hidlarini yo’llarimga sep
Kut meni har oqshom ko’kka oy chiqqan (inversion)
Faqat yiglamagin aybim nima deb Aybing seni
onang chiroyli to’qqan!
Menga bir tabassum hadya et eyyor
Nur tomsin lablaring sohillaridan (metahphor)
O’zing ayt sendek qiz yana qayda bor
Kipriklari uzun kokillaridan? (hyperbole)

39

As we have observed both English and Uzbek poem are full of stylistic
devices. In Shakespeare’s sonnets we can observe mostly simile, metaphor and
beautiful examples of onomatopoeia. In Uzbek verse we can see exclamatory
repetition, bright examples of metaphor and simile and as English poetry in Uzbek
poem also alliteration is used widely. With such kind of Stylistic devices poems
are musical and interesting.

CONCLUSION
It is obvious the one cannot imagine the life without poetry. Poetry gives the
life optimistic spirit, encourages doing and to make much and better. Thus it is
important to know what is poem, poetry, its structure, specific features. So, the
concept of onomatopoeia, in general and broader sense, is applied to words to
suggest what they denote; in movement, size, force, feel, or sound. The poetry with
the use of such suggestions, the use sound and rhythmic movement are wonderful
to read, recite and enjoy. As we know poetry is more than just rhyming. Poems
have patterns of letters, syllables and words. These patterns often help you to hear
the rhythm of a poem. Some types of poems have patterns with a particular number
of syllables in each line, and others have words repeated throughout the poem. As
you read through this book, you will find out more about the features of poems,
and how you can use them to write your own poetry. Having discussed the studied
question the poetry divided into the following: epic poetry, lyric poetry and
dramatic poetry, treating comedy and tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry. It’s
important that some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific
language, culture or period, while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across
languages, cultures or time periods. Some forms of poetry carry a consistent and
well-defined rhyming scheme, such as the chant royal or the rubaiyat, while other
poetic forms have variable rhyme schemes.
Taking English Poetry in the common sense of the word, as a peculiar from of
the language, we find that it differs from prose mainly in having a regular
40

succession of accented syllables. In short it possesses meters as it chief
characteristic feature. Every line is divided in so many feet composed of short and
long syllables arranged according to certain laws of prosody. With a regular
footfall the voice steps or matches along the line, keeping time like the soldier on
drill, or the musician among his bars. In many languages syllables have a quantity,
which makes them intrinsically long or short, but in English poetry that syllable
alone is long on which an accent falls. Poets, there fore, in the use of that license
which they have, or take, sometimes shift’ an accent to suit their measure. The
inversion of the order of words, within certain limits, is a necessary consequence of
throwing language into a metrical from. Poetry, then, differs from prose, in the first
place, in having meter, and as a consequence of this, in adopting an unusual
arrangement of words and phrases.
We must have, in addition to the metrical form, the use of uncommon words
and turns of expressions, to lift the language above the level of written prose.
Shakespeare, instead of saying, as he would, no doubt, have done in telling a ghost
story to his wife, ―The clock then striking one , puts into the mouth of the‖
sentinel, Bernardo, ―bell then beating one . When Thomson describes the spring –
‖
ploughing, the ox becomes a steer, the plough is the shining share, and the
upturned earth appears in this verse as the globe. The use of periphrasis here comes
largely to the poet’s aid. Birds are children of the sky, songsters of the grove,
tuneful chairs etc; these are almost all figurative forms, and it is partly by the
abundant use of figures that the higher level of speech is gained.
The rhymes have a collection of two lines is a couplet (or distich), three lines
a triplet (or tercet), four lines a quatrain, five lines a quintain (or cinquain), six
lines a sestet, and eight lines an octet. These lines may or may not relate to each
other by rhyme or rhythm. For example, a couplet may be two lines with identical
meters which rhyme or two lines held together by a common meter alone. Stanzas
often have related couplets or triplets within them. Other poems may be organized
41

into verse paragraphs, in which regular rhymes with established rhythms are not
used, but the poetic tone is instead established by a collection of rhythms,
alliterations, and rhymes established in paragraph form. Many medieval poems
were written in verse paragraphs, even where regular rhymes and rhythms were
used. As for analyzing some peculiarities of ballade we can classify them into
types. Ballade Poetry Types are a French verse form, usually with three stanzas of
seven, eight, or ten lines and a shorter final stanza of four or five lines. An example
of Ballade Poetry Types can be found in the poetic work of zzzz. We having
studied the types of poems come to conclusion that many different famous and
popular poem categories have been included to suit a variety of needs including
love poems, teen poems, children's poems, dark poems, romantic poems, love
poetry, funny poems, sad poems, friendship poems and limericks! All of the most
famous and great poets and love poems have been featured including Shakespeare,
Browning, Eliot, Joyce, Tennyson and Butler.
The structural elements might include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza.
Poets combine the use of language and a specific structure to create an imaginative
and expressive poem such as shown in the above examples. The structure used is
chosen by the poet when considering the visual effect of a finished poem.
As we stated poems are kinds of literature written by the poet in meter or
verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of
techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. Romantic love poems
are perfect for the special day in the lives of a sister, bother or other close family
member. Romantic and love Poets combine the use of language and a specific
structure to create an imaginative and expressive poem. The words in a poem must
have meaning for the reader. They are not simply words scattered on a page. They
were designed to entertain people and to help them remember stories and
traditions. Besides they can also give us information about things that happened in
history, and often carry a message about how to live well. Humorous poems are
42

written just to make us laugh, while other poems make fun of a person or event in
the news.
Thus this work according to the given research the poem shows some specific
features of poetry. It has its own spirit, chosen words, tones and sounding. I think
one can also feel that the grammatical structure is difficult. It depends on
differences of poetry’s Jaures, the vision of the author and of course there should
be a certain grammatical structure, tense forms, non-finite and especially the
passive.
The above mentioned work gives us a vivid example of poetry as a part of
belle letter style. We may conclude and summarize that poetry and its features as
an independent art by itself or in conjunction with other arts as in poetic drama,
song and comedy. Besides by analyzing differences of poems we can show that
poems have meaning, sounds, images, lines and patterns. Stating the phonetic
features of poetry it is important to classify them according to the classical and
modern approach. So the classical approach gives us full imagination on three
major genres: epic poetry, lyric poetry and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and
tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry. Furthermore some characteristic features
of the lines, structures, grammatical secularities have been studied in this work.
So, it is important to note that genres of poetry are various. According to the
traditional divisions they may be classified as narrative, epic, dramatic, satirical,
lyric, Verse fable, prose poetries. They are all having their form and content and
the colour of expression. As for their peculiar feature are characterized by the
author, time, situation, and literary skills. Besides all genres are important and have
their importance while describing the life its vision, sorry, laughs and reality. Here
the it is obvious to research the peculiar and unique differences them. They are all
great significance in the world of poetry. The meanings of words in poem have
their sources of in the life being, its essence and content. That’s why the best poet
pays great attention to the content of each meaning, tries to use sayings, proverbs.
43

But the other poets especially take into consideration of the forms, how it reads. So
we can say the actual position marks its meaning.
Having studied and researching the present work we can give some practical
recommendations, conclusions:
1. It’s important to study the main peculiarities of poetry at the lessons or
compose some lectures at high schools;
2. It may have great importance for young poets to know exactly the problems
of poetry as a part of belle letter style in literature circles;
3. To our mind and conclusion, it has a great significance to organize scientific
world conference ―The problems of modern literature and poetry . ‖
4. At high schools, lyceums and universities to organize some round table
discussions and debates on the theme of ―Comparison analyses of modern
poetry .
‖
5. To our mind it will be more thoughtful if young scientists pay attention to
investigate mostly problems of some peculiar features;
6. It’s very important for young generation and for us youth to learn by heart
verses and poetry of classics especially in Shakespeare, Bayron, Usmon
Nosir and Muhammad Yusuf.

44

USED LITERATURE
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2. Давлат тили ҳақида қонун. Т., 1989й.
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август).
«Шарқ» нашриёти манбаа акциядорлик компанияси Бош таҳририяти. –
Т.2001. -3 б.
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Бош таҳририяти. – Т.2001. -17 б.
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‖
6. Brever. W. ―Sonnets and Sestinas .
‖ Boston. 1997.
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‖ ‖
―O’qituvchi Toshkent,2001
‖
8. Style in language. Thomas A. sebeok New York/London.1970, page 69
9. Danziger M.K and Johnson M.S A Poetry anthology ―Random House New
‖ ‖ ‖
York.1962
10. Herzog.G. Some linguistic aspects of American Indian Poetry Word .1946.
‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
11. Lowell A ―Whitman and the new Poetry Boston New York.190
‖ ‖ ‖
12. Vinogradov.V.V ―The style of Pushkin Moskov.1941
‖
13. Х.Юлдашева, З.Юлдашева, Чет тилини ўқитишнинг коммуникатив
фаолият турлридан фойдаланиш. Халқ таълими 2004. 4-сон.
14. М.Т.Ирисқулов. Тилшуносликка кириш. Тошкент, 1992. 138-139 бетлар
15. Аничков Р.А. и др. Methods of teaching English in secondary schools. М.,
1996
16. A. Hill. Introduction to Linguistic Structures. From Sound to Sentence in
English. N.Y., 1958.
17. B. M. H. Strang. Modern English Structure. London, 1973.
45

18. Whitehall. Structural Essentials of English. N.Y., 1976.
19. J. Sledd. A Short Introduction to English Grammar, Glenview, Illinois,1959.
20. L. Kellner. Historical Outlines of English Syntax. London-N.Y., 1992.
21. W. N. Francis. The Structure of American English. N.Y., 198.
22. Z. Harris. From Morpheme to Utterance. Language, vol. 22, 1986.
23. B. A. Ilyish. The Structure of Modern English. M. – L., 1965.
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‖
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46

POETRY DICTIONARY
1. ALLITERATION: The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the
beginning of words. Starting three or more words with the same sound.
Example: The crazy crackling crops
2. ANTONYM: words that are opposite in meaning
3. ASSONANCE: The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence or line
of poetry. A repetition of vowel sounds within syllables with changing
consonants. Example: Tilting at windmills
4. BLANK VERSE: A line of poetry or prose in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
5. CONNOTATION: The personal or emotional associations called up by a
word that go beyond its
6. dictionary meaning.
7. DENOTATION: The dictionary meaning of a word.
8. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: A form of language use in which writers and
speakers mean something other than the literal meaning of their words. (E.g.
hyperbole, metaphor, and simile)
9. FORM: the arrangement, manner or method used to convey the content, such
as free verse, couplet, limerick, haiku...
10. FREE VERSE: Poetry without a regular pattern of meter or rhyme.
11. HOMONYM: Two or more distinct words with the same pronunciation and
spelling but with different meanings. A word that has the same spelling (or
different spelling but same sound) as another, but has a different meaning or
origan.
12. HOMOPHONE: two or more words with the same pronunciation but with
different meanings and spellings.
13. HYPERBOLE: an exaggeration of the truth. A large exageration, usually
used with humor. Example: The fish was a football field and a granny long.
14. IMAGE: A concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an
idea.
47

15. IMAGERY: Figurative language used to create particular mental images
16. METAPHOR: an association of two completely different objects as being
the same thing. A word or phrase used to have a completely different
meaning. Example: Edgar Allen Poe's "The Raven" being a constant
reminder of his
48

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