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Functions of modal words in English

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1THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND
INNOVATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN SAMARKAND
STATE INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES CHAIR OF ENGLISH
THEORY AND PRACTICE
COURSE WORK
Thеmе: Functions of modal words in English

2CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONS OF MODAL
WORDS
1.1. Classification of modal verbs in English ...................................................................... 9
1.2 .Main peculiarities of functions of modal words ......................................................... 14
CHAPTER II. THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONS OF MODAL WORDS IN ENGLISH
2.1. The uses of modal words in English ......................................................................... 21
2.2 .Ways and means of expressing modal words in English ........................................... 28
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 30
LIST OF USED LITERATURE. ................................................................................... 31
INTERNET RESOURCES ............................................................................................. 32

3INTRODUCTION
The President of our country Shavkat Mirziyoyev pays special attention to this
sphere, which has an important place in ensuring the future of the country and its
development. In the Decree of President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev "On
Uzbekistan's development Strategy" is mentioned about achieving major improvement of
in quality of general secondary education, facilitating in-depth study of foreign languages,
computer science, and other important and popular disciplines. Learning English at
school is a complex process of forming a new speech system in the cerebral cortex,
which begins to coexist and constantly interact with the already developed system of the
native language. According to the decision of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan “On measures to bring the activities of popularization of learning foreign
languages to a qualitatively new level in the Republic of Uzbekistan” dated May 19,
2021 PQ-5117, as well as foreign languages In order to effectively implement
organizational measures to popularize learning, said Shavkat Mirziyoyev 1
.
Modal words, also known as modal verbs or modal auxiliary verbs, play a crucial
role in the English language by expressing various shades of meaning and indicating the
speaker's attitude towards the action or situation being described. Modal words are a
distinct category of verbs that are used to modify the main verb in a sentence, providing
information about possibility, necessity, permission, ability, obligation, and more. In
English, there are ten primary modal words: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall,
should, must, and ought to. One of the key functions of modal words in English is to
express degrees of certainty or probability. For example, the modal word "may" indicates
a possibility or likelihood of something happening, while "might" suggests a lower
1
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s speech at the festive event held on Teacher and Mentor’s Day- “Xalq so’zi”,
2020-100p.

4degree of probability. Similarly, "can" and "could" are used to indicate ability or
permission, with "can" representing present ability and "could" indicating past ability or
a more polite form of permission. Modal words also play a crucial role in expressing
obligation or necessity. For instance, "must" conveys a strong sense of obligation or
necessity, while "should" suggests a advice and for recommendation or advice.
Additionally, modal words like "shall" and "will" are used to express future intentions or
predictions, with "shall" often used in formal contexts or to indicate a suggestion.
Furthermore, modal words can be used to convey attitudes, politeness, and requests in
English. For example, the modal word "would" is commonly used to make polite
requests or offers, while "ought to" is used to express moral obligation or duty. Modal
words can also help convey the speaker's attitude towards a situation, such as expressing
certainty with "must" or uncertainty with "might."
In addition to their various functions in expressing possibility, necessity, ability, and
attitude, modal words also play a role in forming different tenses and moods in English.
For example, modal words are often used with the base form of the main verb to create
the simple future tense (e.g., "will go") or with the past participle to form perfect tenses
(e.g., "must have finished"). Moreover, modal words can be used to express hypothetical
situations or conditions in English. The modal word "would," for instance, is commonly
used in conditional sentences to indicate a hypothetical or unreal situation (e.g., "If I had
more time, I would visit you"). Modal words like "could" and "might" can also be used
to express possibility in hypothetical situations.
The subject of the course work. A modal verb (also called a modal auxiliary verb) is
used along with a main verb to express possibility, ability, permission, or necessity. For
example, in the statement “you must leave,” “must” is a modal verb indicating that it's
necessary for the subject (“you”) to perform the action of the verb (“leave”). A modal is
a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission
or obligation. Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as

5modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the preposition to.
The object of the course paper. Modal verbs show possibility, intent, ability, or
necessity. Common examples of modal verbs include can, should, and must. Because
they're a type of auxiliary verb (helper verb), they're used alongside the infinitive form of
the main verb of a sentence. Modals refer to the helping verbs used in a sentence to
express specific hypothetical situations like requests, capability, or advice. Modals are
always used with a main verb. The most common modal verbs are- may, might, shall,
should, can, could, will, would, and must.
Theoretical value of the course work. Modal verbs are special verbs that work
alongside other verbs to show intent or possibility. They can also be used to make
requests, give permission, or show that someone is capable of something. They are also
known as helping words. Modal verbs help when speaking about ability, making requests
and offers, asking permission, and more. The modal verbs in English differ from other
verbs, because they are not used separately, and do not indicate a specific action or state,
they just reflect its modality, the attitude of the speaker to the action.
Practical value of the course work. To explore the functions of modal verbs. To be able
to explain how changing the modal verb can change the meaning of the sentence. To use
modal verbs accurately to convey meaning. We use modals to show if we believe
something is certain, possible or impossible: My keys must be in the car. It might rain
tomorrow.
The structure of the work. The term paper consists of an introduction, two sections,
conclusion and the list of references. The significance of the theme, aims, objectives, the
theoretical and practical significance of the term paper are found in the preface of our
work.

6CHAPTER I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONS OF
MODAL WORDS
1.1. Classification of modal verbs in English
Modal words in English can be classified into two main categories: primary modals
and semi-modals. In conclusion, modal words are an essential component of the English
language, providing speakers with a nuanced way to convey meaning, express attitudes,
and indicate various aspects of communication such as possibility, necessity, ability, and
obligation. By understanding the functions and nuances of modal words, learners can
enhance their proficiency in English and communicate effectively in a wide range of
contexts 2
.
1. Primary Modals. Primary modals are a group of ten verbs that function as modal
auxiliary verbs in English. They include: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall,
should, must, ought to. Primary modals are used to express various meanings such as
possibility, necessity, permission, ability, obligation, and more. They are followed by the
base form of the main verb and do not require the addition of "to" before the main verb.
2. Semi-Modals: Semi-modals, also known as semi-auxiliary verbs, are a group of verbs
that have some characteristics of modal verbs but also behave like regular verbs in
certain aspects. Some common semi-modals in English include: need to, have to, ought
to, used to, dare to, had better. Semi-modals can express similar meanings to primary
modals but may have different grammatical structures or usage patterns. For example,
semi-modals are followed by the base form of the main verb, but they can also be
conjugated for tense and person. It's important to note that some verbs can function as
both primary modals and semi-modals depending on their context and usage.
2
Almurzaeva, P. Kh. Modal words in sentences with modal verbs. “Science and Youth”. In Materials of the All-
Russian scientific-practical conference of young scientists, graduate students and students of Chechen State
University. 2011. 86–90 p.

7Understanding the distinctions between primary modals and semi-modals can help
learners use these modal words effectively in English communication. The main aim of
using modals in grammar is to convey various shades of meaning related to possibility,
necessity, ability, permission, obligation, and more. Modals help to express the speaker's
attitude towards the action or situation described in a sentence. Here are some key
purposes of using modals in grammar:
1. Expressing possibility: Modals like "can," "could," "may," and "might" are used to
indicate the likelihood or possibility of something happening.
2. Expressing necessity: Modals such as "must," "have to," and "need to" convey that
something is required or necessary.
3. Expressing ability: Modals like "can," "could," and "be able to" indicate a person's
capability or skill to do something.
4. Expressing permission: Modals such as "may," "can," and "could" are used to ask for
or grant permission.
5. Expressing obligation: Modals like "must," "have to," and "should" indicate that
something is required or expected to be done.
6. Expressing advice or recommendation: Modals like "should," "ought to," and "had
better" are used to give advice or make recommendations. 3
7. Expressing probability: Modals such as "will," "would," and "shall" can be used to
indicate future events or actions with varying degrees of certainty. By using modals in
grammar, speakers can add nuance and specificity to their statements, making their
communication more precise and effective. Understanding how to use modals correctly
can help learners convey their intended meanings clearly in different contexts. Modal
3
Almurzaeva, P. Kh. Expression of the future of the English modal verb “wollen” in the fiction. In Materials of the
All-Russian scientific-practical conference "Linguistics and intercultural communication", dedicated to the 80th
anniversary of the Chechen State University, 2018. 27–30 p

8words play a crucial role in English grammar as they help convey a range of meanings
and attitudes in sentences. Here are some key roles of modal words in English.
Expressing modality: Modal words express modality, which refers to the speaker's
attitude towards the likelihood, necessity, ability, permission, or obligation of an action
or event. Adding nuance: Modal words add nuance and subtlety to statements by
indicating the degree of certainty, possibility, obligation, or permission associated with
an action. Indicating speaker's attitude. Modal words reflect the speaker's attitude
towards the content of the sentence, conveying politeness, certainty, doubt, obligation, or
other emotions. Modifying verbs: Modal words modify the main verb in a sentence to
show how the action is being performed or perceived. They can change the meaning of
the main verb significantly 4
.
Modal words can be used to soften requests, suggestions, or commands, making the
communication more polite and less direct. Providing context. Modal words help provide
context and clarify the speaker's intentions, making it easier for listeners to understand
the intended meaning of a statement. Enhancing communication. Modal words enhance
communication by allowing speakers to express complex ideas and attitudes in a concise
and precise manner. Overall, modal words are essential elements of English grammar
that play a vital role in shaping the meaning and tone of sentences. By mastering the use
of modal words, learners can improve their language skills and effectively convey their
thoughts and intentions in various contexts. Modal words in English have specific
features and functions that distinguish them from other types of words. Here are some
key features and functions of modal words. Modal words convey the speaker's attitude
towards the likelihood, necessity, ability, permission, or obligation of an action or event.
They indicate the speaker's perspective on the certainty or possibility of an action. Modal
words typically precede the main verb in a sentence and modify its meaning. They can
4
Ardiansah, D. Functions of Modal in Students’ Hortatory Exposition Texts .Systemic Functional Grammar
Perspective. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa , 2020. 89-100 p.

9change the mood, tense, or aspect of the verb, indicating how the action is performed or
perceived. Modal words do not have different forms for different subjects or tenses. They
remain the same regardless of the subject or tense of the sentence. For example, "can"
does not change to "cans" for different subjects. Modal words do not have an infinitive
form. Instead, they are followed by the base form of the main verb (without "to"). For
example, "I can swim" (not "I can to swim"). In a single clause, only one modal word is
typically used to express modality. Using multiple modal words in a single clause can
lead to confusion or incorrect grammar. Modal words can express various meanings and
attitudes, such as necessity (must), possibility (may), permission (can), ability (can),
advice (should), obligation (shall), and more. Modal words can convey different degrees
of certainty or possibility, ranging from strong certainty (must) to weaker certainty
(might) or possibility (could). Modal words can be used to soften requests, suggestions,
or commands, making the communication more polite and less direct. They help convey
the speaker's intentions in a respectful manner. Overall, modal words have unique
features and functions that make them essential elements of English grammar for
expressing modality, attitude, and meaning in sentences. Mastering the use of modal
words is crucial for effective communication in English.
The modal verbs in English grammar are: can, could, may, might, must, need not,
shall/will, should/ought to. They express things like ability, permission, possibility,
obligation etc. Modal verbs only have one form. They do not take -s in the simple present
and they do not have a past simple or past participle form. However, some modal verbs
have alternative forms that allow us to express the same ideas in different tenses. Max’s
father is a mechanic. He might retire soon, so he thinks Max should work in the garage
more often. Max can already change tires, but he has to learn a lot more about cars. Max
must do what he is told and must not touch any dangerous equipment. Modal words are
really important in language to express orders or others.

101.2. Main peculiarities of functions of modal words
Modal words in English have several key functions that distinguish them from other
types of words. Here are some of the main peculiarities of the functions of modal words:
1. Expressing modality: Modal words are primarily used to express modality, which
refers to the speaker's attitude towards the likelihood, necessity, ability, permission, or
obligation of an action or event. They indicate the speaker's perspective on the certainty
or possibility of an action. 5
2. Indicating degrees of certainty: Modal words can convey different degrees of certainty
or possibility. For example, "must" indicates strong certainty, "might" indicates weaker
certainty, and "could" indicates possibility.
3. Modifying verbs: Modal words typically precede the main verb in a sentence and
modify its meaning. They can change the mood, tense, or aspect of the verb, indicating
how the action is performed or perceived.
4. Expressing ability and permission: Modal words such as "can" and "may" are used to
express ability (can) and permission (may). They indicate whether the speaker has the
capability to do something or has been given authorization to do something.
5. Conveying advice and obligation: Modal words like "should" and "must" are used to
give advice (should) or indicate obligation (must). They suggest what the speaker
believes is the right course of action or what is necessary to be done.
6. Softening requests and commands: Modal words can be used to soften requests,
suggestions, or commands, making the communication more polite and less direct. For
example, using "could you" instead of "can you" adds a polite tone to a request.
7. Limiting possibilities: Modal words can limit the range of possibilities or options in a
sentence. For example, "must" implies that something is necessary or required, limiting
5
Belyaeva, E. I. Functional semantic functions of modal in English and Russian. Voronezh: Publishing house of
Voronezh University, 1985. 34-56 p.

11other potential actions.
8. Expressing hypothetical situations: Modal words can be used to express hypothetical
or unreal situations. For example, "could" is often used to talk about possibilities that
may or may not happen. Overall, modal words play a crucial role in expressing modality,
attitude, and meaning in English sentences. Understanding their functions and
peculiarities is essential for effective communication in English 6
.
One feature that is common to all modal utterances is that they do not represent
situations as straightforward facts. However, the wealth of literature on modality would
seem to suggest that linguists intuitively feel that modality is something semantically far
richer than ‘lack of factuality’. We can get nearer to a positive characterisation of
modality if we say that modal meaning crucially involves the notions of necessity and
possibility or rather, involves a speaker’s judgement that a proposition is possibly or
necessarily true or that the actualisation of a situation is necessary or possible. But more
semantically precise links between such meanings as we mention above are not
forthcoming. In what follows, we shall work on the basis that all modal utterances are
non-factual, in that they do not assert that the situations they describe are facts, and all
involve the speaker’s comment on the necessity or possibility of the truth of a
proposition or the actualisation of a situation. Modality may be coded in various ways,
including verbal inflections, auxiliary verbs, adverbs and particles. The grammatical
coding of modal meaning in verb inflections is known as mood. English makes relatively
little use of inflectional systems to express modal meanings: the imperative mood is
common in English, and there is limited use of the subjunctive mood, but modality in
English is primarily expressed by non-inflectional items. A very important means of
expressing modality in English is the set of modal auxiliary verbs such as can, might and
must, and a considerable part of this chapter will be concerned with the meanings
6
Bondarko, A. B. Modal and functional grammar. Temporality Modality. Leningrad: Nauka ,1999. 123-231 p .

12expressed by these auxiliaries. We will begin, however, with a brief look at mood in
English. Traditionally, a distinction is made between central modals (can, could, may,
might, shall, should, will, would, must) and peripheral or marginal modals (dare, need,
ought). In addition, we find a group of verbs referred to as semi-modals, quasi-modals,
emergent modals or periphrastic modals. This somewhat open-ended category includes
have to, need to, have got to (gotta), be able to, be going to, but can also include a variety
of other verbs such as be supposed to, be about to, be bound to, want to (wanna) and had
better. The central modals have all the ‘nice’ properties that are criterial to the
classification of a form as an auxiliary verb. That is, they have a negative form
consisting of the auxiliary followed by not, they can precede the subject in subject-verb
inversion (for example in interrogatives), they can occur in ‘code’, i.e. they can be used
instead of a full lexical verb which has occurred in the context (for example She will help
and so will I), and they can be used in emphatic affirmation. This means that unlike
lexical verbs they do not require the use of do in such contexts. In addition, unlike lexical
verbs the central modals are invariable for person and number– they have no third person
singular –form – and have no non-finite forms.
In English analytic modality, we can make an initial distinction between epistemic
and non-epistemic, or root modality. Both types of modality have as their basis the
notions of necessity and possibility, but the former deals with the necessity or possibility
of the truth (or non-truth) of propositions while the latter deals with the necessity or
possibility of the actualisation of situations. Epistemic modality reflects the speaker’s
judgment of the likelihood that the proposition underlying the utterance is true, the
epistemic scale of likelihood ranging from weak epistemic possibility (That may be John)
toepistemic necessity (That must be John = ‘it is necessary that [that is John] is true’ and
That can’t be John = ‘it is necessary that [that is not John] is true’). Root modality
reflects the speaker’s judgements about factors influencing the actualisation of the
situation referred to in the utterance. Within root modality we find root possibility, root

13necessity and two categories that are normally treated separately within root modality,
namely ability and volition. Cutting across the root necessity and root possibility
categorisation is the category of deontic modality, which includes obligation – a type of
root necessity – and permission – a type of root possibility. Deontic modality typically
refers to ‘the necessity or possibility of acts performed by morally responsible agents’.
Deontic modality also implies an authority, or ‘deontic source’ – which may be a person,
a set of rules, or something as vague as a social norm – responsible for imposing the
necessity (obligation) or granting the possibility (permission) 7
.
It differs from epistemic possibility in that it does not imply a speaker’s evaluation
of how possible it is that some proposition is true but rather refers to the effect of
circumstances on the possibility of actualisation of some situation; it differs from ability
in that it refers to possibility arising out of enabling or disabling circumstances outside
the subject referent, as opposed to enabling or disabling factors that are entirely internal
to the subject referent. The non-deontic root possibility meaning of Can you come
tomorrow? can thus be paraphrased by ‘is it possible for you to come tomorrow?’ plus
‘are there any external circumstances preventing you / do external circumstances allow
you to do so?’. Finally, we come to ability and volition. These modalities, too, combine
the meaning of possibility with the notion of specific factors affecting that possibility.
The ability meaning of Can you climb over that wall?, can be paraphrased by ‘is it
possible for you to climb over that wall?’ plus ‘do you have the physical (and perhaps
mental) abilities and ,or skills to make it possible?’. The volition meaning of I’ll help you
can be paraphrased by ‘It is possible for me to help you’ and ‘I am willing and intend to
do so. Partly due to the fact that, in classifying modal meanings, it is possible to use
various parameters as criterial to their classification, there exists in the literature a fairly
diverse assortment of classifications of modal meaning. Below we outline a few of the
7
Didkovskaya, E. A. Means of modal in the sentence and the text. 1991. 67-89 p .

14recent approaches to classifying modality in English. Coates’ (analysis of English modal
auxiliaries leads her to a basic two-way split between epistemic modality and root
modality. Her examination of corpus examples shows that root modals taken as a whole
differ from epistemic modals in systematic ways: root modals have shared semantic
syntactic features, typically, for example, having animate and agentive subjects, and they
are linked by similarities in intonation patterns which distinguish them from epistemic
modals. However, Coates does not merely argue that root modalities are in important
ways homogeneous in their difference from epistemic modalities, but also that the
various types of root modality should not be grouped into subcategories such as ‘deontic’
modality. Such subcategorisation, she argues, would obscure the fact that there exist
deontic and non-deontic meanings of a single modal auxiliary which form a single
spectrum of meaning, rather than being discrete meanings. Deontic modality and volition
are categorised together as intrinsic modality. As for ability, the authors note: ‘The
‘ability’ meaning of can is considered extrinsic, even though ability typically involves
human control over an action’ . For Quirk , an assertion or question about a being’s
ability to do something implies some sort of judgement about the likelihood of
actualisation of the situation, and it is this aspect of ability meaning that informs their
categorisation of ability as extrinsic. In contrast, epistemic modality, as Bybee and
Fleischman point out, concerns the truth of the proposition as a whole, and rather than
relating an agent to an action, it deals with the speaker’s commitment to the truth of the
proposition. The group of modalities referred to by Coates as ‘root’ modality are referred
to by Bybee and Fleischman as agent oriented modality, in order to reflect the shared
semantic feature on which their categorisation is based. 8
8
Halliday, M. A. K. Functional diversity in language as seen from a consideration of modal and mood in English .
1970. 23-67 p.

15CHAPTER II. THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONS OF MODAL WORDS IN ENGLISH
2.1. The uses of modal words in English
Modal auxiliaries (including peripheral modals and semi-modals) in English are
notably susceptible to evolution, both in terms of their meaning and in terms of their
grammatical behaviour, which may affect the approximation of peripheral or semi-
modals to the status of central modal. This variability across time requires care in
handling corpus material in the analysis of a given modal. In addition, the semantic
diversity of the meanings that have been classed as modal and the somewhat fuzzy
boundaries of modality naturally bring some difficulties of analysis with them. Questions
arise about, on the one hand, which modal verbs, in which uses, count semantically as
modal, and on the other hand, which meanings themselves count as modal. We mention
below two of the most common issues regarding the classification of English modal
auxiliaries and their meanings. One well-known debate concerns the question of whether
will can always be said to be a modal auxiliary or whether in its most frequent use it is no
longer modal, with a basic meaning of intention or willingness, but is purely a marker of
future tense. Another English modal which provides ground for debate is the auxiliary
can, in various of its uses, most obviously, its ability use. One use of ability can is
essentially superlative to the English aspectual paradigm. In the absence of an acceptable
progressive form of verbs of inert perception such as hear, see, smell . I am hearing the
sea and certain uses of state cognition verbs such as understand, English uses can plus
infinitive instead. Thus, what is literally a statement of ability, I can hear the sea, is
interpreted more or less directly as equivalent to a progressive interpretation of I hear the
sea. This use of can is often argued to be non-modal. More controversial is the normal
use of can with ability meaning. A sentence such as Tommy can reach the door handles
now may be seen not so much as giving a speaker’s judgement about the likelihood of a
situation actualising as making a factual statement about Tommy’s ability. Palmer

16comments: ‘Dynamic ability is less central to modality than deontic permission in that it
does not involve the speaker’s attitude to the factuality or actualisation of the situation’.
Indeed, Steele claims that ability can is not a modal because it only describes “the
potential” of the subject referent rather than the likelihood of the situation 9
.
However, Quirk classification of ability meaning alongside meanings reflecting
‘human judgement of what is or is not likely to happen’ gives us a clue to an alternative
analysis, one in which asserting or questioning someone’s ability to do something is
equivalent to an assessment of the likelihood that something will happen. It is arguable
that if I say Tommy can reach the door handles now, this amounts to a judgement about
the likelihood of the subject referent’s carrying out the action referred to in the VP if
Tommy can reach the door handles then the likelihood is that he will reach the door
handles at the next opportunity. More recently, Salkie has argued that can communicates
enablement, which crucially involves causality rather than modality, if the semantic core
of modality is non-factuality. Finally, mention should be made of evidentiality. For some,
evidentiality is a category of meaning: “Evidentiality concerns the speaker’s indication of
the nature (the type and quality) of the evidence invoked for (assuming the existence of)
the state of affairs expressed in the utterance.” On this view, the verb ‘hear’ in I hear
Kate passed the exam is a marker of evidentiality (as well as having, to a variable degree,
its meaning as a verb of perception meaning). For others, evidentiality is more narrowly
defined as the “grammatical marking of information source” Aikhenvald, that is, as a
formal category, on a par with tense as the grammatical encoding of time. On this view,
evidentiality is not a category which applies to English. A distinction is often made
between direct and indirect evidentiality, depending on whether the speaker has
personally witnessed the situation or not. In the latter case, the proposition expressed
may be the result of an inference or involve a reported state of affairs. In English, unlike
9
Holmes, J . The role of modal words in ESL textbooks, Applied Linguistics, 1988. 1-7 p.

17in certain other languages, evidentiality (on the former of the two definitions above), if it
is expressed, is expressed lexically: the speaker explicitly refers to the evidence that is at
the origin of the proposition that is expressed. An example of direct evidentiality in
English would thus be She seems tired and an example of indirect evidentiality would be:
He told me there was a stranger on the opposite side of the street. There has been
considerable debate as to whether evidentiality is another modal category on a par, with,
for instance, epistemic modality, or is a type of epistemic modality, or is not a modal
category at all. For a brief summary of some of the positions taken, see Whitt. In
linguistics, the study of modality involves examining the ways in which speakers express
their attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about the likelihood or necessity of events or states.
There are several theoretical problems related to modality and the classification of modal
meaning, including:
1. Modal ambiguity: One of the challenges in studying modality is the presence of
ambiguity in modal expressions. For example, a sentence like "She might go to the
party" can be interpreted as expressing possibility, permission, or uncertainty, depending
on the context. Disentangling these different meanings and classifying them accurately
can be complex.
2. Modal polysemy: Modal verbs and expressions often have multiple meanings that are
related but distinct. For instance, the modal verb "can" can indicate ability ("She can
swim"), permission ("You can go now"), or possibility ("It can rain tomorrow").
Distinguishing between these different senses of modality and determining how they are
related poses a challenge for linguistic analysis.
3. Modal gradation: Modal meanings can vary in terms of strength or certainty. For
example, "He must be at home" expresses a higher degree of certainty than "He might be
at home." Classifying and categorizing these gradations of modality can be difficult, as
they are often context-dependent and subjective.
4. Modal markers: Modal meanings can be expressed through a variety of linguistic

18markers, including modal verbs, adverbs, adjectives, particles, and constructions.
Determining which markers are prototypical of modal expressions and how they interact
with each other in conveying modal meaning is a key theoretical issue in the study of
modality.
5. Modal semantics: Theoretical debates exist regarding the nature of modal semantics
and how modal meanings are derived. Some linguistic theories posit that modality is
grounded in logical necessity and possibility, while others emphasize the role of speaker
attitudes and beliefs in shaping modal expressions.
6. Modal typology: Different languages exhibit variation in the ways they express
modality, leading to questions about cross-linguistic typologies of modal systems.
Studying how modal meanings are encoded and categorized in diverse linguistic systems
can shed light on universal principles of modality and language structure. Overall, the
theoretical study of modality involves grappling with these and other complex issues
related to the classification, interpretation, and representation of modal meanings in
language. By addressing these challenges, linguists can gain insights into how speakers
convey their perspectives on reality through modal expressions 10
.
Theoretical problems related to modality and the classification of modal meaning
are important in a text for several reasons. Understanding the different meanings and
nuances of modal expressions can help ensure clarity and precision in communication.
By accurately classifying modal meanings, writers can convey their intended attitudes,
beliefs, and judgments more effectively to readers. Modal expressions play a crucial role
in guiding readers' interpretations and inferences about the information presented in a
text. By grappling with theoretical issues related to modality, writers can shape how
readers understand the likelihood, necessity, or possibility of events or states described in
the text. The use of modal expressions can have rhetorical effects on the tone, style, and
10
Miloserdova, E. V. Pragmatic aspects of modal of a simple sentence in the modern English language. 1991. 55-76
p.

19persuasiveness of a text. By considering the theoretical complexities of modality, writers
can strategically employ modal markers to convey confidence, uncertainty, speculation,
or other rhetorical stances to engage and persuade readers. Modal meanings are often
context-dependent and can vary based on the specific linguistic, cultural, and situational
contexts in which they occur. By addressing theoretical challenges related to modality,
writers can enhance their awareness of how modal expressions are shaped by context and
tailor their language use accordingly for different audiences and purposes 11
.
Exploring theoretical issues in modality can shed light on the diversity of modal
systems across languages and cultures. Writers who engage with cross-linguistic
typologies of modality can gain insights into how different linguistic traditions encode
and categorize modal meanings, enriching their understanding of language variation and
universals. Theoretical problems in modality invite critical reflection on the nature of
language, cognition, and communication. By grappling with questions about modal
ambiguity, polysemy, gradation, semantics, and typology, writers can deepen their
understanding of how language structures thought and shapes our perspectives on reality.
In sum, theoretical issues related to modality and the classification of modal meaning are
significant for writers seeking to communicate effectively, engage readers thoughtfully,
and navigate the complexities of language use in diverse contexts. By grappling with
these challenges, writers can enhance their linguistic awareness, rhetorical skills, and
critical thinking abilities to craft more nuanced and impactful texts. Modality refers to
the manner or method in which something is done or occurs. In the context of
communication and language, modality encompasses the ways in which attitudes or
judgments are expressed, such as possibility, necessity, ability, and permission. Some
unique features of modality include: Expressing degrees of certainty: Modality allows
speakers to indicate their level of certainty or doubt about a statement. For example,
11
Mironov, H. H. Means of subjective modal in the scientific text. Moscow. 1991. 12-19 p

20modal verbs like "may," "might," "could," "should," and "must" can be used to convey
different levels of certainty or possibility. Expressing obligation and necessity: Modality
can be used to convey requirements, obligations, or necessity. For instance, modal verbs
like "must," "should," and "have to" are often used to express obligation or necessity.
Expressing ability and permission: Modality also allows speakers to convey ability,
permission, or lack of ability. Modal verbs like "can," "could," "may," and "might" are
commonly used to express these meanings. Expressing wishes and desires: Modality can
be used to express wishes, desires, or intentions. Modal verbs like "would," "could," and
"will" can be used in this context to indicate a speaker's preferences or aspirations.
Overall, modality plays a crucial role in shaping the meaning and tone of
communication by providing nuanced ways to express attitudes, opinions, and judgments.
Studying how modal meanings are encoded and categorized in diverse linguistic systems
can shed light on universal principles of modality and language structure. Overall, the
theoretical study of modality involves grappling with these and other complex issues
related to the classification, interpretation, and representation of modal meanings in
language. By addressing these challenges, linguists can gain insights into how speakers
convey their perspectives on reality through modal expressions. Theoretical problems
related to modality and the classification of modal meaning are important in a text for
several reasons. Understanding the different meanings and nuances of modal expressions
can help ensure clarity and precision in communication. By accurately classifying modal
meanings, writers can convey their intended attitudes, beliefs, and judgments more
effectively to readers. Modal expressions play a crucial role in guiding readers'
interpretations and inferences about the information presented in a text. By grappling
with theoretical issues related to modality, writers can shape how readers understand the
likelihood, necessity, or possibility of events or states described in the text. The use of
modal expressions can have rhetorical effects on the tone, style, and persuasiveness of a
text. By considering the theoretical complexities of modality, writers can strategically

21employ modal markers to convey confidence, uncertainty, speculation, or other rhetorical
stances to engage and persuade readers. Modal meanings are often context-dependent
and can vary based on the specific linguistic, cultural, and situational contexts in which
they occur. By addressing theoretical challenges related to modality, writers can enhance
their awareness of how modal expressions are shaped by context and tailor their language
use accordingly for different audiences and purposes. Exploring theoretical issues in
modality can shed light on the diversity of modal systems across languages and cultures.
Writers who engage with cross-linguistic typologies of modality can gain insights into
how different linguistic traditions encode and categorize modal meanings, enriching their
understanding of language variation and universals. Theoretical problems in modality
invite critical reflection on the nature of language, cognition, and communication. By
grappling with questions about modal ambiguity, polysemy, gradation, semantics, and
typology, writers can deepen their understanding of how language structures thought and
shapes our perspectives on reality 12
.
In sum, theoretical issues related to modality and the classification of modal
meaning are significant for writers seeking to communicate effectively, engage readers
thoughtfully, and navigate the complexities of language use in diverse contexts. By
grappling with these challenges, writers can enhance their linguistic awareness, rhetorical
skills, and critical thinking abilities to craft more nuanced and impactful texts.
2.2. Ways and means of expressing modal words in English
There are several ways and means of expressing modality in English, which allow
speakers to convey their attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about the likelihood or
necessity of events or states. Here are some common ways in which modality is
expressed in English. Modal verbs: Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb that express
12
Panfilov, V. Z. The category of modal and its role in the constitutional structure of sentences. Issues of
Linguistics, 1977. 36–48 p.

22modality. Examples of modal verbs in English include "can," "could," "may," "might,"
"shall," "should," "will," "would," "must," and "ought to." These verbs indicate different
degrees of possibility, necessity, permission, ability, and obligation. Adverbs such as
"possibly," "probably," "certainly," "likely," "perhaps," and "definitely" are used to
express modality by indicating the speaker's degree of certainty or uncertainty about a
statement. Modal adjectives: Adjectives like "possible," "probable," "certain," "unlikely,"
and "impossible" convey modality by describing the likelihood or impossibility of a
particular event or state. Modal expressions: Phrases such as "it is likely that," "it is
possible that," "it seems that," "it appears that," and "it must be the case that" are used to
express modality by signaling the speaker's attitude or belief towards a statement. Modal
constructions: Complex sentence structures, such as conditional sentences (e.g., "If I
were you, I would go"), subjunctive clauses (e.g., "I wish he were here"), and
hypothetical statements (e.g., "If it were true, then.") are used to express modality by
indicating hypothetical or counterfactual situations 13
.
Modal particles: Words like "perhaps," "maybe," "possibly," and "probably" can
function as modal particles in English sentences, adding a sense of uncertainty or
possibility to the statement. Modal auxiliaries: In addition to modal verbs, other auxiliary
verbs like "have to," "need to," and "ought to" can also express modality by indicating
necessity, obligation, or recommendation. These are just a few examples of the ways and
means of expressing modality in English. By using a combination of modal verbs,
adverbs, adjectives, expressions, constructions, and particles, speakers can convey their
nuanced attitudes and beliefs about the world around them. Modality is an area of
meaning that is often defined by example: the term ‘modality’ is a cover term for a range
of semantic notions such as ability, possibility, hypotheticality, obligation and imperative
meaning. This is a serviceable definition for practical purposes. If, however, we wish to
13
Vinogradov, V. V. On the category of modal and modal words in English. 1975. 56-78 p.

23provide a more theoretically useful definition, we need to find what it is that all modal
utterances have in common. This turns out to be by no means evident. What, for example,
does the imperative mood, whose prototypical function is to convey a command, have in
common with the auxiliary verb can in its meaning of ‘ability’, or the auxiliary verb
might when it expresses a type of possibility meaning, as in You might be right about
that? What does the hypothetical meaning of a sentence like If the dog lost a bit of
weight it could use the cat-flap have in common with the obligation meaning of You
have to pay to get in? Modal words in English play several pivotal functions that are
essential for conveying meaning, attitude, and certainty in sentences. Here are some key
pivotal functions of modal words. Modal words are crucial for expressing modality,
which includes expressing possibility, necessity, ability, permission, and obligation.
They help convey the speaker's attitude towards the action or event being described.
Modal words allow speakers to indicate different levels of certainty or possibility. For
example, "must" expresses strong certainty, while "might" indicates a weaker degree of
certainty.
Modal words modify the meaning of the main verb in a sentence, affecting its mood,
tense, or aspect. They can change how the action is performed or perceived by adding
nuances to the verb's meaning. Modal words such as "should" and "must" are pivotal for
giving advice or indicating obligation. They guide the listener on what is recommended
or necessary to do. Modal words can soften requests, suggestions, or commands to make
them more polite and less direct. Using modal words like "could" or "would" adds a
polite tone to the communication. Modal words help limit the range of possibilities in a
sentence by indicating what is necessary, required, or likely to happen. They provide
clarity by narrowing down the options available. Modal words are pivotal for expressing
hypothetical or unreal situations. They allow speakers to discuss possibilities that may or
may not occur, adding depth and nuance to the conversation. Overall, modal words play
a pivotal role in shaping the meaning, tone, and clarity of English sentences.

24Understanding their functions and using them effectively is crucial for effective
communication in both spoken and written English. Modal nouns are nouns that express
possibility, necessity, or permission. They include words like ability, chance, choice,
decision, doubt, hope, intention, luck, need, possibility, probability, reason, risk,
suggestion, threat, and willingness. Modal adverbs are adverbs that express possibility,
necessity, or permission. They include words like certainly, definitely, easily, evidently,
hardly, likely, possibly, probably, surely, and undoubtedly. Here are some examples of
modal nouns and adverbs in use: I have the ability to speak French. There is a chance
that it will rain tomorrow. You have the choice of either staying or going. I have made
the decision to leave. I doubt that he will come. I hope that you will be successful. I have
the intention of going to the store. I am lucky to have found a job. I need to go to the
bathroom. There is a possibility that we will win. It is probable that she will be there. I
am sure that you will do well. There is no doubt that he is guilty. I suggest that you go
to bed. I threaten to tell your parents if you don't stop. I am willing to help you 14
.
Modal nouns and adverbs can be used in a variety of ways to express different
meanings. For example, the modal noun "ability" can be used to express the ability to do
something, the possibility of doing something, or the permission to do something. The
modal adverb "certainly" can be used to express certainty, probability, or possibility.
Modal nouns and adverbs are words that express possibility, necessity, or permission.
They are often used in combination with other modal verbs to create more complex
meanings. Modal nouns include words like "ability," "permission," and "obligation."
Modal adverbs include words like "possibly," "probably," and "certainly." Modal nouns
and adverbs can be used to express a variety of meanings. For example, "ability" can be
used to express the ability to do something, as in "I have the ability to speak French."
"Permission" can be used to express permission to do something, as in "You have my
14
Yang, S. A Systemic Functional Study of Modal in Modern English. 2021.34-67 p.

25permission to leave." "Obligation" can be used to express an obligation to do something,
as in "I am obligated to help you." Modal nouns and adverbs can also be used to express
possibility, necessity, or certainty. For example, "possibly" can be used to express the
possibility of something happening, as in "It is possibly that it will rain today."
"Probably" can be used to express the probability of something happening, as in "It is
probably that you will pass the test." "Certainly" can be used to express certainty about
something, as in "I am certain that you will succeed." Modal nouns and adverbs are a
valuable tool for expressing modality in English. They can be used to create a variety of
meanings, and they can be used in combination with other modal verbs to create even
more complex meanings. Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb that are used to
express possibility, necessity, permission, or ability. They are different from other verbs
in that they do not take an infinitive form after them. The most common modal verbs are
can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
Modal verbs can also be used in negative and interrogative sentences. For example,
"You cannot go to the store." or "Can you go to the store?" Modal verbs are a very
important part of the English language. They are used to express a variety of meanings,
and they can be used in a variety of ways. Modality is a grammatical category that
expresses the speaker's attitude towards the proposition expressed in the sentence. It can
be expressed in a variety of ways, including modal verbs, modal auxiliaries, and modal
adverbs. Modal verbs are verbs that express possibility, necessity, or permission. They
include can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would. Modal auxiliaries
are verbs that are used to help other verbs express modality. They include be able to, be
going to, be likely to, be supposed to, have to, need to, and used to. Modal adverbs are
adverbs that express modality. They include certainly, definitely, probably, possibly,
probably, surely, and undoubtedly. Modality can also be expressed through the use of
intonation. For example, a rising intonation can be used to express uncertainty, while a
falling intonation can be used to express certainty. Having analyzed lexical means of

26modality, we can conclude that the use of modal words is quite multifaceted. Modal
words have various additional functions: intensifying, attracting attention, denial,
clarification, approval, and disapproval. They allow for classification of utterances as
real or unreal. Thus, specificity of the modal meaning is due to the degree of reliability of
the utterance in relation to reality. The issue is relevant and requires further research on
English modality. Many phraseological units are deeply rooted in cultural contexts and
traditions. They often reflect shared beliefs, values, and customs specific to a community,
allowing insight into the cultural nuances of a language. Phraseological units are often
memorable and easier to recall than individual words. They contribute to language
retention and help learners build their vocabulary more effectively.
Overall, phraseology and phraseological units are vital components of language that
contribute to effective communication, cultural understanding, and fluency.
Understanding and using these units appropriately can enhance language proficiency and
facilitate meaningful interactions with others. Learning modals in grammar can be
challenging for students, but there are several effective strategies that educators can
employ to help them understand and use modal verbs correctly. Start by providing clear
definitions of modals and explain their function in expressing different degrees of
necessity, possibility, permission, and obligation. Use real-life examples and situations to
demonstrate how modals are used in context. This can help students understand the
subtleties of modal meanings and applications. Incorporate various practice activities
such as fill-in-the-blank exercises, role plays, dialogues, and writing prompts that require
students to use modals correctly in different contexts. Explain the different forms and
functions of modal verbs (e.g., can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must)
and how they are used to convey specific meanings. Help students recognize the nuances
in meaning between different modal verbs and how their usage can change based on
context and intention. Offer constructive feedback on students' use of modals to help
them improve their accuracy and fluency in incorporating modals into their speech and

27writing Encourage students to explore authentic texts, videos, and conversations to
identify modal verbs in use in real-world communication. Overall, a combination of clear
explanations, contextualized examples, hands-on practice, and feedback can help
students effectively learn and master modal verbs in grammar. Patience, consistency, and
active engagement are key to helping students develop a strong understanding of this
grammatical concept. Learning modal words in English serves several important
purposes, as they are essential elements of grammar that convey various nuances of
meaning and functions in language. Here are some key purposes of learning modal words
in English. Modal verbs such as 'can,' 'could,' 'might,' and 'may' are used to indicate
degrees of possibility or likelihood of an event or situation occurring.
Modal verbs like 'can' and 'could' are used to express someone's ability or capacity
to do something. Modal verbs such as 'can,' 'could,' 'may,' and 'must' are used to indicate
permission or obligation in different contexts. Modal verbs like 'should' and 'ought to' are
used to offer suggestions, advice, or recommendations. Modal verbs can be used to
soften requests, make offers, or express politeness in conversations. Modal verbs like
'will,' 'would,' 'could,' and 'might' are used to speculate about future events or predict
outcomes. Modal verbs such as 'must' and 'could' are used to express different degrees of
certainty or doubt about a statement. Modal verbs are commonly used in formal and
academic writing to express modality, hedging, and authorial stance.Understanding and
using modal verbs effectively allows speakers and writers to communicate more
precisely, convey subtle nuances of meaning, and express attitudes and opinions in a
nuanced way. Mastery of modal words is crucial for achieving fluency and accuracy in
English communication. Modal words, also known as modal verbs, have specific
peculiarities that can make them challenging for learners. Here are some common
peculiarities of modal words to consider when learning them. Modal verbs do not have
infinitive or participle forms, which means they do not follow typical verb conjugation
patterns. For example, you cannot say "to can" or "canned" in English. Modal verbs do

28not change based on the subject of the sentence. They remain the same regardless of
whether the subject is singular or plural. For example, "I can," "She can," "They can."
Modal verbs do not change in form to indicate tense. Instead, they are paired with the
base form of another verb to convey time references. For example, "I can read," "She
will read," "They could read." Modal verbs convey shades of meaning related to
necessity, possibility, permission, ability, obligation, and likelihood. Each modal verb
has its own unique nuances, which can be challenging for learners to grasp.
Modal verbs are often used to convey politeness, formality, and indirectness in
communication. Understanding when and how to use modal verbs in different contexts is
crucial for effective communication. Modal verbs are often used to form negative
sentences by adding 'not' after the modal. For example, "I can't," "She shouldn't," "They
won't." Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they work
alongside main verbs to express various meanings. Understanding their auxiliary
function is essential for using them correctly. Learning modal words requires practice,
exposure to authentic language use, and an understanding of their specific peculiarities.
Students can benefit from engaging in exercises that focus on modal verbs, such as fill-
in-the-blank activities, role plays, and writing prompts to reinforce their usage and
meanings. Modal words, also known as modal verbs, are a category of verbs in English
that express the speaker's attitude towards the action or state described in the main verb
of the sentence. Modal verbs do not have an inherent meaning on their own but instead
modify the meaning of the main verb in terms of possibility, necessity, ability,
permission, obligation, or likelihood. Common modal verbs in English include "can,"
"could," "may," "might," "shall," "should," "will," "would," "must," and "ought to."
These modal verbs are used to indicate different shades of meaning and can vary based
on the context and intended message of the speaker.

29CONCLUSION
Modal words in English play a crucial role in shaping the meaning, tone, and clarity
of sentences. These pivotal words serve various functions that are essential for effective
communication, allowing speakers to express modality, indicate degrees of certainty,
modify verbs, convey advice and obligation, soften requests and commands, limit
possibilities, and express hypothetical situations. Understanding the functions of modal
words is key to mastering the nuances of the English language and using them effectively
in both spoken and written communication. One of the primary functions of modal words
is to express modality. Modality refers to the speaker's attitude towards the action or
event being described. Modal words such as "can," "could," "may," "might," "must,"
"shall," "should," "will," and "would" are used to convey different aspects of modality.
For example, "can" and "could" express ability or possibility, while "must" indicates
strong certainty or necessity. By using modal words, speakers can convey their beliefs,
opinions, and attitudes towards the actions or events they are discussing.
Another important function of modal words is indicating degrees of certainty.
Modal words allow speakers to express different levels of certainty or possibility
regarding a statement. For instance, "might" suggests a lower degree of certainty
compared to "must," which indicates a high level of certainty. By choosing the
appropriate modal word, speakers can convey their confidence in the truth or likelihood
of a statement, adding nuance and precision to their communication. Modal words also
play a crucial role in modifying verbs. By combining modal words with main verbs,
speakers can alter the mood, tense, or aspect of the verb, affecting how the action is
performed or perceived. For example, "can" modifies the verb "play" in the sentence "I
can play the piano," indicating ability or permission. Modal words add depth and
complexity to the meaning of verbs, allowing speakers to express a wide range of
nuances in their language. In addition, modal words are pivotal for conveying advice and

30obligation. Modal words such as "should," "ought to," "must," and "have to" are
commonly used to give advice, make recommendations, or indicate obligations. For
instance, saying "You should study for the exam" implies a suggestion or
recommendation, while "You must finish your homework" conveys a strong sense of
obligation. Modal words guide the listener on what is recommended or necessary to do in
a particular situation. Modal words also serve to soften requests and commands. By
using modal words such as "could," "would," or "please," speakers can make their
requests or commands more polite and less direct. For example, saying "Could you
please pass me the salt?" is more polite than simply saying "Pass me the salt." Modal
words help maintain a respectful tone in communication and enhance interpersonal
relationships by showing consideration for others. Furthermore, modal words help limit
possibilities in a sentence by indicating what is necessary, required, or likely to happen.
By using modal words like "will," "shall," "must," or "have to," speakers narrow down
the options available and provide clarity about what is expected or required. For
example, saying "You must be at the meeting by 9 a.m." sets a clear expectation and
limits the possible outcomes. Moreover, modal words are essential for expressing
hypothetical situations. Modal words such as "could," "would," "might," and "should"
are used to discuss possibilities that may or may not occur. By employing modal words
in hypothetical statements, speakers can explore alternative scenarios, imagine different
outcomes, or speculate about future events. For example, saying "If I were rich, I would
travel around the world" expresses a hypothetical situation that may not be true in reality.
In conclusion, modal words are pivotal for conveying meaning, attitude, and certainty in
English sentences. Understanding the functions of modal words is essential for effective
communication, as they allow speakers to express modality, indicate degrees of certainty,
modify verbs, convey advice and obligation, soften requests and commands, limit
possibilities, and express hypothetical situations.

31LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1 President Shavkat Mirziyoyev’s speech at the festive event held on Teacher and
Mentor’s Day- “Xalq so’zi”, 2020-100p.
2 Almurzaeva, P. Kh. Modal words in sentences with modal verbs. “Science and Youth”.
In Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference of young scientists,
graduate students and students of Chechen State University. 2011. 86–90 p.
3 Almurzaeva, P. Kh. Expression of the future of the English modal verb “wollen” in
the fiction. In Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference "Linguistics
and intercultural communication", dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Chechen State
University, 2018. 27–30 p.
4 Ardiansah, D. Functions of Modal in Students’ Hortatory Exposition Texts .Systemic
Functional Grammar Perspective. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa , 2020. 89-100 p.
5 Belyaeva, E. I. Functional semantic functions of modal in English and Russian.
Voronezh: Publishing house of Voronezh University, 1985. 34-56 p.
6 Bondarko, A. B. Modal and functional grammar. Temporality Modality. Leningrad:
Nauka ,1999. 123-231 p.
7 Didkovskaya, E. A. Means of modal in the sentence and the text. 1991. 67-89 p.
8 Halliday, M. A. K. Functional diversity in language as seen from a consideration of
modal and mood in English . 1970. 23-67 p.
9 Holmes, J .The role of modal words in ESL textbooks, Applied Linguistics, 1988. 1-7 p.
10 Miloserdova, E. V. Pragmatic aspects of modal of a simple sentence in the modern
English language. 1991. 55-76 p.
11 Mironov, H. H. Means of subjective modal in the scientific text. Moscow. 1991. 12-
19 p.
12 Panfilov, V. Z. The category of modal and its role in the constitutional structure of
sentences. Issues of Linguistics, 1977. 36–48 p.

3213 Vinogradov, V. V. On the category of modal and modal words in English. 1975. 56-
78 p.
14 Yang, S. A Systemic Functional Study of Modal in Modern English. 2021.34-67 p.
INTERNET RESOURCES
1.https:// www.thoughtco.com/expressing-modal-in-english-1692529
2.https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/modals
3. https://www.espressoenglish.net/how-to-express-modality-in-english/
4. https://writers-ink.net/2016/05/expressing-modalin-english/
5. https:// www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals.htm

Functions of modal words in English

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