Hind okeni - Geografiya - Kurs ishlari

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Husenov Jahongir

Ro'yxatga olish sanasi 03 May 2024

4 Sotish

Hind okeni

Sotib olish

O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI
OLIY TA’LIM, FAN VA INNOVATSIYALAR VAZIRLIGI
__________________ UNVERSITITETI
TABIIY FANLAR FAKULTETI
“EKALOGIYA VA GEOGRAFIYA KAFEDRASI”
“ Himoyaga ruxsat etilsin ”
Tabiiy fanlar fakulteti dekani
___________________
“___”_____________2024
“5110500 – Geografiya va iqtisodiy bilim asoslari’’ ta’lim yo‘nalishi
______ guruh talabasi _____________ning
“______________________________________________”
mavzusidagi
KURS ISHI
Ilmiy rahbar:
_________o’qit. ______________
“Himoyaga ruxsat etilsin”
“Ekalogiya va geografiya”
Kafedra mudiri.__________________
__________________
“____”__________________2024
G U LI ST O N - 2 02 4
1

MUNDARIJA:
KIRISH ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
I BOB. DUNYO OKEANI HAQIDA UMUMIY TAVSIF ..................................................................................... 12
1.1. Dunyo okeanining tabiiy sharoiti va tabiiy boyliklari ........................................................................... 12
1.2. Dunyo okeani qismlari ........................................................................................................................ 15
Dengizlar ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Maydoni ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Maksimal chuqurligi, metr hisobida ...................................................................................................... 18
Qaysi okeanda joylashgan ..................................................................................................................... 18
Sargasso ................................................................................................................................................. 18
6500 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
6995 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Filippin ................................................................................................................................................... 18
5726 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
10265 ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Korall ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
4068 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
9174 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Arabiston ............................................................................................................................................... 18
3832 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
5803 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Janubiy-Xitoy ......................................................................................................................................... 18
3537 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
5560 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Fidji ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
3177 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
7633 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
2

Uedell .................................................................................................................................................... 18
2920 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
6820 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Karib ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
2754 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
7686 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
O’rta Yer ................................................................................................................................................ 18
2500 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
5121 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Tasman .................................................................................................................................................. 18
2331 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
5200 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Bering .................................................................................................................................................... 18
2315 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
4151 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Bengal qo’ltig’i ....................................................................................................................................... 18
2172 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
4694 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Oxota ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1603 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3916 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Meksika qo’ltig’i ..................................................................................................................................... 18
1543 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
4384 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Gvineya qo’ltig’i ..................................................................................................................................... 18
1533 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
6363 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3

Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Barens .................................................................................................................................................... 18
1424 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
600 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Norveg ................................................................................................................................................... 18
1400 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3970 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Skosha ................................................................................................................................................... 18
1300 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
6022 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Sharqiy-Xitoy ......................................................................................................................................... 18
1249 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
2719 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Gudzon qo’ltig’i ...................................................................................................................................... 18
1230 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
258 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Grenlandiya ........................................................................................................................................... 18
1195 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
5527 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Somova .................................................................................................................................................. 18
1150 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Riser-Larsena ......................................................................................................................................... 18
1138 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Yapon ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
1062 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
4

3742 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Molukka ................................................................................................................................................. 18
291 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4180 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Avliyo Lavrentiy qo’ltig’i ......................................................................................................................... 18
263 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
572 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Hamdo’stlik ............................................................................................................................................ 18
258 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
3000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Ioniya ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
169 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
5121 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Oq .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
90 ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
340 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Arafur .................................................................................................................................................... 18
1017 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3680 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Flores ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
115 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
5234 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Irland ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
100 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
175 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Amundsen ............................................................................................................................................. 18
5

98 ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
585 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Adriatika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
144 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
1230 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Sarqiy-Sibir ............................................................................................................................................. 18
945 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
358 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Lazaryev ................................................................................................................................................. 18
929 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4500 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Kara ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
893 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
620 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Labrador ................................................................................................................................................ 18
840 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4316 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Lakkadiv ................................................................................................................................................. 18
786 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4131 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Solomon ................................................................................................................................................. 18
755 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
9103 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Banda ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
714 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
7440 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
6

Kosmonavtlar ......................................................................................................................................... 18
699 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4798 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Baffin ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
689 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2136 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Laptevlar ................................................................................................................................................ 18
672 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
3385 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Andaman ............................................................................................................................................... 18
605 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4507 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Chukotka ................................................................................................................................................ 18
590 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
160 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy ................................................................................................................................................. 18
544 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
809 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atдantika ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Bellinsgauzen ......................................................................................................................................... 18
487 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4470 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Sulavesi .................................................................................................................................................. 18
453 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
6220 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Qizil ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
450 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
3040 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
7

Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Bofort .................................................................................................................................................... 18
450 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4683 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Ross ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
439 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2972 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Timor ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
432 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
3310 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Qora ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
422 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2210 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Sariq ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
416 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
106 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Boltiq ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
415 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
470 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Kaspiy .................................................................................................................................................... 18
371 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
1025 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Sulu ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
335 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
5576 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Mouson ................................................................................................................................................. 18
333 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
1000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
8

Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Dyurvil ................................................................................................................................................... 18
315 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
3610 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Yava ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
310 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
1272 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Bismark .................................................................................................................................................. 18
310 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2665 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Persid qo’ltig’i ........................................................................................................................................ 18
251 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
90 ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Biskay qo’ltig’i ........................................................................................................................................ 18
223 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4735 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Turren .................................................................................................................................................... 18
214 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
3719 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Egey ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
214 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
3543 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18
Seram .................................................................................................................................................... 18
173 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
5319 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
II BOB. HIND OKEANIGA UMUMIY GEOGRAFIK TAVSIF ............................................................................. 20
2.1. Hind okeanining geografik o’rni, o’rganish tarixi ................................................................................ 20
9

2.2. Geologik tuzilishi, relefi ....................................................................................................................... 24
2.3. Iqlimi, tabiat zonalari, foydali qazilmalari ........................................................................................... 27
XULOSA ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR: ............................................................................................................... 33
10

KIRISH
Kurs ishining dolzarbligi. Hind okeani dunyodagi eng yosh va eng issiq
okeandir. Uning katta qismi janubiy yarimsharda, shimolda esa uzoq materikga
boradi, shuning uchun qadimgi odamlar uni shunchaki katta dengiz deb
hisoblashgan. Aynan shu erda, Hind okeanida, o’sha odam o’zining birinchi
dengiz sayohatlarini boshlagan.
Osiyoning eng yirik daryolari Hind okeani havzasiga mansub: Bengal ko rfazigaʻ
quyiladigan Salvin, Irravadi va Brahmaputra bilan Gang; Arab dengiziga
quyiladigan Hind daryosi; Dajla va Furot, Fors ko’rfazi bilan qo’shilish joyidan
bir oz yuqorida birlashadi. Hind okeaniga quyiladigan Afrikaning yirik
daryolaridan Zambezi va Limpoponi eslatib o’tish kerak. Ular tufayli okean
qirg’oqlaridagi suv loyqa bo’lib, cho’kindi jinslar - qum, loy va loy ko’p. Ammo
okeanning ochiq suvlari hayratlanarli darajada tiniq. Hind okeanining tropik
orollari tozaligi bilan mashhur. Turli xil hayvonlar marjon riflarida o’z o’rnini
topdi. Hind okeanida mashhur dengiz shaytonlari, noyob kit akulalari, katta
og’izlar, dengiz sigirlari, dengiz ilonlari va boshqalar yashaydi.
Kurs ishining maqsadi. Dunyo okeani va uning qismlari o’rganish, Hind okeani
misolida uning barcha xususiyatlarini puxta va mukammal o’rganish.
Kurs ishining vazifalari:
- Dunyo ekanini qismlarga bo’lib olish;
- Hind okeani tarixini o’rganish;
- Yakuniy xulosa va jadval ishlash.
Kurs ishining tarkibi va hajmi. Kurs ishi kirish, ikkita bob, xulosa va
takliflar,foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxatilardan iborat
11

I BOB. DUNYO OKEANI HAQIDA UMUMIY TAVSIF
1.1. Dunyo okeanining tabiiy sharoiti va tabiiy boyliklari
Olimlarning fikricha, hayot okean sohillaridagi to’lqinlar hosil qilgan „hayot
sharbati — bo’tqasimon loyqa"li suv muhitida hosil bo’lgan. Okean suvlarida
mikroskop bilan ko’rinadigan organizmlardan tortib 150 tonna keladigan ko’k
kitlargacha, turli xil organizmlar yashaydi. Hozir Dunyo okeanida 160 ming
hayvon turi, 10 ming atrofida o’simlik turi mavjud.
Okean organizmlari yashash joylariga ko’ra guruhlashtiriladi. Masalan,
bentos organizmlar — okean suvlari tubida, yotqiziqlar orasida yashaydi.
Nektonlar — erkin ko’chib yuruvchi organizmlar bo’lsa, planktonlar suv
oqimlariga qarshilik ko’rsata olmay, muallaq holatda suzib yuruvchi
organizmlardir (fitoplankton va zooplanktonlar). Dunyo okeani tabiiy
boyliklarning xazinasi hisoblanadi. Bu boyliklar biologik, kimyoviy, ma’danli va
yoqilg’i-energetika resurslaridan iborat. Hozir biologik resurslarning 2 % idangina
foydalanilmoqda. Lekin bu dunyoda iste’mol qilinadigan oqsil moddalarning 20 %
ini tashkil etadi.
Okean suvlaridan yiliga treska, seld, skumbriya baliqlari ko’plab ovlanadi.
Okean tubidan osh tuzi, brom, magniy, oltingugurt, aluminiy, mis, uran, kumush,
oltin olinadi. Dunyo okeanida neft va gaz eng ko’p Fors ko’rfazidan, shuningdek,
Venesuela qirg’oqlaridan, Shimoliy dengizdan, Meksika qo’ltig’idan qazib olinadi.
Dunyo okeani eng muhim va arzon dengiz transporti yo’li vazifasini
bajaradi. Savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalar doirasidagi mahsulot tashishning 60 % dan
ortig’i dengiz transporti orqali bajariladi. Dunyo xo’jaligining rivojlanishi, xalqaro
mehnat taqsimotining yuzaga kelishi, savdo-sotiqning rivojlanishi dengiz transporti
tufaylidir. Hozir Dunyo okeani sohillarida 2 700 dan ortiq dengiz port-shaharlari
mavjud. Dengiz transportida tashiladigan asosiy yuk neft va neft mahsulotlariga
to’g’ri keladi. Ba’zan bu mahsulotlarni tashiydigan maxsus kema — tankerlar
halokatga uchrab, sohil tabiatiga, dengiz organizmlariga katta talafot keltirmoqda.
12

Dengiz turizmi ham okean resurslaridan foydalanishning bir sohasi sifatida
tobora rivojlanmoqda.
Dunyo okeanini muhofaza qilish milliy, regional va xalqaro ko’lamda
amalga oshiriladigan tadbir. Dunyo okeanini tadqiq etish va foydalanish hamda
muhofaza qilish maqsadida ko’plab xalqaro tashkilotlar tuzilgan. Xalqaro dengiz
qo’mitasi, Davlatlararo okeanografik komissiya (UNESCO qoshida) va boshqalar
Dunyo okeani boyliklaridan oqilona va tejamkorlik bilan foydalanish, ularni
muhofaza qilish, tiklash va ekologik sharoitini yaxshilash borasida ibratli faoliyat
ko’rsatmoqda.
Suv ob’ektlarini o’rganuvchi olimlarning ko’pchiligi Jahon okeani haqida
bir fikrda: bu juda katta hajmdagi tabiiy resurslar ombori bo’lib, ularning miqdori
hatto quruqlikda joylashgan barcha minerallar va materiallardan ham oshib ketishi
mumkin. Boylik birinchi navbatda dengiz suvini o’z ichiga oladi, chunki uning
hajmi butun gidrosferaning 96 foizidan ko’prog’ini tashkil qiladi. Agar biz yer
shari aholisi sonini yaxlitlab, ularning sonini sakkiz milliard deb oladigan bo’lsak,
har birimizda 250 million kub metr dengiz suvi bo’ladi. Agar biz ushbu
miqdorning mingdan bir qismini ishlata olsak, bunday raqam allaqachon
hayratlanarli tuyuladi. Ammo okeanlarda ko’plab hayvonlar yashaydi, ular bizning
hayotimizga ta’sir qiladi va yo’q bo’lib ketishi mumkin, ular okeanlarning umumiy
massasining atigi 0,001% ni yo’q qiladi. Bundan tashqari, dengiz suvida 75 ga
yaqin turli xil kimyoviy elementlar mavjudligi haqidagi ma’lumot diqqatga
sazovordir: oltin, magniy, tuz va hatto uran suvda. Aytgancha, inson hayotida juda
muhim bo’lgan yod ham dengiz suvidan ishlab chiqariladi.
Shuni ham unutmasligimiz kerakki, Jahon okeanida uning tubida va ostida
joylashgan ko’plab mineral resurslar mavjud. Zamonaviy inson uchun eng muhimi
gaz va neft bo’lib, ular tubdan qazib olinadigan boshqa barcha tabiiy resurslar
narxining taxminan 90% ni tashkil qiladi. Barcha neftning taxminan uchdan bir
qismi kollektorlardan olinadi. Okean tubining yana bir boyligini temir va
marganets rudalari konlari deb atash mumkin, ularda ikkinchisidan tashqari 30 xil
turdagi metallar mavjud.
13

Shuni ham unutmasligimiz kerakki, oqim energiya manbai bo’lib, garchi
hozir to’liq foydalanilmasa ham, unchalik samarali emas, lekin kelajakda u shamol
turbinalaridan ham ko’proq talabga aylanishi mumkin. O’simliklar, suv o’tlari,
hayvonlar va boshqa dengiz biomassalari ham biz uchun muhimdir.
Suv resurslari. Ularga yuqorida yozilgan dengiz suvi kiradi.
Minerallar. Chuqurlikda qazib olinadigan turli metallar odamlar hayotida
muhim rol o’ynaydi. Asosiy miqdor Barents va Kaspiy dengizlarida, shuningdek,
Meksika ko’rfazi yaqinida joylashgan. Biologik resurslar. Aksariyat odamlar sushi
iste’mol qilishni yaxshi ko’radilar va ularning tarkibida eng mazali va muhim
tarkibiy qism faqat chuqurlikda tutilgan bir xil baliqdir. Eng "mahsuldor",
shubhasiz, Yaponiya, Norvegiya, Bering va Oxot dengizlari deb atash mumkin.
Energiya resurslari. Suv asosiy energiya manbai bo’lmasligi mumkin, lekin
uning energiyasi juda yuqori salohiyatga ega.
20-asrdan boshlab, olimlar Jahon okeanini to’liq o’rganishni
boshlaganlarida, yana bir nechta muhim manba turlari paydo bo’ldi:
Yer;
geotermal;
Iqlim.
Okean resurslari
14

1.2. Dunyo okeani qismlari
Dunyo okeani qismlariga dengiz, qo’ltiq, bo’gozlar misol bo’ladi.
Dengiz — Dunyo okeanining qismi; okeandan quruklik yoki orollar, yarim
orollar va suv osti relyefining ko tarilgan joylari bilan ajralib turadi. O ziningʻ ʻ
gidrologik, meteorologik va iqlimiy rejimi bilan okeanning ochiq qismidan farq
qiladi. Dengiz quruqlik bilan qancha kup uralgan bulsa, okeandan tafovuti shuncha
kup buladi. Oke-anlarning ayrim ochiq qismlari shartli ravishda Dengiz deyiladi,
mas, Sargasso Dengiz va Filippin Dengiz Aslida kul (mas, Orol, Kaspiy, O lik
ʻ
dengizlari), lekin maydoni ancha katta bulganligidan Dengiz deb atalgan, ba zi
ʼ
Dengizlarga esa qo ltiq deyiladi (mas, Gudzon qo ltig i, Fors qo ltig i). Dengizlar
ʻ ʻ ʻ ʻ ʻ
geografik o rni va gidrologik rejimi xususiyatlariga ko ra 3 guruhga bo linadi:
ʻ ʻ ʻ
materiklar orasidagi Dengizlar, materik ichkarisidagi Dengizlar va chekka
Materiklar orasidagi Dengizlar juda chuqur buladi. Bularga O rta dengiz,
ʻ
Avstraliya va Osiyo orasidagi Dengizlar, Karib dengizi va Qizil dengiz kiradi.
Materikdagi Dengizlar biron materikning ichkarisida joylashgan bo ladi. Bularga
ʻ
Oq dengiz, Boltiq dengizi, Qora dengiz, Azov dengizi va boshqa kiradi.
Chekka Dengizlar okean va materiklarning chekkalarida bo ladi. Bularga
ʻ
Barens dengizi, Kara dengizi, Sharqiy Sibir dengizi, Chukotka dengizi, Bering
dengizi, Yapon dengizi, Shimoliy dengiz va boshqa kiradi.
Dengiz atrofidagi qurukdik Dengizning iqlimi, suv rejimi va suv osti
yotqiziqlariga uz ta sirini ko rsatadi. Bunday ta sir materik ichkarisidagi va
ʼ ʻ ʼ
materiklar orasidagi Dengizlarda ayniqsa katta buladi. Dengiz atrofidagi daryolar
Dengizga chuchuk suv bilan birga loyqa (oqiziq) jinslarni keltiradi. Dengizlar
geologik nuqtai nazardan yosh hosillardir. Ular uchlamchi davrda vujudga kelgan,
to rtlamchi davrda to liq shakllangan. Eng chuqur Dengizlar Yer pustining
ʻ ʻ
upirilgan — yorilgan joylarida hosil bo lgan. Masalan, O rta dengiz (eng chuqur
ʻ ʻ
joyi 5121 m), Karib dengizi (eng chuqur joyi 7090 m) va boshqa Sayoz Dengizlar
materik chekkalarining cho kkan qismlarini okean suvining bosishidan yoki okean
ʻ
15

sathining ko tarilishidan paydo bo lgan. Bunday Dengizlar ko pincha materikʻ ʻ ʻ
sayozliklarda joylashgan (qarang Shelf). Masalan, Sharqiy Sibir dengizi, Shimoliy
dengiz va boshqa.
Dengiz tubining relyefi okeanlarning ochiq qismi tubining relyefiga
qaraganda oddiyroq tuzilgan. Dengiz tubi relyefida katta masofaga cho zilgan suv
ʻ
osti baland tizmalari, keng platolar emas, balki uncha chuqur bo lmagan soyliklar,
ʻ
tepaliklar, sayozliklar ko p.
ʻ
Dengiz suvining sho rligi Dunyo okeanidan anchagina farq qiladi.
ʻ
Bug lanish quyiladigan chuchuk suvdan kam bo lsa, sho rlik darajasi past bo ladi
ʻ ʻ ʻ ʻ
(mas, Boltiq dengizida 6—8‰). Bunda bug lanmay qolgan ortiqcha suv Dengiz
ʻ
yuzasidan oqeanga chiqib ketadi. Agar bug lanish quyiladigan chuchuk suvdan
ʻ
ortiq bo lsa, Dengizlarning sho rlik darajasi yuqori bo ladi (mas, Qizil dengizda
ʻ ʻ ʻ
41,5‰). Bunda ortiqcha bug lanish natijasida Dengiz sathi pasayadi. Natijada oke-
ʻ
andan suv oqib keladi.
Bo g oz
ʻ ʻ — 1) okean , dengiz , ko lni ʻ va ularning ayrim qismlarini bir-biri
bilan qo shib turadigan kambar suv yo lagi. Maye
ʻ ʻ , Bering B . Shimoliy Muz
okeanini Tinch okean bilan, BobulMandab B. Qizil dengizni Hind okeani bilan
qo shib turadi va h. k.;
ʻ
Qo’ltiq – okean, dengiz va ko’llarning quruqlik ichkarisiga kirib turgan
qismi. Ba’zi joylarda okeanlarning dengizlarga xos xususiyatlar, gidrologik
rejimga ega bo’lgan qismlari ham qo’ltiq deb yuritilgan. Masalan, Bengaliya
qo’ltig’i, Fors qo’ltig’i, Meksika qo’lltig’i va h.k.
16

1-jadval. Dengizlar haqida ma’lumot
17

18 Dengizlar Maydoni Maksimal
chuqurligi, metr
hisobida Qaysi okeanda
joylashgan
Sargasso 6500 6995 Atlantika
Filippin 5726 10265 Tinch
Korall 4068 9174 Tinch
Arabiston 3832 5803 Hind
Janubiy-Xitoy 3537 5560 Tinch
Fidji 3177 7633 Tinch
Uedell 2920 6820 Atlantika
Karib 2754 7686 Atlantika
O’rta Yer 2500 5121 Atlantika
Tasman 2331 5200 Tinch
Bering 2315 4151 Tinch
Bengal qo’ltig’i 2172 4694 Hind
Oxota 1603 3916 Tinch
Meksika qo’ltig’i 1543 4384 Atlantika
Gvineya qo’ltig’i 1533 6363 Atlantika
Barens 1424 600 Shimoliy Muz
Norveg 1400 3970 Shimoliy Muz
Skosha 1300 6022 Atlantika
Sharqiy-Xitoy 1249 2719 Tinch
Gudzon qo’ltig’i 1230 258 Shimoliy Muz
Grenlandiya 1195 5527 Shimoliy Muz
Somova 1150 3000 Tinch
Riser-Larsena 1138 3000 Hind
Yapon 1062 3742 Tinch
Molukka 291 4180 Tinch
Avliyo Lavrentiy qo’ltig’i 263 572 Atlantika
Hamdo’stlik 258 3000 Hind
I oniya 169 5121 Atlantika
O q 90 340 Shimoliy Muz
Arafur 1017 3680 Hind
F lores 115 5234 Tinch
I rland 100 175 Atlantika
A mundsen 98 585 Tinch
A driatika 144 1230 Atlantika
Sarqiy-Sibir 945 358 Shimoliy Muz
Lazaryev 929 4500 Atlantika
Kara 893 620 Shimoliy Muz
Labrador 840 4316 Atlantika
Lakkadiv 786 4131 Hind
Solomon 755 9103 Tinch
Banda 714 7440 Tinch
Kosmonavtlar 699 4798 Hind
Baffin 689 2136 Shimoliy Muz

II BOB. HIND OKEANIGA UMUMIY GEOGRAFIK TAVSIF
2. 1. H i nd o ke an i ni ng g eo gr af i k o’ r ni , o’ r ga ni sh t ar i x i
Hind okeani maydonining kattaligi jihatidan Tinch va Atlantika
okeanlaridan keyin uchinchi o’rinda turadi. Mazkur okean to’rtta materik
o’rtaligida joylashgan. Shimol tomonda Yevrosiyo materigi bilan chegaralanadi.
Sharqda Katta Zond orollari , Avstraliya materigi va Tasmaniya oroli meridiani
orqali Tinch okeandan, g’arbda Afrika materigi va Igna burun meridiani orqali
Atlantika okeanidan ajralib turadi. Janubda sayyoramizning eng sovuq materigi -
Antarktida bilan chegaradosh. Ana shu chegaralar doirasida joylashgan Hind
okeani akvatoriyasining maydoni 76,2 mln km 2
ga teng. Umumiy suv hajmi 282,7
mln.km 2
. Hind okeani boshqa okeanlardan o’zining geografik joylashishi bilan
ajralib turadi. Uning katta va keng maydoni janubiy yarim sharda va qambar
kichikroq qismi shimoliy yarim sharda joylashgan.
Hind okeani qirg’oqlari Shimoliy Muz okeani qirg’oqlariga nisbatan kam
parchalangan. Faqatgina uning shimoli-g’arbiy va shimoli-sharqiy qismlarida egri-
bugri qirg’oq chiziqlarini uchratish mumkin.
Keyingi yillarda Antarktikani keng ko’lamda kompleks tadqiq qilish
munosabati bilan ayrim okeanshunos (B.S. Zalogin) olimlar tomonidan Dunyo
okeani tarkibida beshinchi okeanni - Janubiy okeanni ajratish masalasini yangidan
taklif etaboshladilar. Bunga asos qilib Tinch, Atlantika va Hind okeanlarining
janubiy qismlarini umumiy gidrometeorolik xususiyatlarini o’xshashligini hamda
bu regionda okean va atmosfera-sirklyatsiyasi sxemasini umumiyligani
ko’rsatmoqdalar. Janubiy okeanning" shimoliy chegarasini Afrika, Avstraliya va
Janubiy Amerikaning eng janubiy chekka nuqtalarini shartli ravishda kenglik
bo’ylab tutashtiruvchi chiziqdan yoki antarktika konvergensiya zonasidan
o’tkazishni taklif qilishmoqda, Ammo, tabiatda Janubiy okeanni Yerning boshqa
okeanlaridan ajratib turuvchi aniq geomorfologik chegara yuk. Binobarin, Hind
20

okeanini yukorida ta’kidlanganidek to’rtta materik o’rtaligida joylashgan mustaqil
va bir butun geografik akvatoriya deb qarash maqsadga muvofiqdir.
O’rganilish tarixi.
Tadqiqotchilarning taxminlariga ko’ra Hind, okeanida suzish boshqa
okeanlarga qaraganda ancha oldin, taxminan 6 ming yillar ilgari boshlangan. Hind
okeani sohillari juda qadim zamonlardan boshlab madaniyati yaxshi taraqqiy etgan
markazlrdan biri bo’lgan. Uning sohillarida va undan chetroqda yashagan qadimiy
xalqlar - Shimoliy Afrikaliklar, Janubiy YYevropaliklar, Janubi-Yearbiy
Osiyoliklar, Xitoyliklar - savdo ishlari bilan shug’ullanib, okeanning turli
qismlaridan suzib o’tishgan, okean akvatoriyasi va tevarak-atrofidagi mamlakatlar
bilan tanishishgan, shamollar, oqimlar to’g’risida tasavvurga ega bo’lishgan.
Eramizdan 5-4 ming yillar oldin shumerliklar Fors qo’ltig’ida suzishgan va
okeanga ham chiqishgan. Eramizdan 6 asr ilgari finikiyaliklar o’z sayohatini Qizil
(Eritrei) dengizdan boshlab, Hind okeanining g’arbiy qismidan Afrikani aylanib
Atlantika okeaniga suzib o’tishgan va Gibraltar bo’g’ozi orqali kaytib ketishgan.
Eramizdan oldingi 325-324 yillarda yunon harbiy flotchisi-Nearx
Aleksandr Makedonskiyning topshirishga binoan dengiz yo’li bilan Hind
daryosining quyilish joyidan Yevfrat daryosining quyilish joyigacha suzib o’tdi va
bu sayohat haqida hisobot yozib qoldirdi.
Eramizning boshlarida O’rta dengiz xalqlaridan Gippal musson
shamollaridan foydalanib , Qizil (Eritrey) dengizidan Arabiston dengizi orqali
Hindistonga suzib borish yo’lini kashf etadi. VII-VIII asrlarda arablar Sharqiy
Afrika, Arabiston yarim oroli va Hindistonning qirg’oq yaqinidagi suv yo’llarini
o’zlashtirdilar. IX asrgacha to Madagaskar oroligacha yetib bordilar. Arablar o’z
sayohatlari haqida okeanning qirg’oqlari, orollari, marjon riflari, oqimlari va
shamollar to’g’risida ko’plab ma’lumotlar tukxadilar. XV asrda xitoylik Chjen Xe
Hind okeaniga yetti marta katta ekspeditsiya uyushtirdi. Ekspeditsiyalar davrida u
okeanda suzib Kalikut, Maldiv orollarida bo’ldi, Ormuz bo’g’ozi, Aden qo’ltig’i
va Qizil dengizgacha bordi. Chjen Xe suzib o’tgan joylarining haritalarini tuzdi.
21

XV-XVI asrlardan boshlab Yevropaliklarning Hind okeaniga bostirib kirish
davri avjiga chiqadi. Tverlik savdogar Afanasiy Nikitin 1466-1472 yillarda
Sharqiy Yevropadan Hindistonga qilgan safarida Hind okeani sohillarida bo’lgan
va barcha sarguzashtlarini "Uch dengiz osha" kitobida bayon etgan.
Portugaliyaliklar birin-ketin G’arbiy Afrika qirg’oqlari bo’ylab suzib borib Hind
okeanini zabt etishadi va suv yo’li orqali Hindistonga borishadi. Pirovardida 1497-
1498 yillarda Vasko da Gama dengiz yo’li orqali Hindistonga borishni tuligicha
amalga oshiradi. Ular 1500 yilda dengiz orqali Madagaskar, 1502 yilda Amirant,
1505 yilda Komor orollariga suzib borishadi, keyinchalik Seyshel va Maskaren
orollarida bo’lishib, ularni haritalarga tushirishadi. Portugaliyaliklardan keyin Hind
okeaniga golland, fransuz, ispan va ingliz dengizchilari tashrif buyurishib, uning
barcha akvatoriyasi bo’ylab sayohat qiladilar. O’sha davrda Hind okeani nomi
shakllanib, birinchi marta u 1555 yilda Myunster haritasidan o’z o’rnini egallaydi.
XVIII asrning ikkinchi yarmida ingliz dengizchisi Jeyms Kuk 1772-1775
yillarda "Rezolyushen" va "Advencher" kemalarida suzib, Hind okeaniga
geografik tavsif berish va uni qirg’oq chiziqlarini aniqlash bilan birga, suvning
yuza qatlamidan to 180 m chuqurlikkacha haroratning o’zgarishini o’lchash bilan
ham shug’ullanadi. 1831-1836 yillarda "Bigl" kemasida tashkil etilgan
ekspeditsiya ishtirokchilari tomonidan to’plangan materiallar tabiiy fanlarni ,
ayniqsa okeanografiyani rivojlantirishda muhim rol o’ynadi. Ekspeditsiya
ishtirokchilari o’z siyohati davomida Hind okeanini kesib o’tish bilan birga Kakos,
Mavrikiy va boshqa orollarga ham tashrif buyurdilar. Hind okeani bo’ylab qilgan
sayohati davomida Ch. Darvin geologik biologik zoologik ilmiy tadqiqot ishlarini
olib bordi. Ayniksa atollarning kelib chiqishi to’g’risida yaratgan ilmiy nazariyasi
hozirgi kunda ham mohiyatini yo’qotgan emas.
Hind okeanini kompleks o’rganish XIX asrning oxirida boshlandi. Eng
yirik tadqiqotlar 1873-1876 yillarda "Chellenjer" kemasida ingliz ekspeditsiyasi
tomonidan olib borildi. Bu ekspeditsiyaga professor Uayvil Tomson rahbarlik
qildi. Kompleks ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari Britaniya qirollik jamiyati tomonidan ishlab
chiqilgan dastur asosida amalga oshirildi. Ekspeditsiyada qatnashgan olimlar
22

fizikaviy, kimyoviy, geologik, biologik ayniqsa ko’proq zoologik kuzatishlar olib
bordilar. To’plangan materiallar asosida 50 jildlik (30 ming bet) ilmiy to’plam
nashr etildi. "Chellenjer" ishtirokchilari asosiy ilmiy kuzatish ishlarini Hind
okeanining janubiy akvatoriyasida olib bordilar.
1898-1899 yillarda Germaniya Hind okeanida suvning chuqurliklarini
o’lchash maqsadida "Valdiviya" kemasida maxsus ekspeditsiya tashkil etdi.
Ekspeditsiya asosan okeanning shimoliy va shimoli-g’arbiy qismlarida
joylashtirilgan 129 ta stansiyada meterologik va biologik kuzatishlar hamda
chuqurliklarni o’lchash ishlarini bajardi. To’plangan materiallar asosida G.Shott
1900 yilda Hind okeanining batimetrik haritasini tuzdi.
Hind okeanini keng ko’lamda yalpisiga tadqiq qilish ishlari 1960-1965
yillarda YUNESKO tashabbusi bilan tashkil etilgan Xalqaro Hind okeani
ekspeditsiyasi tomonidan amalga oshirildi. Bu tadqiqot ishlarida 20 dan ortiq
mamlakatlarning olimlari ishtirok etdilar, okean tabiatiga va tabiiy boyliklariga xos
ko’plab yangi ma’lumotlar to’pladilar, okean tagi relefiga taalluqli bir qator
kashfiyotlar qildilar. Xalqaro ekspeditsiyada "Vityaz", "Ob"^ "Akademik
Kurchatov", "Dmitriy Mendeleev", "Akademik Vernadskiy", "Mixail Lomonosov"
kabi sovet ilmiy kemalari ishtirok etdi.
Binobarin, Xalqaro Hind okeani ekspeditsiyasi, Xalqaro geofizika yili va
boshqa ekspeditsiyalar tomonidan olib borilgan ilmiy tadqiqotlar natijasida G’arbiy
Hind va Sharqiy Hind suv osti tog’ tizmalari, Mozambiq Ouen, Tasmaniya,
Diamantika tektonik yoriq zonalari, Afanasiy Nikitin , Ob, Lena, Bardina, Zenit,
Ekvator kabi suv osti tog’lari kashf etildi.
23

2. 2. G eo l o gi k t uz i l i sh i , re l e f i
Hind okeani tagi relefi va geologik strukturasi Tinch va Atlantika okeanlari
tagi relefi va geologik strukturasi singari ancha murakkab tuzilgan. Uning o’rtacha
chuqurligi 3711 m ga teng. Eng chuqur joyi Yava (Zond) cho’kmasida 7450 m ga
yetadi. Okeanda shelf (materik sayozligi) uncha taraqqiy etmagan va kam
maydonni egallaydi. Shelf zonasining kengligi bir necha kilometrdan 80-100 km
gacha boradi. Hind okeanining Fors qo’ltig’i allyuvial yotqiziqlar tekislangan shelf
zonasida shakllangan. Uning maksimal chuqur joyi 102 m ni tashkil qiladi. Xudi
shunday Pokiston va G’arbiy Hindistonning kambar shelf zonasining tarkib
topishida akkumulyativ allyuvial yotqiziqlar muhim rol o’ynaydi. Bengaliya
qo’ltig’ining shimolidagi shelfning hosil bo’lishida Gang va Braxmaputra daryolari
keltirgan terrigen yotqiziqlar faol ishtirok etadi. Andaman dengizining shelfi
boshqa regiondagi shelflarga nisbatan bir oz kengroq , bo’lib, u akkumulyativ suv
osti tekisliklaridan va denudatsion tekisliklardan tarkib topgan.
Hind okeanining shimoliy chekka qismi bo’ylab tik va ensiz materik
yonbag’ri cho’zilgan. U 100-200 m chuqurlikdan boshlanib, ayrim joylarda suv
osti kononlari bilan kesilgan. Eng yiriklari Hind va Gang kononlaridir. Bularning
1000-1500 m chuqurlikda okean tagiga loyka oqimlarini keltirib kuyishi natijasida
ulkan suv osti yoyilma konuslari hosil bo’ladi. Yoyilmalar yuzasi ko’plab abissal
vodilar bilan kesilgan.
Hind okeani tagining orografik tuzilishini asosini O’rtalik Hind okean tog’
tizimi tashkil etadi. Bu tog’ tizimi o’zining yo’nalishida uchta tarmoqda bo’linib,
shimoli-g’arb, janubi-g’arb va janubi-sharq tomonlarga qarab cho’zilib yotadi.
Tog’ tizimining o’rtalik qismi Markaziy Hind tog’ tizmasi deb ataladi. Undan
shimoli-g’arbga Arabiston yarim oroli tomon cho’zilgan qismi Arabiston-Hind
tog’ tizmasi, janubi-g’arbga qarab cho’zilgan qismi G’arbiy Hind tog’ tizmasi va
junubi-sharq tomon cho’zilgan qismi Avstraliya-Antarktika tog’ tizmasi deb
ataladi. Bular orasida G’arbiy Hind tog’ tizmasi seysmik jihatdan
serharakatchanligi va okean tipidagi suv osti vulkanlarini ko’p tarqalganligi bilan
24

harakterlanadi. Bu tizmaning sharqiy yonbag’rida ikkita yirik vulkaniq massiv
mavjud bo’lib, ularning suv sathidan ko’tarilib turgan cho’qqilari Prins-Eduard va
Kroze orollarini hosil qiladi. Arabiston-Hind’ tog’ tizmasi Sokotra orolidan
Sharqroqda Ouen suv osti tektonik yorigi bilan kesilgan. Bu yoriq Somali
botigidan boshlanib, Arabiston dedaizining MagpH suv osti tog’igacha davom
etadi. Binobarin uch tarmaqda bo’lingan O’rtalik Hind okean suv osti tog’ tizimi
bir butun okean tagi xavzasini yirik uch qismga- Afrika, Osiyo-Avstraliya va
Antarktika’ xavzalariga ajratib turadi.
Hind okeanining Sharqiy qismida Markaziy va G’arbiy Avstraliya
botiqlarini bir-birdan ajratib turuvchi Sharqiy Hind tog’ tizmasi meridional
yo’nalishda cho’zilib yotibdi. Tog’ tizmalarining kengligi 400-800 km gacha va
balandligi 2-3 km gacha boradi. Okeanning janubiy qismida yirik geomorfologik
struktura - Kergilin suv osti platosi joylashgan. Plato yuzasida miotsen davrida
harakatda bo’lgan qadimiy suv osti vulkanlari ko’p uchraydi. Vulkanlarni
ayrimlarini cho’qqilari suv sathidan ko’tarilib Kergelen va Xyord orollarini hosil
qilgan. Vulkanlar asosan bazaltlardan tarkib topgant. Platoda bazaltdan tashqari
granodiorit va paleogen ohaqtoshlari ham topilgan. Sharqiy Hind suv osti tog’
tizmasining eng janubiy chekkasidan sharq tomonda G’arbiy Avstraliya tizmasi
joylashgan. Bu tog’ning orografik tuzilishi ancha murakkab bo’lib platosimon
ko’tarilmalardan va yaqqol ko’tarilib turgan tektonik tizmalardan tarkib topgan.
Okean tagi rel’f shakllarining murakkablashishida tektonik yoriqlar ham muhim
rol o’ynaydi. Ammo bu yerdagi yoriqlar Tinch okeandagi yoriqlardan farq qilib,
ular asosan meridional va submeridional ravishda yo’nalgan. Ouen, Mavrikiya,
Prins-Eduard,
Amsterdam, Tasmanov kabi yoriqlar shular jumlasidandir. Bundan tashqari
okean tagi kenglik va subkenglik bo’ylab yo’nalgan yoriqlar ham uchraydi. Bunga
Diamantin va Ob yoriqlari misol bo’ladi. Chuqurligi 5500-6500 m ga boradigan
Vityaz , Argo, Vima, Mariya-Selest cho’kmalarining mavjudligi tektonik yoriqlar
bilan uzviy bog’liq.
25

Yuqorida tahlil qilingan tog’ tizmalari va ko’tarilmalari Hind okeani tagini
O.K.Leontevning ma’lumotiga ko’ra; 24 ta katta va kichik botiqlarga ajratib turadi.
Quyidagi № 4 jadvalda shulardan eng yiriklari berilgan.
Hind okeani tagida xilma-xil cho’kindilar uchraydi. Foraminiferali
cho’kindilar materik yonbag’irlarida va botiqlarda, radiolyariyali va marjon polipli
cho’kindilar ekvator atrofida, poligen (suv osti qizil gillari) cho’kindilar
ekvatordan janubroqda terrigen yotqiziqlar materik qirg’oqlari yaqinida va
diatomli cho’kindilar materikning janubiy qismida (50° j.k. dan janubda) keng
tarqalgan.
H i n d ok ea ni n i n g yi ri k b ot i ql ar i
№ Botiqning nomi Maksimal chuqurligi, m
1 Arabiston 5875
2 Somali 5374
3 Maskaren 5349
4 Madagaskar 6400
5 Mozambik 6045
6 Agulyas 6150
7 Kroze 5270
8 Markaziy 6090
9 Andaman 4390
10 Kokos 6335
11 Barbiy Avstraliya 6500
12 Amsterdam 7102
13 Janubiy Avstraliya 6024
14 Afrika- Antarktika 6972
15 Avstraliya-Antarktika 6089
26

2. 3. I ql i m i , t ab i at z on al ar i , f o yd al i qaz i l m al ar i
Hind okeani iqlimining tarkib topishida uning geografik o’rni asosiy rol
o’ynaydi. Okeaning katta qismi ekvatordan janubda joylashgan bo’lib, uning
shimoliy qismini iliq Yevrosiyo materigi va janubiy qismini sovuq Antaktida
materigi G’rab turadi. Shimoliy akvatoriyasining iqlimi Yevrosiyo, Afrika va
Avstraliya materiklarining ta’sirida shakllanganligi tufayli yuqori haroratli iqlim
xususiyatlari bilan farq qiladi. Janubda okean iqlimini shakllanishida Antarktida
materigining ta’siri hukmronlik qiladi. Shuning uchun bu joylar okeanning eng
sovuq raYonlari hisoblanadi.
Hind okeani shimoliy qismining iqlim xususiyatlaridan biri Yevrosiyo
materigi ta’siri natijasida mussonli havo oqimlarining vujudga kelishi va ularni yil
fasllarga qarab o’z yo’nalishini almashtirib turishidir. Binobarin, okeaning
shimoliy qismi uchun musson iqlim harakterli bo’lib, yozda ekvatorial, qishda
tropik havo massalari hukmronlik qiladi. Bu yerda havoning o’rtacha harorati
yozda 25-27 °C ni, Afrika qirg’oqlari yaqinida 23°C ni tashkil etadi. Okeaning
janubiy qismida harorat yozda 300 j.k. 20-25°C, 50° j.k. 5-6 °C va 60° j.k. dan
janubroqda 0 °C dan past. Okean akvatoriyasida yillik yog’ingarchiliq miqdori
ham havo harorati singari bir tekisda taqsimlanmagan. Eng kam yog’in Arabiston
dengizining g’arbida (100 mm), Antarktidaning yaqinida (250 mm) va
subtropiklarning Sharqida (500 m) kuzatiladi. Eng ko’p atmosfera yog’ini
Arabiston dengizining Sharqiga (3000 mm), Bengaliya qo’ltig’iga (3000 mm),
ekvator yoniga (2000-3000 mm) va subtropiklarning g’arbiga (1000 mm) to’g’ri
keladi.
Suv massalarining xossalari va harorati iqlim xususyatlari bilan uzviy
bog’liq. Okeanning shimoliy qismi yoz oylarida materiklar ta’sirida janubga
nisbatan yaxshi isiydi. Shuning uchun qirg’oq bo’ylarida suvning harorati 30°C
dan yuqori ko’tariladi. Bu yerga sovuq suvlar ta’sir etmaydi. Shuning uchun
okeanning shimoliy akvatoriyasi eng iliq joy hisoblanadi. Hind okeanidagi tropik
va subekvatorial iqlim mintaqalaridagi harorat Tinch va Atlantika okeanlarining
27

tropik va ekvatorial mintaqada ancha yuqori ekvatorial iqlim mintaqasidan janubga
tomon harorat keskin pasayib boradi.
Okean suvining sho’rligi suv balansiga bog’liq. Uning yuza qismida yillik
bo’g’lanish 1380 mm ni tashkil etadi. Yog’inlarning akvatoriya bo’ylab
taqsimlanishi esa har xil. Yog’ingarchilik kam, bug’lanish ko’p bo’ladigan Fors
qo’ltig’ida suvning sho’rligi 39-40 ‰ ga, Qizil dengizda 41-42 ‰ ga, Arabiston
dengizida bug’lanishga nisbatan yog’ingarchiliq miqdori ko’p bo’lganligi sababli
suvning sho’rligi 32,0-33,0‰ gacha pasayadi. Janubiy tropiklarda suvning
sho’rligi 34-34,5‰ ga, Janubiy subtropik kengliklarda 35,5‰ ga va eng janubda
33-34‰ ga teng. Qizil dengiz tagidagi cho’kmalardan katta miqdorda suv chiqarib
turadigan issiq buloq topilgan. Buloq suvining issiqligi 70° va sho’rligi 300‰.
Issiq suvdan hosil bo’lgan cho’kindilardan o’ziga xos evaporit tipidagi jinslar
tarkib topgan. Uning tarkibida nodir metallar , jumladan mis bor.
Okeanda suv sathining ko’tarilish va pasayish jarayoni sutkasiga ikki
martadan takrorlanib turadi. Suvning ko’tarilishi ochiq okean qirg’oqlarida va
orollar atrofida 0,5-1,6 m gacha, ayrim qo’ltiqlarda 5-7 m gacha yetadi. Suv
sathining maksimal ko’tarilishi Kambey qo’ltig’i uchun harakterli bo’lib 11,9 m ni
tashkil etadi.
Okeanning tabiat zonalari.
Okean yuzasidagi zonalar. Hind okeanining tabiiy sharoiti va gidrologik
xususiyatlari xilma-xil bo’lishi hamda uning akvatoriyasini shimliy va janubiy
yarim sharda joylashganligi sababli Dunyo okeaniga xos bo’lgan tabiat
zonalarining aksariyati bu yerda o’z ifodasini topgan. Okean akvatoriyasini
shimoldan janubga qarab kuzatar ekanmiz , quyidagi tabiat zonalari borligini
guvohi bo’lamiz.
Tropik zona. Okeanning shimoliy qismidagi tropik zonada tevarak
atrofdagi quruqliklar ta’sirida suv massalari turli xil xususiyatlarga ega bo’lgan
komplekslar tarkib topgan. Tropik zonaning g’arbiy qismida (Arabiston
dengizining g’arbida) atmosfera yog’ini 100 mm atrofida tushadi, harorat ancha
baland, bug’lanish miqdori 1400 mm atrofida, quruqlikdan chuchuk suv deyarli
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quyilmaydi. Suvning sho’rligi 36,5‰dan oshadi. Bu yerda suvi iliq va sho’rligi
katta bo’lgan tabiat kompleksi hosil bo’lgan. Tropik zonaning shimoli-
sharqiy_qismida (Arabiston dengizining Sharqida va Bengaliya qo’ltig’i) aksincha
atmosfera yog’ini 3000 mm gacha yog’adi, daryolar Ximolay tog’laridan ko’p
miqdorda chuchuk suv keltiradi. Natijada suvning sho’rligi 30‰ gacha pasayadi.
Ana shunday omillar ta’sirida tropik zonaning sharqiy qismida suv massasining
ancha chuchuklashgan tabiat kompleksi vujudga keladi. Janubiy tropik zonada
barqaror passat shamollari esadi. Uning g’arbiy qismida yoz va kuz oylarida kuchli
dovullar bo’lib turadi.
Subekvatorial zona. Bu zonada tropik va ekvatorial havo massalari
fasllarga qarab almashinib turish harakteriga ega. Okeanning g’arbiy qismida
shimoliy va janubiy subekvatorial zonalar bir-biri bilan tutashib ketadi. Yilning
muayyan katta qismida passat shamollari, yozda esa janubi-g’arbiy musson
shamollari hukmronlik qiladi. Suvning o’rtacha yillik harorati 25°C, sho’rligi 33-
34‰. Yog’ingarchiliq ko’p bo’ladi. Biomassalar 50-75 mg/m3 ni tashkil qiladi.
Ekvatorial zona. Hind okeani akvatoriyasida ekvatorial zona sidirg’asiga
tarqalmagan. Uning geografik joylashishi okean ekvator kengligining o’rta va
sharqiy qismiga to’g’ri keladi. Bu zonada ekvatorial havo massasi hukmronlik
qiladi. Suv yuza qatlamining harorati 26-28°C. Atmosfera yog’inlari juda ko’p
(3000 mm gacha) yog’adi. Suvning sho’rligi tropik va subtropik zonalarga
nisbatan ancha past. Yillik radiatsiya balansi 115 kkal/sm 2
ga teng. Organik
dunyosi juda boy va xilma-xil. Biomassa miqdori 100-150 mg/m 3
gacha boradi.
Subtropik zona. Janubiy subtropik zona ham shimoliy tropik zonaga
o’xshash tabiiy sharoitining o’ziga xos xususiyatlari bilan ajralib turadi. Bu yerda
ham ikkita yirik kompleksni - iliq va sovuq, suv massalaridan tarkib topgan tabiat
komplekslari mavjud. Subtropik zonaning g’arbiy qismi iliq oqimlar ta’sirida
bo’lganligi sababli yil davomida uning suvi iliq , harorati ancha yuqari bo’ladi.
Atmosfera yog’inlari 1000 mm atrofida yog’adi. Zonaning sharqiy qismi esa sovuq
oqimlar ta’sirida bo’lganligidan u yerda yil davomida suvning harorati past
bo’ladi, yog’ingarchilik miqdori 500 mm dan oshmaydi.
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Mo’tadil zona. Janubiy mo’’tadil zonaning suvlari qishda sovuq, yozda
biroz iliq bo’ladi. Tez-tez bo’lib turadigan dovullar yuzadagi suvlarni aralashtirib
turadi. Bu yerlar "uvvillovchi kengliklar" deyiladi. O’rtacha balandligi 2-6 m ga
boradigan to’lqinlar ko’p bo’lib turadi. Ayrim paytlarda to’lqinlarning balandligi
15 m gacha va uzunligi 250 m gacha bo’lib, ular yuzlab km masofaga hech
pasaymay to’xtovsiz harakat qilib boradi.
Subantarktika zonasi. Bu zonaning iqlimi sovuq, suvining harorati 0°C
atrofida, sho’rligi kam, yiliga 250 mm yog’in yog’adi. Suvlari baliqlarga, krillarga
boy, kitlar shu joylardan oziqlanadi. Qishda suv yuzini muz qoplaydi. Suvda
dengiz muzlaridan tashqari minglab aysberglar suzib yuradi.
Antarktika zonasi. Okeanning eng janubiy qismini, Antarktida sohillarini
o’z ichiga oladi. Suvning harorati deyarli yil davomida 0° S dan past. Suv
massalarini kuchli harakatchanligi organizmlarning yashashi uchun qulay sharoit
yaratadi. Planktonlar miqdori 50 mg/m 3
atrofida. Okean tagidagi zonalar. Hind
okeani Tinch va Atlantika okeanlariga nisbatan shimoldan janubga qarab kamroq,
masofaga cho’zilgan. Shuning uchun ham bu yerda okean tagi tabiat zonalarining
soni kam. Okean tagida ekvatorial-tropik janubiy mo’’tadil, subantarktika va
antarktika zonalari mavjud. Bu zonalarning yotqiziqlari bir-biridan farq qiladi.
Masalan, ekvatorial-tropik zonada radiolyariy va qizil loyqalari keng tarqalgan,
janubiy mo’’tadil zonada farominifer loyqasi ko’p uchraydi. Subantarktikada
kremniyli diatom yotqiziqlari hukumronlik qilsa, antarktika zonasida aysberg
yotqiziqlari katta maydonni egallaydi.
Foydali qazilmalari .
Hind okeani boshqa okeanlar singari biologik kimyoviy , mineral, yonilg’i
va energetika resurslariga juda boy. Shunga qaramasdan ular hozirga qadar yetarli
darajada o’rganilmagan va o’zlashtirilmagan. Okeanning o’rtacha biologik
mahsuldorligi 35-40 kg/m 2
ni, shelfda 350 kg/m 2
ni va qirg’oqbo’yi pelagial
zonada 250 kg/m 2
ni tashkil etadi. Dunyo okeanidan ovlanadigan baliqning
atigi5% (3 mln.t ga yaqini) Hind okeaniga to’g’ri keladi. Atlantika okeanidan
ovlanadigan baliq esa 39% ni (22 mln. t atrofida) tashkil etadi. Olimlarning
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ta’kidlashicha hozirgi sharoitda biologik resurslarning maqsadga muvofiq
foydalanilsa, Hind okeanida baliq ovlashning yiliga 10-14 mln. t ga yetkazish
imkoniyati bor. Okeanda eng ko’p baliq ovlanadigan joy Arabiston dengizi va
Adan qo’ltig’i hisoblanadi. Bu yerda sardinella, skumbriya, bombilya, qilich baliq,
anchous, akula kabi baliqlar ovlanadi. Shri-Lanka, Baxrayn orollari ,
Avstraliyaning shimoli-g’arbiy qirg’oqlari yaqinidan marvarid va sadaf olinadi.
Okean shelfi qazilma boyliklarga juda boy. Eng yirik neft va tabiiy gaz
konlari Fors qo’ltig’i tagidagi cho’kindi jinslar orasida topilgan. Bu yerda 10,6
mlrd. t neft zahirasi va 2,83 trln m 3
gaz zahirasi borligi aniqlangan. Eng yirik kon
Safaniya-Xafj bo’lib, unda 4,3 mlrd. t ga yaqin neft zahirasi bor. Fors qo’ltig’idan
516 ta skvajina yordamida 1,35 mlrd. t neft qazib olinadi. yaqin kelajakda bu
qo’ltiqdan yiliga 500 mln. t neft qazib olish mo’ljallanmoqda.
Avstraliyaning g’arbiy sohillaridan 11 ta neft va gaz konlari topilgan.
Shularda Barrau neft koni va Nors-Ronkin gaz koni ishga tushirilgan. Birgina
Barraudan yiliga 1,5 mln t neft qazib olinmoqda. Bu regionning gaz zahirasi 552
mlrd. m 3
atrofida baholangan. Timor dengizi tagida ham 620 mlrd m 3
va 70 mln t
neft zahirasi borligi aniqlangan. Okeanning shimoli-g’arbiy sohilidagi chuchuk
suvlari deyarli bo’lmagan mamlakatlarda sho’r suv chuchutilib foydalanilmoqda.
Jumladan Quvayt dengiz suvini chuchitish qurilmasi yordamida sutkasiga 212
ming m 3
suvni chuchitib, mamlakatni ichimlik suv bilan ta’minlaydi.
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XULOSA
Hind okeani maydonining kattaligi jihatidan Tinch va Atlantika
okeanlaridan keyin uchinchi o’rinda turadi. Mazkur okean to’rtta materik
o’rtaligida joylashgan. Shimol tomonda Yevrosiyo materigi bilan chegaralanadi.
Sharqda Katta Zond orollari , Avstraliya materigi va Tasmaniya oroli meridiani
orqali Tinch okeandan, g’arbda Afrika materigi va Igna burun meridiani orqali
Atlantika okeanidan ajralib turadi. Janubda sayyoramizning eng sovuq materigi -
Antarktida bilan chegaradosh. Ana shu chegaralar doirasida joylashgan Hind
okeani akvatoriyasining maydoni 76,2 mln km 2
ga teng.
Hind okeani akvatoriyasining asosiy qismini tropik mintaqalardan boshlab
to mo’tadil kengliklargacha joylashishi organik dunyoning rivojlanishi uchun juda
qulay iqlimiy va gidrologik sharoit vujudga keltiradi. Tropik mintaqaning sayozroq
joylarida marjonlar, ohaqli qizil suvo’tlar-litotamnilar va ohaqli yashil suvo’tlar-
xolimedalar ko’p tarqalgan. Ular orollar va atollar hosil qiladi. Arabiston dengizida
ko’k-yashil suvo’tlar ko’p uchraydi, hatto ular suv osti o’tloqlarini hosil qiladi.
Okeanda baliqlar ko’p tarqalgan. Uning o’rta va shimoliy qismlarida sardanella,
skumbriya, uchar baliq nur sochuvchi anchous, korifen, tunes, miktofid vaturli xil
akulalar yashaydi. Janubiy qismida sovuq, iqlim sharoitaga moslashgan hayvonlar:
baliqlardan oqqonli baliq (muzbaliq), qushlardan fregat, albatros, pingvinlar bor.
32

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR:
1. “O’zbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivojlantirish bo’yicha harakatlar
strategiyasi to’g’risida”gi O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 7
fevraldagi PF-4947-sonli Farmoni.
2. O’zbekiston Respublikasining “Elektron tijorat to’g’risida”gi O’zbekiston
Respublikasi Qonuniga o’zgartish va qo’shimchalar kiritish haqida”gi 2015-yil 22-
maydagi O’RQ-385-sonli qoniniga muvofik qabul qilindi. Xalq so’zi, 2015 yil 23
may.
3. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Buyuk kelajagimizni mard va olijanob xalqimiz bilan birga
quramiz. – Toshkent: “O’zbekiston” NMIU, 2017. – 488 bet.
4. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Qonun ustuvorligi va inson manfaatlarini ta’minlash – yurt
taraqqiyoti va xalq farovonligining garovi. – Toshkent: “O’zbekiston” NMIU,
2017. – 48 bet.
5. Shokalskiy Yu. M., Okeanografiya, 2, L., 1959;
6. Istoshin Yu. V., Okeanologiya, L., 1969;
7. Ditrix G., Obshaya okeanografiya, per. s nem., M., 1962;
8. Shepard F. P., Moskva geografiyasi, per. s angl., 2 izd., L., 1969;
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