“Hozirgi zamon ingliz tili gaplari strukturasida “for” predlogli birikmalarning sintaktik va sintaktik- semantik tahlili” - Английский язык - Дипломные работы

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“Hozirgi zamon ingliz tili gaplari strukturasida “for” predlogli birikmalarning sintaktik va sintaktik- semantik tahlili”

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“Hozirgi zamon ingliz tili gaplari strukturasida “for” predlogli birikmalarning sintaktik va sintaktik- semantik tahlili” 0

Mundarija: Kirish…………………………………………….………………………… …3-7 Ishning nazariy asoslari ………………………………………………………8-10 Predloglar haqida umumiy tushuncha………………………………………10-20 “For” predlogli birikmalarning leksik- semantic guruhlari…..……………..21-27 BOB I. “For” predlogli birikmalarning gapdagi sintaktik aloqalari……….28-29 1.1. Yadroviy predikativ aloqa……………………………………………29-31 1.1. Subordinativ aloqa……………………………………………………31-36 1.2. Kordinativ aloqa………………………………………………………36-39 Birinchi bob xulosasi……………………………………………………….40-41 BOB II. “ For” predlogli birikmalarning gapdagi sintaktik-semantik xususiyatlari…………………………………………………………………42-43 2.1. Substansional temporal sintaksema….….……………………………43-44 2.2. Substansional obyekt sintaksema……………………………………...44-46 2.2.2. Obyekt aktiv sintaksema …………………………………………… 46 2.2.3. .Obyekt

Foydalanilgan ilmiy adabiyotlar……………………………………………56-57 Foydalanilgan badiiy adabiyotlar………………………………………….. 57 Foydalanilgan lug’atlar…………………………………………………… 58 Foydalanilgan slaytlar……………………………………………………… 58 Qisqartmalar va belgilar……………………………………………………. 59 Ilova 1…………………………………………………………………………60 Ilova 2…………………………………………………………………………61 Ilova 3………………………………………………………………………….62 KIRISH 2

Malumki “Ta’lim to’g’risida”gi qonunda ta’lim sohasidagi davlat siyosatining asosiy prinsiplarida ta’lim va tarbiyaning insonparvar demokratik xarakterda ekanligi muhim tamoyil sifatida ko’rsatib o’tilgan. Ta’lim islohotlarida ushbu tamoyillarga asoslangan, ta’lim oluvchilarning har tomonlama uyg’un kamol topashi, erkin va mustaqil fikr yuritishga yo’llaydigan ta’limning mukammal mexanizmning yaratish muhim vazifa qilib qo’yilgan. Bitiruv malakaviy ishimizni yozish jarayonida muhtaram Prezidentimiz I.A.Karimovning «Yuksak ma’naviyat yengilmas kuch» asari (2008 yil) va 2010 yil 28 yanvarda O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy majlisi qonunchilik palatasi va Senati qo‘shma majlisi “Mamlakatimizni modernizatsiya qilish va kuchli fuqarolik jamiyatini barpo etish ustivor maqsadimiz mavzusida qilgan ma

Men Bitiruv malakaviy ishimni kirish qismini boshlashdan oldin kelajagi buyuk Mamlakatimizda Yurtboshimiz Islom Karimov tashabbusi va bevosita rahnamoligida xalqimizning hech kimdan kam bo‘lmasdan tinch- totuv yashashi va farovonligi yo‘lida amalga oshirilayotgan oqilona va odilona siyosatidan g‘urur va iftihorga to‘lib, Prezident ko‘rsatmalaridan saboq olish niyatida u kishining keyingi paytlardagi ma’ruza va nutqlari bo‘yicha imkon darajasida yozishni maqsadga muvofiq deb topdim. “Bu muqaddas vatanda azizdir inson” risolasida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2010 yil 30 iyundagi “O‘zbekiston Respublikasi davlat mustaqilligining o‘n to‘qqiz yillik bayramiga tayyorgarlik ko‘rish va uni o‘tkazish to‘g‘risida” gi PQ – 1358- son Qarori hamda mamlakatimizda istiqlol yillarida ijtimoiy –

inson huquqlariga oid xalqaro shartnomalar va hujjatlarga qo‘shilishda davom etib, ular bo‘yicha majburiyatlarni bajarishning mexanizmi yaratildi. O‘zbekistonda amalga oshirilgan ishlarda ayrim mamlakatlardagidek shoshma - shosharlikka yo‘l qo‘yilmadi. “Demokratiya oroli ” bo‘lishga da’vo ham qilinmadi, chetdan tayyor demokratiya modelini ham kiritishga yo‘l qo‘yilmadi. Mamlakatimiz xalqaro hamjamiyat oldida turgan dolzarb muammolarni hal etish ishiga qo‘shgan salmoqli hissasi, tashabbuslari evaziga, xalqaro tashkilotlar va tuzilmalar faoliyatidagi samarali ishtiroki orqali o‘ziga obro‘ orttirmoqda. O‘zbekiston – yuksak ma’naviyatni qadrlaydigan yurt. Mustaqillik yillarida aholi ong va tafakkurini o‘zgartirishnig zarurligini hisobga olish doimo ustuvor bo‘lib keldi. Yurtboshimizning: “Ong

etish va modernizatsiya qilish bo‘yicha har tomonlama va chuqur o‘ylagan tadrijiy taraqqiyot dasturini izchil amalga oshirganimiz inqirozning, jahon bozoridagi keskin o‘zgarish va beqarorlikning iqtisodiyotiimzga, moliya va bank tizimiga salbiy ta’sirini sezilarli darajada kamaytirish imkonini berdi. . 1 Unib - o‘sib kelayotgan yosh avlodni jismoniy jihatdan tarbiyalash va bolalar sportini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan dasturni amalga oshirish bo‘yicha ishlar izil davom ettirildi. Buning natijasida faqat 2010 yilning o‘zida 72 sport inshooti, 27 ta suzish havzasi foydalanishga topshirildi, umumiy qiymati 3 million AQSH dollariga teng bo‘lgan sport inventarlari va uskunalar joylarga yetkazib berildi. O‘tgan yilda farzandlarimizning ijodiy qobiliyati va ma’naviyatini yuksaltirishga qaratilgan

hamkorlikda “Elektron ta’lim” milliy tarmog‘ini barpo etishni nihoyasiga yetkazish hamda 2011 yilda mamlakatimizning bara oliy o‘quv, yurtlarini, keyinchalik esa akademik litsey va kasb- hunar kollejlarini yagona kompyuter axborot tarmog‘iga ulashni ta’minlash vazifasi yuklatiladi. Shu kunlarda barchamiz nihoyasiga yetib borayotgan 2010 yilni yakunlab, Vatanimiz mustaqilligining 20 yilligi nishonlanadigan yangi 2011 yil ostonasida turibmiz, deb ta’kidladi Prezidentimiz. Ma’lumki, O‘zbekiston 1991 yili o‘z mustaqilligini qo‘lga kiritganidan so‘ng umrini o‘tab bo‘lgan mustabid, ma’muriy- buyruqbozlik, rejali-taqsimot tizimidan voz kechib, “o‘zbek modeli” deb nom olgan o‘z taraqqiyot yo‘lini tanlab oldi. Izchil yuqori o‘sish sur’atlari, yurtimizda barpo etilgan bank-moliya tizimining barqaror

O’zbekiston Respublikasi “Ta’lim to’g’risida”gi qonuni, “Kadrlash tayyorlash milliy dasturi”, O’zbekiston Respublikasi hukumatining umumiy o’rta ta’limni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan qarorlari,Xalq ta’limi vazirligining buyruqlari, Prezident I.A. Karimovning ta’lim tizimini takomillashtirishga yo’naltirilgan nutqlari,unda bayon etilgan yondashuvlari, tadqiqotning muommosiga oid ilmiy- metodik pedagogik adabiyotlarga tayanilgan. Ushbu bitiruv malakaviy ish lingvistikaning o’ta murakkab muammolaridan biri bo’lgan “for” predlogli leksik-semantik birikmalarning semantikasi va funksiyasi muammosiga bag’ishlangan. Mazkur bitiruv malakaviy ishning hozirgi kundagi dolzarbligi -ingliz tili grammatikasini o’rganishda “for” predlogli birikmalarning tutgan o’rnida, ularning turli sintaksemalarni ifodal

Bitiruv malakaviy ishning nazariy asoslari - biz ushbu bitiruv malakaviy ishda professor tilshunos olim A.M. Muhinning sintaksem tahlil va mashhur tilshunos Ilishning traditsion nazariyalariga asosan ish ko’rildi. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning o’rganilganlik darajasi -“For” predlogi nazariy va amaliy grammatikada, predlogli birikmalarga mo’ljallangan o’quv qo’llanmalarda, darsliklarda to’laqonli o’z ifodasini topmagandi. Mazkur ishda “for” predlogi yuzasidan olib borilgan ilmiy izlanishlar natijada yuzaga kelgan mulohazalar bu predlog haqidagi ma’lumotlarni to’ldirib, muommoli jihatlarini ijobiy hal qila oladi. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning tahlil metodlari - sintaktek va sintaktik- semantic tahlilda component va yuneksion tahlil metodlaridan foydalanish jarayonida quyidagi lingvistik eksprement m

-o’timli fe’llarni izohlash jarayonida “for” predlogli leksimamalar o’qitish amaliyotida keng ko’lamda qo’llanishi ham tabiiydir. -shuningdek, turli ko’rgazmali qurollar tayyorlash jarayonida ham bu nazariya ishlatilishi mumkin. -fe’llarning o’timlilik darajasini ma’lum modelli va namuna asosida keltirilgan konstruksiyalarda o’rganish katta samara berishi mumkin. - o’timlilik darajasini eslab qolishda shuningdek nutq jarayonida birikmalarni to’g’ri qo’llashda yordam beradigan vosita. - boshqaruvni hisobga olgan holda o’timli fe’llarni leksik-semantik guruhlarga ajralishni klassifikatsiyalash, leksik orfografik lug’atlar tuzishda hamda qo’llanishi “for” predlogli birikmalar nazariy va amaliy grammatika kurslarida ham keng ishlatilishi mumkin. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning mazmuni- bitiruv malak

4. He came with his brother. U akasi bilan keldi. Har bir predlog bir nechta mustaqil ma’nolarda kelishi mumkin. Masalan, “in” predlogi quyidagi ma’nolarda ishlatilishi mumkin: a. –da {joyga nisbatan ishlatiladi.} I live in Karshi. Men Qarshida yashayman. b. –da {vaqtga nisbatan ishlatiladi, oy va yil oldidan} He will arrive in May. U may oyida keladi. c. Keyin ma’nosida My mother return in an hour. Onam bir soatdan song qaytib keladi. d. –da, ichida, mobaynida. The University was built in five months. Universitet besh yil mobaynida qurildi. Ko’p hollarda u yoki bu predlogning ishlatilishi undan oldin kelayotgan fe’lga, sifatga yoki otga bog’liq bo’ladi. Masalan, to depend fe’li o’zidan keyin ‘on’ predlogini talab qiladi. It doesn’t depend on me. Bu menga bog’liq emas. To laugh fe’li o’zid

He is looking at the child. U bolaga qarayapti. He looks for the child. U bolani izlayapti. He looks after the child. U bolaga g’amxo’rlik qilayapti. Predloglar ko’pgina iboralar va birikmalar tarkibida kiradi: in vain – behuda,bekorga; at last – nihoyat; for ever - umrbod,abadiy; on the one – {other} hand- bir {boshqa} tomondan va boshqalar. Predloglar morfologik strukturasiga ko’ra quyidagi guruhlarga bo’linadi: 1. Sodda predloglar. Bular bir o’zakdan yasalib boshqa ma’noli bo’laklarga bo’linmaydigan predloglardir.Sodda predloglar qadimgi ingliz tilidan saqlanib kelayotgan turg’un predloglardir. Ular tarixan ikki qismga bo’linmasada, hozirgi ingliz tilida soddalashib ketgan. Ular quyidagilar: in, to, at,on, with, about, after, ago, but, down, for, from, near va boshqalar. a) That was a g

3. Qo’shma predloglar. Ular ikki yoki undan ortiq predloglarning qo’shilishidan yasalgan predloglardir. Ular quyidagilar: inside, into, outside, towards, upon, within va boshqalar. a) Makingtosh went into the dining-room. (SMS 108) Makintosh oshxonaga kirdi. b) He saw a little elderly woman come towards him. (SMS 19) U yoshi kattaroq ayolni u tomon kelayotganini ko’rdi. c) Then, without warning, she began to cry. (SMS 23) Keyin u ogohlantirishsiz baqirib yubordi. 4. Murakkab predloglar. Ikki yoki undan ortiq so’zlardan tashkil topgan predloglar murakkab predloglar murakkab predloglar deyiladi. Ular quyidagilar: according to, by means of, instead of, in front of, in spide of, in order to va hokazolar. a) He was looking dully out of the door. (SMS 75) U eshik tashqarisida charchagan ko’rindi

a) The startled woman half closed her door again, as the saw by the glare of a large woodfire.(SMS 67) Qaltirayotgan ayol eshikni yarim ochdi, chunki u katta gulxan orqali uni ko’rib turgan edi. b) Some of the dishes were replaced by the order of Mis Reyton. (SMS 39) Ba’zi idishlar Reyton xonimning buyrug’I bilan joylashtirildi. 4. Qiyoslashni, qarama – qarshi qo’yishni , ajratishni ifodalovchi predloglar: like, unlike, comparison with, in spide of. a) The settled himself, handsomely, in life like other men of hisyears. (SMS 74) U zamondosh boshqa odamlar kabi o’zini tetiklik bilan tutib oldi. Shakli ravishlar bilan mos keluvchi predloglar. Ba’zi predloglarning shakllari ravishlar bilan mos keladi. Predloglarni ravishlardan ularning gapdagi vazifasiga qarab ajratish mumkin. Predloglar otla

Keyin men uni hech qachon ko’rmadim. Ba’zi predloglarda mos keluvchi ravishlar {in, on, up, down, by va hokazolar} ba’zi fe’llar bilan birikib kelib yangi ma’no beradi va qo’shma fe’llarni yasaydi. Ushbu holda ravishlar mustaqil so’z bo’lmasa ham urg’u oladi. Put on your coat. Paltongizni keying. He get’s up very early. U juda erta turadi. Come in please. Marhamat kiring. Go on reading. O’qishni davom ettiring. Turn off the light. Chiroqni o’chiring. Predloglarga mos keluvchi ravishlar shu predloglar bilan birga o’rganiladi. Predloglarni gapdagi o’rni . Predloglar ot yoki olmoshdan oldin keladi. Agar otning aniqlovchisi bo’lsa predlog shu aniqlovchidan oldin keladi. He works at a factory. Ufabrikadaishlaydi. Ammo quyidagi hollarda predlog o’ziga qarashli bo’lgan so’zning oldiga emas, gapni

{= To whom did she speak?} U kim bilan gaplashdi? Ask him where he got this book from? {= Ask him from where he got this book?} Undan bu kitobni qayerdan olganligini so’rang. b. Aniqlovchi ergash gaplarni bosh gaplarga bog’laydigan nisbiy olmoshlarga qarashli predloglar gapning oxiridagi fe’ldan keyin, agar to’ldiruvchi bo’lsa to’ldiruvchidan keyin kelishi mumkin. Predloglar nisbiy olmoshdan oldin ham kelishi mumkin. The house is in which she lives very big. U yashaydigan uy juda katta. Nisbiy olmosh tushib qolsa predlog doimo fe’ldan keyin keladi. The house he lives in is very big. c. Egasi aniq mayldan to’ldiruvchi bo’lib kelishi mumkin bo’lgan majhul birikmalarda predlog gapning oxirida keladi. He was laughed at. [taqqoslang] They laughed at him. Uning ustidan kulishdi. The doctor was s

I lived there {for} three years. Men u yerda uch yil {davomida} yashadim. I shall stay there {for} seven days. Men u yerga yeti kun {muddatga} qolmoqchiman. “during” – o’zbek tiliga “mobaynida, davomida” deb tarjima qilinadi va “qachon?” degan so’roqqa javob bo’ladi, hamda biroz vaqt mobaynida bajariladigan bir yoki bir nechta ish harakatni ko’rsatadi. During the last three months he has made great progress in German. So’nggi uch oy mobaynida г nemis tilidan katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. “in” – “-dan keyin, ichida” deb tarjima qilinadi. Va “qachon?” degan savolga javob bo’ladi. The construction of this plant was completed in ten months. Bu zavod qurilishi o’n oy ichida tugatiladi. “within” – “ichida, -dan kechikmasdan” deb tarjima qilinadi. I shall give you an answer within three days.

I am for you proposal. Men sizni taklifingiz tarafdoriman. Many people theoretically bought for their country. Ko’p odamlar mamlakatlari uchun qahramonona kurashdilar. 4. Uchun {sababini ifodalaydi} He was rewarded for his bravely. U jasurligi uchun mukofotlandi. He was fined for crossing the street. Ko’chadan o’tayotganda uni topishdi. 5. Uchun, -ga {maqsadini ifodalaydi} I sent him for the doctors. Men uni vrachga yubordim. I shall call for you. Men sizni olib ketgani kelaman. 6. Davomida {ish- harakatning qancha davom etishini ifodalaydi}. O’zbek tilida tushib qolishi mumkin. I shall stay her {for} two hours. Men bu yerda ikki soat {davomida} qolaman. He worked at the factory {for} three years. U zavodda uch yil {davomida} ishladi. 7. –ga {ish- harakatning davom etish muddatini yoki bel

To be bound for- -ga yo’nalmoq The ship is bound for Odessa. Keme Odessaga yo’nalyapti. To care for- yoqtirmoq I don’t care for this book. Menga bu kitob yoqmaydi. To call for- uchun kirib chiqmoq He will call for the book tomorrov. U ertaga kitob uchun kiradi. To exchange for- -ga almashtirmoq He exchanged French money for Russian money. U Fransuz tilini Rus puliga almashtirdi. To hope for- -ni umid qilmoq We are hoping for the change in the weather. Biz ob- havoni o’zgarishiga umid qilyapmiz. To be late for- -ga kechikmoq He was late for the dinner. U tushlikka kechikdi. To leave for- -ga jo’namoq He was left for London. U Londonga jo’natildi. To look for- -ni axtarmoq {izlamoq} I am looking for my pen. Men ruchkamni izlayapman. To prepare for- -ga tayyorlanmoq My son is preparing for hi

A contract {order, cheque, invoice } for- -ga, uchun shartnoma {buyurtma, chek, hisob} They have concluded or contract for the supply of timber. Ular yog’och yetkazib berish uchun shartnoma tuzishdi. Demand for- -ga talab There is a great demand for these goods. Bu mollarga talab katta. Negotiations for- uchun muzokaralar Negotiations for the sale of these goods are expected in May. Bu mollarni sotish haqidagi muzokaralarning boshlanishi may oyida kutilyapti. Respect for- -ga hurmat I have a profound respect for him. Mening unga hurmatim katta. 1 10. “for” ishlatiladigan iboralar: For ever- abadiy, umrbod For instance {for example} – masalan For this purpose- shu maqsadda For a time- biroz vaqt davomida For the time being- hozir For years- ko’p yillar davomida in return for - uning o’rniga

guruhiga tegishli bo’lib, o’timli leksemalar o’xshashlik yoki umumiylik mazmun- mohiyatiga ega. O’timli fe’lli leksemalarning mihim jihati va o’timsiz fe’llardan farqi shundaki, ularni keksik- semantic jihatdan bir guruhga jamlash mumkin. Lekin o’timli fe’llarning leksik- semintik guruhlarini fe’llarning sinonimlari va antonimlari qatori bilan adashtirmaslik lozim. Tilshunos olim F.P. Fimen ham so’zning leksik- semantic guruhini aniqlash yuzasidan turli mulohazalar beradi. 1 O’timli fe’llarni leksik- semantic guruhlarga ajratishda bir tomondan, ularning mazmun- mohiyat xususiyatlarini umumiyligi yoki mazmunga yaqinligini, ikkinchi tomondan formal- distributive xususiyatlarini hisobga olgan lozim, ya’ni o’zidan keyin keladigan to’ldiruvchini boshqarish va boshqalar. Har bir leksik- semantic

Bu fe’llardan keyin keluvchi to’ldiruvchilar jonli, jonsiz, konkret va abstract otlardan yoki yoki olmoshlar bilan ifodalanishi mumkin. Masalan: To feel for smth To grope for smth To hunt for smth To nose for smth To seek for smth To search for smth To research for smth Ushbu o’timli fe’lli, “for” predlogli birikmalar ishtirokidagi misollarni ko’rib chiqamiz: 1. I shall search for some other way. (RAD 52) 2. …hats and bonnets having been groped for under the table. (OD 44) 3. Martin Eden didn’t go out to hunt for a job. (GLN 238) 4. They hunted for the ss. (AQ 118) 5. I think he’s been seeking for a philosophy, or may be religion. (SMR 211) II. “for” predlogli birikmalarning yana bir leksik – semantic guruhiga “nimanidir yoki kimnidir kuchki istash, hohlash” mazmuni ostoda birlashgan 9 ta

Pant - juda qattiq hohlamoq, qumsamoq Agonize - hamma kuch- quvvatini ishga solmoq Reach - intilmoq aspire- intilmoq Lust - juda hohlamoq, biror narsaga chanqoq bolmoq Bu o’timli fe’llardan so’ng keladigan to’ldiruvchi abstract (mavhum) щедфк bilan ifodalanadi: To thirst for knowledge - bilishga tashna bo’lmoq To thirst for blood - qonga tashna bo’lmoq To gape for money - pulga chanqoq bo’lmoq To pant for life - hayotni qumsamoq To lust for gain - foydaga intilmoq, juda hoxlamoq Bu leksik - semantik guruhning boshqaruv modeli quyidagicha: V tr + for / after + S (ot) O’timli fe’lli predlogli birikmalarni quyidagi misollarda ko’rishimiz mumkin: I pant for life. (OD 149) The doors and window as we passed, wre open gasping for air. (OD 79) We lust for bread. (OD 51) III. Keying “for” predlogli

Pine - chanqoqlik bilan biror narsani xohlamoq, qumsamoq Long - juda xohlamoq, chanqab intilmoq Yearn - sog’inmoq, biror narsani qumsab qiynalmoq, azoblanmoq Hanker - juda xohlamoq, chanqamoq, qumsamoq, sog’inmoq Starve - bibor narsani chanqoqlik bilan xohlamoq Bu o’timli fe’llardan so’ng keladigan to’ldiryvchi abstract yoki konkret ot bilan ifodalanishi mumkin. Yuqorida keltirilgan II – leksik- semantic guruhdagi fe’llardan farqli bu III –guruhdagi fe’llardan so’ng keluvchi to’ldiruvchi jonli otlar bilan ham ifodalana oladi. To hunger for bread; To hunger for friend; To crowe for him; To pine for sympathy; To long for him; To long for food; To yearn for him; To yearn for love; To hanker for him; To hunker for fruit; To starve for him; To starve for knowledge; Ushbu “for” predlogli birikma

The motherless children were starving for affection. IV. Keying leksik- semantic guruh “kimnidir yoki nimanidir to’g’risida ma’lumot olish” mazmuni ostida birlashgan 2ta fe’ldan iborat. Ask - kim yoki nima haqida so’rash, ma’lumot olish Inquire - kim yoki nimadir haqida so’rash, malumot olish Bu fe’llardan so’ng keluvchi to’ldiruvchi shaxs yoki predmet nomini anglatuvchi otlar bilan ifodalanadi. About - to inquire about me to inquire about man for - to inquire for him to inquire for work about - to ask about man to ask about dinner for - to ask for him to ask for work Bu o’timli fe’llarning predlogli birikmadagi modeli quyidagicha: V TR + ABOUT/ FOR + S Masalan: To ask about/ for health/work asking for / about health/ work Quyidagi gaplarda IV leksik- semantic guruhga tegishli “for” predlo

V. Keyingi “for” predlogli leksik- semantic guruhga “biror narsa haqida umid qilmoq, yoki kutmoq” ma’nosi ostida birikkan o’timli fe’llarni kiritamiz. Hope - umid qilmoq Look - qaramoq Wait - kutmoq Watch - kuzatmoq Bu fe’llardan so’ng keladigan to’ldiruvchi abstract otlar bilan ifodalanadi: to bargain for the rain (favour) to hope for the future (money, oppoturnity, success) to look for the rain (favour) to wait for a chance (result) to watch for a chance (signal) Bu guruhga mansub birikmalar jonli otlarni talab qilmaydi. Agar jonli otlar qo’llanganda ularning mazmuni bu guruh mazmunidan farqlanadi. Masalan: I’ll be looking for you. Bu gapda “look for” birikmasi “sog’inmoq, orziqib kutmoq” ma’nosida bo’ladi. Yoki He always has to be waited for. Bu gapda ham “wait for” “orziqib kutmoq” ma’

Jane had waited for her chance. Jaen o’z imkoniyatini kutdi. Ingliz tilida o’timli fe’llar nafaqat bir predlog yordamida, balki bir necha predloglar yordamida birikma bo’lib kelishi mumkin.Bunday hollarda bu fe’lning asl mazmuni saqlanib qoladi va bunday boshqaruv variantlar deb ta’riflanadi. 1 Leksik –semantik guruhlarni aniqlash quyidagi asosiy qoidalarga asoslanadi. 1.O’timli fe’llarning leksik- semantic guruhlarini belgilashda boshqaruv tushunchasiga leksik aloqalar sifatida qaraladi. 2. O’timli fe’llarning ning leksik- semantic guruhlari ularning leksik mazmunidagi umumiylik yoki yaqinlik asosida tuziladi. Ulardan keyin keluvchi to’ldiruvchi ot yoki olmosh bilan ifodalanadi. 3.Leksik- semintik guruhlarni o’rganishda ularning birikma sifatidagi konstruksiyasi(tuzulishi) ga, predlogning

Tilshunos olim A.M. Muhin bu masalaga oydinlik kiritdi. A.M. Muhinning fikricha, “ to’ldiruvchini har doim ham gapning bir bo’lagi sifatida qabul qilib bo’lmaydi. To’ldiruvchi leksik tuzilishga ega frazalarning bir bo’lagi, boshqa bo’lagi o’timli fe’l bo’lib xizmat qiladi”. 4 A.M. Muhin ingliz tili grammatikasidagi an’anaviy ikkinchi darajali bo’laklar nazariyasini rad etmagan holda 1970-yillarda grammatikani chuqur o’rganishga doir mavjud muammolarni hal qilish maqsadida “ sintaksema” atamasini kashf etdi. Sintaksema atamasi ostida tilde mavjud elementar sintaktik birliklar tushuniladi, ular sintaktik birliklarning sintaktik- semantic xususiyatlarini ham qamrab oladi. Bunda har bir birikma yoki komponentlarning gapdagi pozitsiyasi,ya’ni o’rni va gapdagi boshqa bo’laklar bilan aloqalari ha

Predikativ holatdagi predlogli birikmalarni belgilarini sintaktik- semantic aniqlash uchun gapni component analiz qilishimiz kerak bo’ladi. Bunda esa gap komponentlarining sintaktik aloqalari belgilari belgilanadi. Ularning har biri alohida gaplarning mos keladigan sintaktik aloqalari borasida ko’riladi. Ma’lumki , har bir gapning predikativ nomlanadigan, anoq qilib aytganda yadroviy predikativli aloqa ajratib turadi. U gapning yadrosini ya’ni strukturali asosini tashkil etadi. Gapning yadrosi o’z ichiga mustaqil gap hosil qilishi mumkin bo’lgan ega va kesimni ( yadroviy predikatsiya qilinuvchi NP 1 va yadroviy predikatsiya qiluvchi NP 2 ) oladi. Bizni bevosita predikativ holatidagi predlogli birikmalarning gap komponentlaridagi sintaktik holatdagi aloqalari qiziqtiradi. Quyidagi aloqalar

Yadroviy predikativ aloqalar, “for” predlogli birikmalardan “for + gerundiy”li birikmalar ichida ko’proq uchraydi.Masalan, 1 (2) 2 3 (5) 4 5 1) …; for begging is a trade unknown in this empire. (G.T.S. 69) JM 1 2 3 4 5 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 2) 1 (2) (2) 2 (2) (3) 3 The man is being looked for by policeman. JM: 1 2 3 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 Yoki “for + ot” li birikmalardan misol keltiramiz: (2) 1 2 (5) 3 4 5 …, for my sloop was so deep loaden. (GTS 148) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 CM: D 1 . NP 1 .D 2. D 3 . NP 2 1 (2) 2 1 (2) 2 (2) He might inquire for. JM: 1 2 30

CM: NP 1 . NP 2 Berilgan sxemalar shundan dalolat beradiki, predikativ holatidagi predlogli birikmalar yadroviy predikativ aloqa asosida xarakterlanadi. Aniq qilib aytganda yadroviy predikatsiya qiluvchi (NP 2 ) komponentdir. 1.2. Subordinativ aloqa. Ko’p sonli tadqiqotlar shuni ko’rsatdiki, predlogli birikmalar turli tillardagi, xususan ingliz tilidagi u yoki bu predlog bilan bo’lgan ot yoki olmosh bilan gapda birinchi navbatda subordinativ (to be) aloqa bazasida kiritiladi. Bu esa gapning strukturasini tushunishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Shuning uchun biz gap tarkibidagi ot va olmish “for” predlogi bilan birga bo’lgan sintaktik belgisini ko’rib chiqish asosli deb hisoblaymiz. “For” predlogli birikmalarda subordinativ bog’lanish ham mavjud bo’lib г yuniksion modelda quyidagicha tahlil qilin

3) 1 (2) 2 3 4 5 (6) 6 He had performed many eminent services for the crown. (GTS 180) JM: 2 3 4 5 6 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 4) 1 (2) (2) 2 (5) 3 4 5 (6) 6 I should be provided with a small convenient bark for the voyage. (GTS 180) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 I. Otga tobe- 1 (2) 2 3 (4) 5 (6) 6 (6) She would provide a place for me to sail in.(GTS 118) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 1 2 3 (4) 4 (5) 5 (5) (6) 6 They made signs for me to come down from the rock.(GTS 151) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 d4 Kesimga tobe- 32

1 2 3 (4)4 (5) 5 The king sent a warrant to search for her. (GTS 157) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . “For +sifat”li birikmalar tobe component sifatida: a. Kesimga tobe 1 2 3 4 (5) 5 He tought I differed for the worse. (GTS 220) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 CM: 1NP 1 . 1NP 2 .2NP 1 .2NP 2 .D 1 1 2 (4) 3 4 5 (6) 6 (7) 7 ...,fields shrewed with car cases left for good to dogs. (GTS 224) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . ND. D 3 . D 4 Otga tobe 1 2 3 (4) 4 I made signs for more.(GTS 35) 33

JM: 1 2 3 4 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 “For+ son” predlogli birikmalar tobe component sifatida 1. Kesimga tobe bo’lib kelganda 1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6 I hired a horse and guide for 5 shillings. (GTS 143) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: NP 1 . 1NP 2 .D 1 . I. 2NP 2 . D 2. D 3 2. Sifatga tobe bo’lib kelganda: 1 (2) 2 3 (4) (4) 5 6 4 …,tolerable for one who had been so long injured. (GTS 42) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: I. D 1 . DNP 1 . NP 2 .D 2 . D 3 “For + gerundiy”li birikmalar tobe component sifatida 1) Kesimga tobe bo’lib kelganda: (1) 1 2 (3) 3 4 5 …to excuse myself for spoiling my clothes. (GTS 115) 1 (2) (2) 2 (3) 3 4 5 6 I have been ansured for mentioning this last particular. JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 34

CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 Otga tobe bo’lib kelganda 1 (3) (3) 2 3 (5) 4 5 (6) 6 7 A child is under any obligation to his father for begetting him. (GTS 67) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CM: NP 1 .D 1 . NP 2 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 .D 5 1 (2) 3 2 (4) 4 5 6 ...they had another contrivance for taking my measure. (GTS 69) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 Yuqoridagi gaplardagi “for + gerundiy”li birikmalar tobe bo’lib kelgan obligation, contrivance so’zlari otga tegishli bo’lib, gapda ot bilan ifodalanib kelyapti, ammo gap strukturasida “ is under… obligation”, “had… contrivance” birikmalar sifatida kesim vazifasida kelyapti. 1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6 7 I begged his Majestry’s orders for getting materials.(GTS 79) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 tobe CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 .D 5 35

Ushbu gapdagi “orders” so’zi gapda ko’plik formadagi ot bilan ifodalanib kelgan, gap strukrurasida to’ldiruvchi vazifasida kelyapti. “for+ gerundiy” li “for getting” birikmasi “orders” so’ziga tobe component bo’lib kelyapti. 1 (2) 3 (2) (2) (2) 2 4 (5) 5 6 7 It will never be able to find matter for exercising their talents. (GTS 263) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 .D 5 “for exercising “ birikmasi otga “matter” so’zoga tobe component bo’lib kelyapti. 1.3. Kordinativ aloqa. “For” predlogli ot bilan birikmasi uyushiq bo’lakning фокфешыр bilan gapning bir yoki bir nechta komponentlarini birlashtirib, kordinativ (teng bog’lovchi) sintaktik aloqa sifatida xarakterlanishi mumkin. Uyushiq bo’lakli komponentlar odatda gapda yoki subordinativ yoki predikativ aloqada bo’lgan

Ushbu misolda “ for a day or two” predlogli birikmasida o’zaro kordinativ aloqa mavjud. Bu birikmani to’liq yozadigan bo’lsak, ushbu birikmaga teng: For a day or two = for a day or for two days. Transformatsiyadan so’ng , bu predlogli birikmada kordinativ aloqa yaqqol ko’zga tashlanadi. Yana shuni aytib o’tish joizki, bu predlogli birikmalar kordinativ aloqaga kirishgandan so’ng gap strukturasida mavjud boshqa bo’laklar bilan subordinativ aloqaga yoki yadroviy predikativ aloqaga kirishishi mumkin. Yuqoridagi misollarimizda “for a day pr two” predlogli birikma, “dangers” so’ziga , ya’ni otga tobe bo’lib kelgan. …been engaged in a most obstinate war for six and thirty moons past.(GTS 56) 1 2 3 (4,5) 4 5 6 A most obstinate war for six and thirty moons. JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: D 1 * D 2 * NP 1 * H

CM: NP 1 .D 1 . NP 2 . D 2 Gapni egasiz yoki kesimsiz yoki tobe bo’laksiz ma’no anglatolmaydi, chunki a. bu gap egani talab qiladi. …were too small for him. b. bu gap kesimni talab qiladi. They … too small for him. С . Bu gap tobe bo’lakni talab qiladi.chunki gapdagi tobe bo’lak mustaqil ma’no kasb etyapti. It’ll be too late for mee. Bu gapda 4 ta component bor. 1 (2)(2)3 2 (4) 4 It’ll be too late for me. JM: 1 2 3 4 CM: NP 1 .D 1 . NP 2 . D 2 Lingivistik expremental va modellashtirish metodi yordamida predikativ holatdagi predlogli birikmalarni component analiz qilingan. Bu esa ularning tarkibidayadroviy predikativ, subordinativ, ayrim hollarda kordinativ aloqa borligini ko’rsatadi. Gap komponentlari o’rtasidagi sintaktik aloqalarni o’rnatish gap komponentlari ning differensial belgisini

Birinchi bobning xulosasi. Mazkur bitiruv malakaviy ishining birinchi bobida “for” predlogli birikmalarning gap strukturasidagi sintaktik aloqalari o’rganildi. Izlanishlar mobaynida tilshunos olim A.M. Muhinning sintaktik- semantic tahlili haqidagi nazariyalaridan foydalanildi va bu nazariyaga asosan, bizni qiziqtirgan “for” predlogli birikmalarning formal xususiyatlari – ularning ifodalanishi, distributive xususiyatlari- gapdagi pozitsiyasi, ya’ni yadroviyligi, tobeligi yoki uyushgan tobeligi, gapdagi boshqa komponentlar bilan bog’lanish turlari o’rganilib chiqildi va quyidagi xulosalarga kelindi: 1. “ For’’ predlogli birikmalar gap strukturasida boshqa komponentlar bilan yadroviy predikativ aloqada bo’ladi: Masalan, This book is for you. Bu gapni yuneksion va component tahlil qilamiz: 3

1 2 (3) (3) 3 This book is for you. JM: 1 2 3 CM: D 1 *NP 1 *NP 2 “ is for for you ” – yadroviy predikatsiya etuvchi component (NP 2 ) va bu gapda kesim vazifasida kelib, gapning egasi “this book” bilan yadroviy predikatsiya aloqasini vujudga keltiradi. 2. “ For ” predlogli birikmalar gap strukturasida boshqa komponentlar bilan subordinativ aloqada bo’ladi. Masalan, He was sent for the doctor. Yunksion vo component tahlil asosida birikmaning aloqasi va pozitsiyasini aniqladik: He was sent for the doctor. JM: 1 2 3 CM: NP 1 * NP 2 *D 3. “For ” predlogli birikmalar gap strukturasida kordinativ aloqada juft kelib, o’zaro uyushib keladi. 1 2 (3,5) 3 4 He looked for the girl and mother. JM: 1 2 3 4 CM. NP 1 *NP 2 *HD 1. HD 2 “ for the girl and mother” birikmasi “and” bog’lovchisi bilan birlash

4. “For” predlogli birikmalar gapda noyadroviy bog’lanish hosil qiladi ya’ni “for” predlogli birikma gapning asosini tashkil etmasada, gapning ergashgan qismining asosini tashkil etadi. Gapning ergash qismidagi tobe ega va kesimlik birikmani hosil qiladi. 1 2 3 4 (5,6) 5 6 I escaped these dangers for a day or two. (GTS 137) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: NP 1* NP 2* D 2* HD 3 HD 4 bu gapda “for” predlogl birikma gapning ergash qismini tashkil etib, noyadroviy aloqani vujudga keltiradi va undan so’ng fe’lga tobe komponent sifatida ishtirok etadi. BOB II “For” predlogli birikmalarning gapdagi sintaktik- semantik xususiyatlari. Biz sintaksema so’zi ostida elelmentar sintaktik birliklarni va uning mohiyatidan turli sintaktik element yoki elementar birliklarning sintaktik- semantik xususiyatlari o’rin olg

Ushbu ishimizda sintaksemalar ifodalanishiga ko’ra farqlanadi.A.M. Muhin elementar sintaktik birlik- sintaksema 2 ni o’rganishda uch xil asosiy yo’nalish bilan yondashadi. Sintaksemalarni aniqlashda ularning ifodalanishi, yoki mazmun- mohiyati, yoki gapdagi sintaktik pozitsiyasiga asosiy e’tibor qaratiladi. Sintaktik-semantika 2 turga bo’linadi: kategorial va nokategorial. Kategorial sintaksemalarga substansional( predmet, shaxsga), prosessual (jarayon, ish- harakatga xos), kvalifikativ( belgi,harakter, sifatga xos) sintaksemalar kiradi. Nokategorial sintaksemalarga negativlik, komatativlik, aktivlik, stativlik kabi sintaktik-semantik belgilar kiradi. Fe’lga tobe “for” predlogli birikmalar gap tarkibida turli sintaktik- semantic xususiyatlarga egadir. Masalan, ob’yekt temporal, lokativ xus

We stayed for three days. How long did we stay? JM: 1 2 3 4 CM: NP 1 .NP 2 . D 1 D 2 We stated then. 1 2 (4) 3 4 He spoke for forty minutes. How long did he speak? JM: 1 2 3 4 CM: NP 1 .NP 2 . D 1 D 2 ___________> He spoke then. 1 2 3 (4) 4 He put there for the night. JM: 1 2 3 4 CM: NP 1 .NP 2 . D 1 D 2 Bu gap ham vaqtni ko’rsatgani uchun temporal sintaksema ekanligi yaqqol ko’rinib turibdi. “For” predlogli birikmalar ishtirokidagi gaplarda temporal sintaksemani ifoda etuvchi bir nechta misollarni keltirishimiz mumkin: 1. I escaped these dangers for a day or two.(GTS 137) 2. …,the great jet d’eau wasn’t equal for the time it lasted.(GTS 117) 3. I was quite in the dark for another minute.(GTS 136) 43

4. Master gave me power to traffic for two months.(GTS 148) 5. It seemed for a while to stand still.(GTS 150) 6. …,after impploying an hundred men for two years.(GTS 168) 7. They were discovered at several times for above two years.(GTS 222) 8. Their claws for whole days to get them out. (GTS 236) 9. …, for when I awaked , it was just day light.(GTS 33) 10. I had been for some hours. (GTS 39) 11. I heard a knocking for above an hour.(GTS 34) 12. …, having not eaten a morsel for some hours before I left the ship. (GTS 35) 13. I been engaged in a most obstinate war for six moons past. (GTS 50) 14. …, show his lady for some time an ill countenance. (GTS 71) 15. …, so that for a long time. (GTS 74) 16. …, for while I had liberty. (GTS 77) 17. …, all things necessary for a long time. (GTS 100)

JM: 1 2 3 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 . D 3. 1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6 He gave him my reasons for it. (GTS 256) JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 . D 2 . D 3 . D 4 4. (1) 1 2 3 (4) 4 (5) 5 The king sent a warrant to search for her. (GTS 157) JM: 1 2 3 4 CM:NP 1 . NP 2 . D 1 . D 2 . D 3 5. 1 2 3 (4) 4 They made signs for me.(GTS 151) JM: 1 2 3 4 6. 1 2 (3) 3 …, tents built for them.(GTS 43) JM: 1 2 3 45

CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 2.2.2. Obtekt aktiv sintaksema. “For” predlogli birikmalar gapda aktiv sintaksemani ifodalab keladi. Bu belgini aniqlash yoki isbotlash uchun o’rin almashtirish transformatsiyasidan foydalanamiz. Ya’ni “for S” o’rniga infinitivni qo’yib eksprement o’tkazamiz. 1. He is dying for a drink. He is dying to drink. (GTS76) 2. She has a capacity for hard work. She has a capacity to work. (GTS 73) 3. I don’t feel much inclined for work. I don’t feel inclined to work. (GTS32) 2.2.3. Obyekt stativ sintaksema. “For” predlogli birikmalar obyekt stativ sintaksemani ifodalab kelishi mumkin. Stativli sintaksema holatni ifodalab, u gapda fe’l, ot bilan ishlatiladi. Masalan; 1. His body ached for a rest. 2. He was torn between his desire for sleep. (Wilson) 3. The girl was hungry for he

substantive sintaksemada ifodalanadi. Biz bu substantive obyekt kvalitativ sintaksemani ya’ni “for s” o’rniga “ to be “ yordamchi fe’lli so’z birikmasini qo’yib transformatsiya o’tkazamiz. Masalan: 1. One could no more struggle for freedom. -----  One could no more struggle to be free. 2. He was anxious for fame. ----  He was anxious to be famous. Kvalitativ sintaksema belgi – xususiyatni ifodalaydi. 2.3.Substansional aktiv sintaksema. Aktiv sintaksema ish- harakatni sodir etuvchi hisoblanadi. Aktivlik xususiyati belgisi mavjudligini verballashtirish transformatsiya yoki predlogli birikmani sabab ergash gapli qo’shma gapga aylantirish transformatsiya yordamida bevosita “as” bog’lovchilari bilan aniqlaymiz. 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 A doctor was sent for them. JM: 1 2 3 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 Ushbu gap

Relyativ sintaksema who, whom, which, whose kabi bog’lovchi ergash gapli qo’shma gaplarda kuzatiladi. Relyativ sintaksema substansional sintaktik-semantik xususiyatga ega bo’ladi, ular predlogli yoki predlogsiz ko’rsatish olmoshlari bilan ifodalangan bo’ladi. Masalan, relyativ agentive (The letter that came yesterday. This is he that brought the news.), relyativ obyekt ( This is the house that Jack built.). “For” predlogli birikmalar bilan bog’liq relyativ sintaksemalarni quyidagi misollarda keltiramiz: 1. …, for which his Majesty was so justly celebrated. (GTS 74) 2. …, for whom I have all manner of respect. (GTS 116) 3. …, for which reason they will never allow. (GTS66) 4. …, for which most of our crew had been forced.(GTS 221) 5. The man that you were looking for has come. (MCa. 215) I.

Lokativlik xususiyati holat yoki jarayonni ifodalaydi. Predmetni holatga bog’liq bo’lgan holda joylashishini, joylashish o’rnini bildiradi. Lokativ sintaksemani aniqlash uchun “for” predlogi birliklari o’rniga there , here qo’yib eksprement o’tkazamiz. “For” predlogli birikma o’rniga there, here yoki adverbial savol qo’yib bo’lsa u birikmada lokativ sintaksema mavjud bo’ladi 1 2 (3) 3 4 (4) 5 (6) (6) 6 The broad plates of iron fixed for strength at the for corner.(GTS 136)-  The broad plates of iron fixed for strength there. JM: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CM: D 1 . D 2 . NP 1 . NP 2 . D 3 . D 4 1 2 (3) 3 We left for Tashkent .-  Where did you leave for?-  We left there. JM: 1 2 3 CM: NP 1 . NP 2 .D 1 2.8. Substansional stativ sintaksema. Stativ sintaksema holatni ifodalaydi. aktivdan farqli o’laroq u

CM: D 1 *NP 1 *NP 2* D 2 2. 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 …,cabal of ministers was discharged for insufficiency-  …, a cabal of ministers was discharged in the state of insufficiency. JM: 1 2 3 4 CM: D 1 *NP 1 *NP 2* D 2 3. 1 2 (3) (3) 3 (5) 4 5 …, a little exercise might not be convenient for my health. 1 2 3 4 5 CM: D 1 . NP 1 . NP 2 . D 2 .D 3 2.9 . Interrogative sintaksema “For” predlogli birikmalar interrogative sintaksemani maxsus so’roq so’zlar bilan birikma bo’lib kelgan “for” predlogli birikmalar mavjud: Masalan; For what do you take me? -  what do you take me for? For whom do you live? -  whom do you live for? Bu sintaksemani isbotlashda qarama- qarshi qo’yish transformatsiyasidan foydalanilgan. 2.10. Prosessual kauzal sintaksema. Kauzal sintaksema ish-harakatni sodir bo’lish sabablari

Plants died for the lack of water.-  Plants died because of lack of water. Yoki bu sintaksema mavjudligini aniqlashda “for” predlogli birikmani gapga aylantirish mumkin. Bu holda gapda aktivlik xususiyati mavjudligini ham isbotlay olamiz. Plants died for the water lacked. We couldn’t see for the fog.-  We couldn’t see because of the fog. He has rewarded for his bravery.-  He has rewarded because of his bravery. The Harthey were simply furious with George for not being rich.-  The Harthey were simply furious with George because of not being rich. Biz bu sintaksemani mavjudligini yana bir eksprement o’tkazib aniqlaymiz. Bu savol qo’yish transformatsiyasi. Why did plants die? Why couldn’t we see? Ikkinchi bobning xulosasi. Mazkur bitiruv malakaviy ishning bobida “for” predlogli birikmala

6. Substansional lokativ sintaksema. 7. Substansional stativ sintaksema. 8. Substansional relyativ sintaksema. 9. Substansional aktiv sintaksema. 10. Substansional emotive sintaksema. 11. Substansonal interrogative sintaksema. 12. Protsessual kauzal sintaksemalar. 1. “For” predlogli birikmalar gap tarkibida substansial sintaksemalar doirasida obyekt, obyekt aktiv, final aktiv, kauzal kabi sintaksemalarni ifodalab kelishi transformatsion eksprementlar orqali aniqlandi. Masalan: I called for a directory.-  A directory was called by me. Bu gapdagi “for directory” birikmasida obyekt sintaksema mavjud. Bu passivizatsiya metodi orqali aniqlandi. Bu gapda mavjud sintaksemani savol qo’yish transformatsiyasi orqali ham aniqlasak bo’ladi. Whom did you call for? 2. “For” predlogli birikmalar gap tar

Umumiy xulosa. “For” predlogli iboralarni tahlil qilib , ilmiy izlanish jarayonida quyidagi xulosalarni amalga oshirishga muvaffaq bo’ldik. 1. Til qatlamida elementar birliklar va birlik konstruksiyalarni farqlash ushbu ishda amalga oshirildi. Leksik jihat- elementar bitrliklar – leksemalardir, birlik konstruksiyalar esa sintaksemalar bo’lib hisoblanadi. Ular gap tarkibida sintaktik konstruktiv birlikdir. Ularning farqlanishi asosan leksik- semantik guruhlar asosida amalga oshiriladi. Sistemali analiz o’tkazish o’timli fe’llarning shuningdek, obyekt va subyekt leksemalarni ajratish jarayonida hosil bo’lib boshqaruv va boshqariladigan leksimalar o’rtasida alohida xususiyatlar va bog’liqliklarni o’rganadi. Ular o’z ichiga substantive, verbal va obyektiv leksemalarni birlashtiradi. 2. Barcha

ular teng va vareativ boshqaruvga asoslanadi.Shuningdek, ularning leksik mazmuni birligi va to’ldiruvchi leksemalar bilan birlashtirib hamda til qatlamida sistemali (to’ldiruvchi) birlashishiga asoslanadi. b. Bir to’ldiruvchi for predlogli birikmalar boshqaruvdagi fe’l leksimalar L.S.G ni tashkil etadi.Ulardan aksariyati variativ boshqaruvni qabul qilmaydi. Guruhga tegishli o’timli leksemalar qo’yidagi modellar asosida iboralar tuziladi. Vtr + for / + C 1 Vtr + about / for + C 1 3. I bobda “For” predlogli birikmalarning sintaktik xususiyatlari (aloqalari) ni o’rganib chiqdik va shu xulosaga keldikki : “For” predlogli birikmalar gapda tarkibi mustaqil va yordamchi component bo’lib, yadroviy predikativ, noyadroviy predikativ, subordinativ aloqada, shuningdek koordinativ aloqada ham ifodalana

FOYDALANILGAN ILMIY ADABIYOTLAR 1. I. A. Karimov «Bu muqaddas vatanda azizdir inson» 2010 yil Toshkent 2. I.A.Karimov “Yuksak ma’naviyat yengilmas kuch” Toshkent “Ma’naviyat” 2008 yil. 3. I.A.Karimov “Mamlakatimizni Modernizatsiya qilish va kuchli fiqarolik jamiyati barpo etish – ustuvor maqsadimizdir”.Xalq so’zi ro’znomasi 2010 yil 28 – yanvar. 5.Barxudarov L.S. “Структура простого предлtение современного английского языка”. М. «Вышая школа» 1966. c 76 6.Beldiyeva Z “English grammar” 1993. c82 55

7.Blok M.E. A cours of Theoritical “English grammar” «Вышая школа» 1952. c 57 8. Bo’ronov Z, Bo’ronova M, “O’qituvchi” Toshkent 1978. c. 92 9. Egambverdiyev S “ C интак c ические и синтаксико – семантические характеристики сочетаний с предлогом современной английском языке”. Қарши -2007 10. Ganshina M . A . Василевская Н.М. “ English grammar ” М 1964. 11. Gruzilina A.T. Toshboyeva I.K. “English grammar” 1973. 12. Ilish B . A . Строй современного английского языка . Вишкек 2002. 13. Kachalova E.E. Azrailovich 9-19 betlar. 14. Kaushanskaya B . T . Ковтер . Р Кtевникова О . Н . A grammar of English . 15. Krilov I . «Английская грамматика для всех» М 1983. 16. Muxin A . M . Синтаксемный анализ и проблема языка. Наука Л. 1982. 17. Muxin A . M . Лингвистик анализы М 1983. 1 8 . Peshkovskiy Ali Р

3. Jack London “Marten Eden” 211 bet. (MEJ) 4. John Sanford “ Naked Prey” 301 bet. (NPS) 5. Jonathan Swift “Gulliver’s travels” Higher School Publishing House. 289 bet. Moscow 1973. (GTS) 6. Ernest Hemingway “Farewell to arms” 204 bet. (EHF) 7. J.Fenamore Cooper “The SPY” 313 bet. (TSF) 8. Mark Twain “The adventure of Tom Sober” 211 bet. (MTD) 9. Maugham S. “Stories” 1976. 531 bet. 10. Melvyn Brigg “The Ilired man” 303 bet. (IMB) F o y d a l a n i l g a n l u g ’ a t l a r 1) A.H.Hornby, A.S. Catenly, E.V. and wakefild “The advanced English: 1959, 1963 y. 2) Box K. “Adiomatic English” 1956 y. 3) C.B.American college “Dictionary Edited by C.L.Barnhart” new York 1960 y. 4) English – Russian and Russian – English dictionary Edited by O.S. Ahmemeva and Elirabett. A.M.Willson. 5) Inglizcha – ru

www.wikipedia.org . www. Ziyonet.uz. www. Edu.uz. www.yahoo.com . www.rambler.ru . Qisqartmalar va belgilar. NP 1 - Nuclear predicating ega - yadroviy predikatsiya etuvchi NP 2 - Nuclear predicated kesim - yadroviy predikatseya etuvchi D - Dependent to be - bo’lak NSA - Leksik semantic guruh - yadroviy predikatsiya aloqa - noyadroviy predikatsiya aloqa - yoki - subornative aloqa 58

- Koordinativ yoki uyushiq aloqa - Transformatsiyalsh. Ilova 1 “For” predlogli birikmalarning sintaksemalari T/r Sintaksemalar Misollar 1 Substansional Obyekt s. I called for a directory. (GTS 75) 2 Subs.obyekt Aktiv s. Townsend had arranged for the sale of the furniture. (GTS32). 3 Obyekt kvalitativ One could no more struggles for freedom. (SMS 97). 4 Substan aktiv s. A doctor was sent for them. (SMS 145) 5 Subs. Relyativ s. For which his Majesty was so justly celebrated. (TSC 74). 6 Subs. Stativ s. All the boys were mad for her. (MEJ 208) 7 Subs. Locative s. The broad plates of iron fixed for shength at the for corner. (TSC 136) 8 Subs. Interrogative s. For what do you take me? (NPS 231) 59

9 Subs. Emotive s. Oh, for haven’s sake Andromache, stop that blubbering (JTS 183). 10 Subs. aktiv. It has been used for his appreciation. (SMS 274) 11 Protsessual Kauzal Plants died for the lack of water. (GTS 248) Ilova 2 “For” predlogli sintaksemalarda “For” so’zlarining izohlanishi va ularning funksional variantlari. T/r Sintaksemalar Misollar Variantlar 1 Locative Adam toft for voillage To 2 Objective I pray for the beautiful things About Temporal For the four years Jemy had knoan him during 4 Active She had loved him for 15 years in 5 Kauzal He hasn’t come for his In because of. 60

illness II Ilova “For” predlogli birikma bilan ifodalangan sintaksemalarning son va sifat jihatidan tahlili. 1 Causal 99 13.3 % 2 Subs. temporal 126 13.6 % 3 Subs. stativ 55 4,8 % 4 Subs. obyek 121 13,9 % 5 Obyekt aktiv 108 11,3 % 6 Obyekt kvalitativ 63 4,7% 7 Locative 92 8,4 % 8 Sub.aktiv. 107 10,2 % 9 Relyativ 63 4,3% 10 Interrogative 70 5,6% 11 Obyekt stativ 70 5,6 % 61

12 Emotive 74 6,1 % Jami 1100 100% 62

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