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Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida kishilik olmoshlarining lingvistik tahlili

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MUNDARIJA: Kirish…………………………………………………………………………...3-8 I bob Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida so’z turkumlari………………………………….....9- 10 1.1 Olmoshlar haqida umumiy ma’lumot...………………………………..….11- 14 1.2 Kishilik olmoshlariga umumiy harakteristika……………………...…..…15- 17 II bob Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida kishilik olmoshlarining lingvistik tahlili 2.1Kishilik olmoshlarining gapdagi vazifalari………………………………..18-46 2.2 Kishilik olmoshlarning sintaktik tahlili………………...........…………....47-56 Xulosa…………………………………………………………………….........57-58 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati: Foydalanilgan ilmiy adabiyotlar………………………………………….......59-60 Foydalanilgan badiiy adabiyotlar……… ………………/…………….............…61 1

Foydalanilgan lug’atlar...........................................................................................61 Kirish “Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi” (1997-yil) bo’lajak kadrlarni har jabhada yetuk, barkamol qilib tayyorlash prinsiplarini o’z ichiga oladi. Ayni paytda respublikamizda o’tkazilayotgan islohotlarda ham yoshlar, ularning bilimi, huquqiy savodxonligi, yuksak ma’naviyati, ularga berilayotgan ta’lim tarbiya masalalari davlat miqyosida siyosiy islohot darajasiga yetdi. Mana shu islohotlar samarasi sifatida chet tillarinin o’qitishga va o’rganishga katta e’tibor berilmoqda. Ayni mustaqillik yillarida O’zbekiston rivojlangan mamlakatlar (AQSH, Buyuk Britaniya, Fransiya, Germaniya va b.q) bilan turli sohalarda aloqalar bog’layotgan bir paytda jahon standartlari talabiga jav

internet asri, jahon maydonida va dunyo bozorida tobora kuchayib borayotgan raqobat asriga aylanib borayotganini isbotlab berishga hojat yo’q, albatta. Bunday sharoitda inson kapitaliga yo’naltirilayotgan investitsiya va qo’yilmalarning o’sishini, hozirgi zamonda demokratik taraqqiyot, modernizatsiya va yangilanish borasida belgilangan maqsadlarga erishishda eng muhim qadriyat va hal qiluvchi kuch bo’lgan bilimli va intellektual rivojlangan avlodni tarbiyalash vazifasini doimo o’zining asosiy ustuvor yo’nalishlari qatoriga qo’yadigan davlatgina o’zini namoyon eta olishi mumkin. Avvalo shuni ta’kidlash zarurki, bundan 15 yil oldin qabul qilingan, Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi deb nom olgan Ta’lim sohasini isloh qilish dasturi mamlakatimizda yangi jamiyat qurishning bosqichma-bosqich va

tashkil etayotgani va bu tizimning davlat budjeti harajatlaridagi ulushi 35 foizdan ortiqni tashkil etishi o’z-o’zidan mazkur sohaga qaratilayotgan ulkan e’tiborning yaqqol tasdig’i hisoblanadi. O’zbekistonda qabul qilingan ta’lim sohasini isloh etish va malakali kadrlar tayyorlash dasturini amalga oshirish bo’yicha o’tgan davrda bajarilgan ishlarni bugun qandaydir o’lchov va raqamlar bilan baholash juda qiyin.Shu bilan birga, bu haqda so’z yuritar ekanmiz, yana bir jihatni nazarda tutishimiz lozim. Ya’ni, bizning mamlakatimizda amalga oshirilayotgan dastur va boshqa modellarni qandaydir takrorlash yoki ulardan nusxa ko’chirish emas, aksincha, birinchi navbatda, rivojlangan demokratik davalatlarda to’plangan tajribani o’zida mujassam etgan va ayni paytda shiddat bilan o’zgarib borayotgan h

Ishning ikkinchi bosqichi bо‘lgan lingvistik tahlil jarayonida kishilik olmoshlari obyektiv va nominativ kelishikda kelgandagi substansial, protsessual va kvalifikativ belgilardir. Bu belgilar asosida sintaksemalar uch kategoriyaga bо‘linadi. Boshqa differensial sintaktik-semantik belgilari ham umumiydir, ular asosida kategoriya ichida sintaksemalarga bо‘linadi. Mavzuning maqsadi va vazifalari: Ushbu bitiruv malakaviy ishimning obyekti kishilik olmoshlaridir. Ishning asosiy maqsadi matnlarda kishilik olmoshlarini gaplardagi vazifalarini о‘rganib chiqishdan iborat. Ya’ni, kishilik olmoshlari qatnashgan komponent sintaksemalarni paradigmatik qatorini ishlab chiqish. Qо‘yilgan maqsadga erishish ayrim vazifalarni hal qilishni taqoza etadi. - kishilik olmoshlarining gap strukturasidagi о‘rnini

о‘rganishga bо‘lgan yondashuv ham yangicha. Ikkinchi tomondan olib qaraganda matn tarkibida kishilik olmoshlari bilan ifodalangan bir qancha birliklarni topdik. Shuni ham ta’kidlash lozimki, olmoshlar alohida sо‘z turkumi ekanligi ushbu ishda о‘z isbotini topdi. Ushbu ishda kishilik olmoshlarini matn tarkibidagi tahlilida ingliz tilidagi misollardan keng foydalanildi. Tadqiqotning metodologik asosi Xorijiy mashhur tilshunoslar L.S.Barxudarov., V.V.Vinogradov., I.R.Galperin., A.M.Muxin va boshqa olimlarning asarlari lingvistik metodologik asos sifatida foydalaniladi. Tadqiqot metodlari sifatida transformatsion, qiyosiy, distributiv, ma’noni qismlarga bо‘lish (komponent tahlil), bevosita tahlil qiluvchilarga ajratish, statistik va tajriba metodlaridan foydalanildi. Mavzuning tuzilishi: Malak

I BOB. So’z turkumlari haqida umumiy ma’lumot Har bir tildagi so’zlar so’z turkumlari deb atalishi sinflarga bo’linadi. Har bir so’z turkumi o’zining harakteristikasiga ega. So’z turkumlari bir-biridan ma’no jihatdan, shakl jihatdan va funksiyasida farq qiladi. “Turli so’z turkumlari turlicha leksik ma’nolarga ega. Masalan fe’llar ish harakatlarini anglatib keladigan so’zlardir (to work, to live va boshqalar), otlar (noun) narsa buyumlarning nomlarini ko’rsatib keladi.(table, boy, chair va b.q), sifatlar (adjectives) xusisiyatlarni, belgilarni ifodalaydigan so’zlardir (good, bad va b). Ba’zi so’z turkumlari turli xil grammatik kategoriyalarga ega. Masalan fe’llarning mayl, zamon va aspekt, nisbat, shaxs-son kategoriyasi mavjud; otlarda son va kelishik kategoriyasi; sifatlar qiyoslash daraj

darajali qismlari sifatida xizmat qiladi. Bu guruhga quyidagi so’z turkumlari tegishli: Fe’llar, otlar, sifatlar, sonlar, olmoshlar va ravishlar. 2. Strukturaviy so’zlar yordamchi so’zlardan semantik jihatdan farq qiladi. Ularning leksik ma’nosi yordamchi so’zlardan ko’ra umumiyroq harakterga ega. (Masalan: in, and, even). Bundan tashqari ular ba’zida birgalikda ham bo’lib keladi. (Masalan: the va a artikllari, that bog’lovhchisi, of predlogi va hokazo). “Strukturaviy so’zlar gapda hech qanday mustaqil sintaktik funksiyani bajarmaydi, lekin ham gapdagi so’zlar bilan bo’lgan bog’liqliklarni ifodalash uchun (Masalan: The trees “in” the garden; Tom “and” Joe va b), ham so’z ma’nosini belgilash uchun xizmat qiladi. (Masalan: “the” book, “a” book, “even” dull, “only” tomorrow va boshqalar). 3.M

fe’llar (Masalan: modal fe’llari, boshqa ba’zi fe’llar, ham yordamchi so’zlar, ham strukturaviy so’zlar sifatida funksiya bajarishi mumkin. Masalan: to look, he looked at me. -da yordamchi fe’l va he looked tired da strukturaviy so’z va bog’langan fe’l, to have fe’li, I have a car. da yordamchi fe’l va I had to do it. da strukturaviy fe’l yoki modal fe’li) olmoshlar misol sifatida asoslangan. Bir tomondan ular barcha yordamchi so’zlar kabi gapda mustaqil sintaktik funksiyalarga ega, lekin boshqa tomondan ular aniq leksik ma’nodan holi turad 9

1.1. Olmoshlar haqida umumiy ma’lumot Gapda ot va sifat o’rnida qo’llaniladigan so’z turkumiga olmosh (pronoun) deyiladi: Navoi is the greatest Uzbek poet. He was born in 1441. Navoiy buyuk o’zbek shoiri. U 1441-yilda tug’ilgan. Bu gap misolda ot o’rnida (Navoiy) he (u) qo’llanilyapti. The day was warm. Such days are rare in October – Kun iliq edi. Bunday kunlar oktabr oyida kam uchraydi. Bu holatda esa warm (iliq) sifati o’rnida such (bunday) olmoshi qo’llanilyapti. “Ba’zi olmoshlar birlikda va ko’plikda har xil shaklda ishlatiladi.” Masalan: This – bu, these – bular, that – u, o’sha; those – o’shalar . This is a pencil – bu qalam. This is a note-book – bu daftar. These are pencils – Bu qalamlar. These are note-books – Bular daftarlar. That is a pencil – U qalam. Those are pencils. That i

All are present today. Bugun hamma bor. Bu gapda all belgilash (defining pronoun) olmoshi sifatida kelgan va ko’plikda qo’llanilgan. All is not gold that glitter. Yaltiraydigan hamma narsa oltin bo’lavermaydi. Bu yerda all (barcha) gold, ya’ni sanalmaydigan otga nisbatan birlikda qo’llanilgan. Which student in your group knows English well? Guruhingizdagi qaysi talaba inglizchani yaxshi biladi? Bu yerda which birlikdagi otga ya’ni student ga nisbatan birlikda qo’llanilgan. Which students of your group are absent today? Guruhingizdagi qaysi talabalar bugun darsga kelmagan? Uchinchi xil olmoshlar faqatgina bitta sonda qo’llaniladi. Masalan each (har bir), someboby – kimdir, allakim yoki ko’plikdagi both – ikkala, birgalikda, many (ko’plab) va boshqalar. Each pupil must be on school uniform –

Who – kim?, bosh kelishikda. Whom – kimga? jo’nalish kelishigi. Who is the girl sitting by the house? Uy oldida turgan qiz kim? Whom shall I pass? Kimga uzatay? “Ko’pgina olmoshlar kelishik formalariga ega bo’lmaydi. Masalan: Each, every –har biri, both – ikkala, all – barcha, hamma, what ?– nima?, qanday?” Each of the girls has her own taste – har bir qizning o’z didi bor. Every day he used to go to the office last year – O’tgan yili u har kuni idoraga borardi. What is your trouble? Nima (qanday) tashvishingiz bor? Both of them (=they both) have left to London – Ularning ikkalasi ham Londonga jo’nab ketishdi. All is ready – Hamma tayyor. Egalik va kishilik olmoshlari III shaxsda, mujskoy va sredniy rodlarda alohida formalarga ega bo’ladi. Shunday qilib kishilik olmoshlari his – uning, erk

This a book – bu kitob. Which one do you like, father or mother? Qaysilarini yaxshi ko’rasan otangnimi yoki onangnimi? “Olmoshlar gapda quyidagi vazifalarni bajarib kelishi mumkin: a)Ega: He is a teacher – U o’qituvchi.” b)kesim: The red pen is mine – Qizil ruchka meniki c)vositali va vositasiz to’ldiruvchi o’rnida. Masalan: I have not seen him – Men uni uchratmadim. Show me the letter – Xatni menga ko’rsating. I did not speek to them – Ular bilan gaplashmadim. d)aniqlovchi: I cannot find my note-book – men daftarimni topolmayapman. Ega, kesim, to’ldiruvchi vazifalarini bajarganligi uchun ot-olmoshlar hisoblanadi. Aniqlovchi vazifasida keluvchi olmoshlar sifatning sintaktik funksiyasini bajarganligi uchun, sifat olmoshlar deyiladi. Ko’pgina olmoshlar ayrim hollarda ot-olmoshlar sifatida, a

“An’anaviy grammatika olmoshlarni ma’nosiga ko’ra guruhlaydi. Biz bunday klassifikatsiyaga bir qator tuzatishlar kiritishimiz zarur. Chunki an’anaviy grammatikada xuddi boshqa bo’limlardagidek tub ma’nolar so’zlarning grammatik qo’shimchalaridagi ma’nolari bilan qorishib ketadi. Umuman olganda o’zak ma’nolar ham grammatik xususiyatga ega hisoblanadi. Lekin bu holatda ularning tub ma’nolari va qo’shimcha olgan holatlari o’rtasidagi bog’liqlikni anglash kerak bo’ladi. An’anaviy grammatika esa ayniqsa kishilik olmoshlari haqida gapirganda shu prinsipni buzadi. Ya’ni kishilik olmoshlari(I, he, she, it, we, you, they), egalik olmoshlari(my, your, her, his, our, their) ma’nosiga ko’ra ularning o’zak tushunchasi bir xil men – mening, sen – sening, u – uning, biz – bizning , ular – ularning. Vazif

bilan ifodalanadi va bu so'z boshqa shaxslar bilan birgalikni bildiradi. Xuddi shunday tahlidda He, She, it olmoshlarini birlashtirib keladigan They olmoshi haqida gapirish mumkin. Olmoshlar quyidagi guruhlarga bo’linadi: 1.”Kishilik olmoshlari (Personal pronouns): I, he, she, it, we, you, they”. 2.Egalik olmoshlari (Possessive pronouns): My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, mine, his, hers, yours, theirs. My pencil is very good – mening qalamim juda yaxshi. This book is mine – Bu kitob meniki, 3. O’zlik olmoshlar (Reflexive pronouns): Myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves(yourself), themselves. 4. Birgalik olmoshlari (Reciprocal pronouns): Each other – bir-biri; one another – biri unisini; They have known each other for two years – ular bir-birini ikki yildan b

Bu guruhdagi olmoshlarda aniq bir formadagi morfologik va sintaktik xususiyat yo’q. Ba’zi olmoshlarda shaxs, rod, kelishik va son kategoriyalari mavjud bo’ladi. Shaxs va rod kategoriyasi (3 shaxs birlikda) faqatgina kishilik va egalik olmoshlaridagina mavjud. “ Tilshunos olim J. Buronov yuqoridagi olmoshlar ro’yxatiga qo’shimcha qilgan holda ,emfatik (kuchaytiruvchi) olmoshlar: (I) myself, (you) yourself, (he) himself, (she) herself, (it) itself, (we) ourselves, (you) yourselves, (they) themselves ni va belgilash olmoshlari (Defining pronouns): Each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another ni kiritadi. Emfatik olmoshlar shaxsni kuchaytirish uchun xizmat qiladi: I myself go there – Men o’zim u yerga boraman. You yourself are stupid – sen o’zing ahmoq. “Olm

It kishilik olmoshi faqat yosh bolaga nisbatan ishlatilgandagina shaxsni bildirishi mumkin. Masalan: Where is the child? – It is here. Ba’zan badiiy adabiyotlarda yozuvchi tomonidan hayvonlar shaxslantiriladi. Ana shunday hollarda ularning nomlari o’rnida kishilik olmoshlarini qo’llash mumkin bo’ladi. Masalan: He has not made a bargain with me or with all proper dogs after me.(R. Kipling) “Shaxsni bildiradigan olmoshlarni bunday shaxslantirilgan olmoshlardan farq qila bilish zarur. Olmosh har xil grammatik kategoriyalar bilan aloqaga kirishi natijasida o’z formasini o’zgartiruvchi va o’zgartirmovchi olmoshlarga bo’linadi.” Har xil grammatik kategoriyalarni olish natijasida o’z formalarini o’zgartiruvchi olmoshlarga I – me, he – him, somebody – somebody’s, this – these, that – those, who –

II BOB. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida kishilik olmoshlarining lingvistik tahlili. 2.1. Kishilik olmoshlarining gapdagi vazifalari. “Kishilik olmoshlari gapda har doim ot-olmosh ko’rinishida keladi. U nutqdagi III shaxs yoki predmetni ko’rsatib birlik va ko’plikda qo’llaniladi. Unda ikkita kishilik formasi mavjud. 1.Bosh kelishik (Nominative case): I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they. 2.Obyektiv kelishik (The objective case): Me. You, him, her, it, us , them. Kishilik olmoshlari I, II va III shaxsda qo’llanilib keladi. Kishilik olmoshlarining harakterli belgilaridan biri shundaki ular asosan so’zlovchi (speaker), tinglovchi (listener) va nutqda ishtrok etuvchi bo’lmagan III shaxsni ifodalaydi. Bu harakterli belgi kishilik olmoshlarining predmet ma’nosini ifodalovchi otlardan bo’lgan farqni ko

I did it What did you do? Birinchi gapda biz kishilik olmoshlarining esa vazifasida kelganini ko’rdik. Ikkinchi gapda esa to’ldiruvchi vazifasida kelganini ko’rdik. Uchinchi va to’rtincha gapda kishilik olmoshlarining hayvonlarga, jonsiz predmetlarga nisbatan ishlatilganida har ikkala kelishikda ham what? So’rog’iga javob bo’lganini ko’rdik. “Kishilik olmoshlarining asosiy formalarini quyidagi jadvalda ko’rsatamiz.” Shaxs Person Nominativ kelishik Nominative case Obyektiv kelishik Objective case Birlik singular I II III I – men You – sen Thou [zau] (arxaik) He – u (erkak) She – u (ayol) It –u (predmet yoki hayvon) Me – meni, menga, menda, mendan. You – seni, senga, senda, sendan. Thee (arxaik). Him Her Uni, unga, IT unda, undan 19

Ko’plik Plural I II III We – biz, bizlar You – siz, sizlar They – ular Us – bizni, bizga, bizda, bizdan You – sizni, sizga, sizda, sizdan Them – ularni, ularga, ularda, ulardan. Avval aytib o’tganimizdek kishilik olmoshlari uchta shaxsda qo’llanadi: “I shaxs, birlik va ko’plik formalarining o’zaro oppozitsiyasidan iborat: I – men, we – biz. Birinchi shaxs ko’plik formasi suplitiv yo’l bilan ma’lum o’zaklardan yasalgan.” Birinchi shaxs ko’plik we bir necha birinchi shaxs birliklaridan ya’ni I + I+I+I dan iborat bo’lmay, balki o’z navbatida birinchi, ikkinchi, uchinchi shaxs birliklarining qo’shilishidan tashkil topgan; ya’ni I+you+he (she,it)=we bo’ladi. Ikkinchi shaxs uchun hozirgi ingliz tilida adabiy forma you ishlatiladi. O’zbek tilidagi sen so’zining inglizcha tarjimasi thou dir. Ammo

(“Faithful friends” W. Shakespeare). O’z navbatida ushbu she’riy parchadagi thy hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi your egalik olmoshining arxaik ko’rinishi hisoblanadi. Agar thou arxaik olmoshi ishlatilsa, fe’llarda ham arxaik forma –est ishlatilishi mumkin. “Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida II shaxs birlik va ko’plikni ifodalash uchun faqat you formasidan foydalaniladi. Masalan : Take him with you when you go hunting (R.Kippling). Ovga chiqayotgan ekansan, uni o’zing bilan olib ol”. “You are, welcome, Hiawatha!”(R. Kipling) “Xush kelibsiz, Hiavata!” (R. Kipling) Shunday qilib, hozirgi ingliz tilida II shaxs uchun birlik va ko’plik sonlarining formal (shakliy) oppozitsiyasi yo’q desa bo’ladi. You olmoshining birlik yoki ko’plikdaligini kontekstdan yoki nutq vaziyatidan aniqlanadi. “ Now, is there a

eslolmayapsizmi – Bill Sammers - sizdan keyingi uyda yashagan Sammerslar oilasi-chi? ” “You are very young my son” his uncle said. “You are only how old now?” Fourteen? “Sen juda yoshsan o’g’lim” uning amakisi dedi. “O’zi, hozir nechaga kirding? O’n to’rt yoshgami?” “You people” iborasi o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilinganda “ Sizga o’xshaganlar, sizdeklar” ko’rinishini oladi. “You people are used to be so kind”. “Sizga o’xshaganlar juda muloyim bo’ladi-da”. “III shaxs birlikda uchta forma bo’lib, ular he (erkaklar uchun), she (ayollar uchun), It (jonsiz predmetlar va hayvonlar uchun). It olmoshi yosh bolalar uchun ham ishlatilishi mumkin.” “ He, she olmoshlari ertak va maxsus matnlarda hayvon va predmetlarni shaxslantirish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Bunda ular hayvon jinsiga qarab tanlanadi. Ma

It kishilik olmoshi hozirgi ingliz tilida ko’p qo’llaniladi. U anaforik (Davom ettiruvchi) va boshlab beruvchi (Anticipatory) tarzida qo’llanadi. “Avval ishlatilgan so’z va konstruksiyalar o’rnida it kishilik olmoshining qo’llanilishi anaforik ishlatilishi deyiladi. Masalan: He remained with her for an hour. And or. Macphail watched the rain. It was beginning to get on his nervous. (W.S.Maugham). U u bilan bir soat davomida birga qoldi. Doktor Makfeyl esa yyomg’irni tomosha qilib turdi. Bu uning asabiga tegishining boshlanishi edi. They finished the meal in silence. When it was over the two ladies got up and took their work (Ibid). Ular nonushtani jimlik bilan tugatishdi. U tugaganda ikkita xonim o’rnidan turishdi va ishlarini qilishdi. Bu misollardagi it olmoshi rain (yomg’ir) va meal (ov

Masalan: There was a knock at the door. I thought it was the postman. He usually came at that time – Eshik taqillagani eshitildi. Men bu pochtalyon bo’lsa kerak deb o’yladim. U odatda o’sha paytda kelardi.” It shuningdek oldinda kelgan so’z guruhida (a) murakkab gapda (ergash gapda) (b), gapda (c) yoki hatto kontekstda bildirilgan fikrni ham nazarda tutadi. Masalan: a)He tried to break the lock. It was not easy either – U qulfni buzishga harakat qildi. Bu uning ustiga oson emas edi. There was some mutual hesitation about shaking hands, with both deciding against it. b) He knew that his father was dying but he didn’t want to speak with anyone about it – U otasining o’layotganini bildi, lekin bu haqida hech kim bilan gaplashishni xoxlamadi. c) The music had stopped. He didn’t notice it – Mus

Rasmiy it mavzu sifatida shuningdek infinitivli fraza (a), yoki ing formali fraza (b), yoki ergash gap (c), tomonidan o’zgartirilgan gaplarda ishlatiladi. Biz odatda bunday gaplarda nominal kesimlarni uchratimiz. Masalan: a) It is stupid to fall asleep like that – bu tarzda uxlab qolish axmoqlikdir. It is a pleasure to see you again – sizni yana bir bor ko’rish yoqimli. b) It won’t be easy finding our way home- Uyga qaytish yo’lini topish oson bo’lmaydi. It’s no use hoping he’ll ever change his mind- Uning fikrini o’zgartirishga umid qilishdan foyda yo’q. c) It was clear that he was going to give in – Uning taslim bo’lmoqchiligi aniq edi. It was a surprise that he had come back so soon – uning bunchalik tez qaytishi kutilmagan sovg’a bo’ldi. “Formal it faqatgina gapning mavzusi bo’libgina

tashkil etadi. Shunday misollar bilan bog’laydigan bo’lsak it olmoshi alohida ma’no saqlagan holda boshqa elementlar bilan bevosita bog’lanib kelishini aytish mumkin. He,she,it ning ko’plik formasi they(ular) dir. They ingliz tiliga skandinav tillaridan o’tgan bo’lsada, hozirgi ingliz tilida sof ingliz so’zlari kabi ishlatiladi va u (he,she,it) kishilik olmoshlarining supletiv yo’l bilan yasalgan ko’plik formasi hisoblanadi. Masalan: I jazz her. Then they come after me and I cut out to Harlem. I cut out so they never find me (B.F. Friedmen). Men uni jonlantiraman. So’ng ular mening ketimdan kelishadi, men esa Harlemga qochaman. Men shunday qochayki ular meni hech qachon topisha olmasin. “Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida kishilik olmoshlarining asosiy vazifalaridan biri kesimning shaxsni bildiri

Masalan: Take him (obyektiv, qaratqich) with you (obyektiv) when you (nominative, bosh) go hunting. (R.Kipling) Ovga chiqayotgan ekansan uni ham o’zing bilan ol. Lanny lit a cigarette and settled near her. Lenni sigaretni yoqdi va o’zining yoniga qo’yib qo’ydi. Mabel looked at them. Meybl ularga qaradi. (P.Abrahams) We won’t let Tant Annue outdo us (Ibid) – Biz uning bizdan o’zib ketishiga yo’l qo’ymaymiz. He won’t let me make tea (Ibid). U meni choy tayyorlashimga ruxsat bermaydi. You hamda jonsiz predmetlar, hayvon va parrandalar nomlari bilan ishlatiluvchi it(u) olmoshlari o’zlarining sintaktik funksiyalariga ko’ra Nominativ va obyektiv formalari ma’nolarini anglatsa, hamki o’z formalarini o’zgartirmaydilar. Shuning uchun ham you va it olmoshlarini shakl jihatdan kelishik formalariga ne

It is they – It is them. It is she (he) – It is her (him). It is I (she, he, we, they). Gapi garchi hali ham mumkin bo’lsada, kamdan- kam hollarda eshitiladi.” U o’zining stilistik xususiyati tufayli arxaik xossa turiga ega bo’ldi va shuning uchun og’zaki nutq uchun nomunosib bo’lib qoldi. Lekin, It is … who tuzilishida I formasi qo’llaniladi. „It’s I who am tiresome“ he replied. (Foster) - „Jonga tegadigan menman“ javob berdi u. Bu guruhdagi boshqa olmoshlarga kelsak, It is him, It is her, It is us, It ist hem gaplari kesim bo‘lib qo’llaniladigan obyektiv (qaratqich) kelishik formasida mavjud bo’lishi mumkin, lekin ular hali ham ma’lum ma’noda ahamiyatsiz yoki “passiv og‘zaki” ko’rinishiga egadek va ular It is he, It iss he, It is we, It is they ko’rinishini olmadi. Masalan: No, I don’t s

Kishilik olmoshlari bosh kelishikda (Nominative case) Endi kishilik olmoshlarini bosh va obyektiv kelishigida kelgan misollar orqali ko’rib chiqamiz. I-shaxs birlikda bosh kelishikda. I am a student – Men talabaman. I have brother - Meni akam bor. I must go home, now – Men hoziroq uyga borishim kerak. When I am home I’ll ring you up – Men uydaligimda senga qo’ng’iroq qilib qo’yaman. II shaxs birlikda, bosh kelishikda kishilik olmoshi mavjud emas. III shaxs birlikda, bosh kelishikda he , mujskoy rodda. He is teacher – U o’qituvchi. He read the text aloud. U matnni ovoz chiqarib o’qidi. He has just left – U hozirgina jo’nab ketdi. When he was there he met his friend – U uyerda bo’lganida do’stini uchratdi. She – jenskoy rodda. She is a first -year student – U birinchi kurs talabasi. May be

It happened in my days and it was one of the bad days which I experienced – Bu mening hayotimda sodir bo’lgan edi va u men boshimda n kechirgan yomon kunlardan biri edi. Where is the ash-tray? – Can’t you see, it had been on the table and it was fallen down and broken – “Kuldon qayerda?” Ko’rmayapsizmi, u stol ustida turgan edi va tushib ketib sindi. It was very rainy weather, when I came to see him. Men uni ko’rgani kelganimda ob-havo juda yomg’irli edi. Me – meni (menga, mendan, menda) qaratqich kelishikda, I shaxs birlikda, He saw me in the street and asked me about my works – U meni ko’chada uchratib qoldi va mendan ishlarim haqida so’radi. He wants to tell me something – U menga nimadir aytmoqchi (P.Abrahams). Shu o’rinda aytib o’tish kerakki ba’zi gaplarda me qaratqich kelishigi qo’l

She told him she was very grateful. (Th.Dreiser) – U unga minnatdor bo’lganligini aytdi. She had been good to him. (P.Abrahams) – U unga mehribon bo’lib qolgandi. I shook him, but couldn’t wake him up. (B.Shaw) – Men uni turkiladim, lekin uni uyg’ota olmadim. I did not want him to ask me where I was going, so I thought it best to ask him first. (B.Shaw) – men uni mendan qayerga ketayotganimni so’rashini xohlamadim, shuning uchun men birinchi bo’lib undan so’rashni yaxshi deb bildim. Her – uni (unga, undan, unda) qiz bolalar, ayollar uchun, qaratqich kelishigida, III shaxs birlikda. “Be nice to her” said Rosemary quickly, “ look after her”. (K.Mansfield) “Unga mehribon bo’ling” dedi Rozmari shoshilib, “unga g’amxo’rlik qiling”. I can’t keep her from looking at those leaves! (O.Henry) – Men

He saw it clearly (P. Abrahams) – U uni aniq ravshan ko’rdi. I thought may be you wouldn’t let me have it. (E.Hemingway) – Men balki siz buni qilishimga ruxsat etmaysiz deb o’ylagan edim. Ah, darling, It is Behrman’s masterpiece – he painted it there the night the last leaf fell.(O.Henry) – O, azizim, u Bermanning asari ekan – u uni so’nggi yaproq tushgan kecha chizgan ekan. He had shown it to nobody as yet so that she might be the first to see it. (K.Mansfield) – U uni haligacha hech kimga ko’rsatgani yo’q edi. Shuning uchun u uni birinchi bo’lib ko’rgan bo’lishi mumkin. We - biz, ko’plikda , bosh kelishikda, I shaxsda. Tomorrow we want to go to the cinema for the seeing a new film – Biz ertaga yangi kino ko’rish uchun kinoteatrda bo’lmoqchimiz. We must learn very well if we want to be a

Xo’sh, sen 16 yoshgacha maktabni tugata olmaysan. Agar 17 yosh yoki 18 yoshgacha tursang sen yaxshi qilgan bo’lasan. Bu senga hech qanday zarar yetkaza olmaydi. Sen yana bola bo’lib qolmaysan. Do you want to see a new and interesting film? – siz yangi va qiziqarli film ko’rishni xoxlaysizmi ? They – ular, III shaxs, bosh kelishik, ko’plikda. Yesterday they did not see me – Kecha ular meni ko’rishmagandi. They work at the factory from morning till evening- Ular ertalabdan kechgacha fabrikada ishlaydilar. They told me very interesting story – Ular menga juda qiziqarli hikoya aytib berishdi. Us – bizni, bizga, bizdan, bizda, I shaxs, ko’plikda, qaratqich kelishigida. You must hate us sometimes.(P.Abrahams) – Siz ba’zida bizdan nafratlanib tursangiz kerak. When we were children, grandmother to

Them – ularni (ulardan, ularga) III shaxs, ko’plikda, qaratqich kelishigida. I met them at the shop yesterday evening – Men ularni kecha kechqurun magazinda uchratgan edim. I said them that they couldn’t do it – Men ularga ular buni qila olmasliklarini aytdim. I told them about my summer holiday but they don’t believe me – Men ularga yozgi ta’tilim haqida gapirib bergandim ammo ular menga ishonishmadi. Shunday qilib biz yuqorida ingliz tilidagi kishilik olmoshlari bilan, ularni kelishiklarda , shaxslarda va sonlarda qanday qo’llanilishi bilan tanishib chiqdik. Bosh kelishikda kishilik olmoshlari ega va qo’shma kesimning asosiy qismi vazifasini bajaradi. I saw that girl – Men o’sha qizni ko’rdim. I needn’t have hurried. No one took his position yet – Shoshilmasam ham bo’lar ekan. Hali hech

It was her who cooked all the dishes. (Y. Webstev) – hamma taomlarni pishirgan – u edi. Umuman It is me so’zlashuv nutqida ko’pincha qo’llanadi. I olmoshi hamma quyidagi hollarda bosh harf bilan yoziladi. Qachonki I olmoshi gapda boshqa kishilik olmoshlari (yoki otlari) bilan bir qatorda qo’llanganda u holda I ulardan keyin keladi. You and I (yoki he and I) must be there at seven o’clock – Siz va men (yoki u va men) uyerda soat 7 da bo’lishimiz kerak. My brother and I will help you to mend you bicycle – Men va ukam sizga velosipedingizni sozlashga yordam beramiz. My brother and I were invited to the party by Miss Joken Loren – Akam va men mis Joken Loren tomonidan ziyofatga taklif qilindik. The brother and he (Arthur) were in shock of seeing a killed man – O’ldirilgan odamni ko’rib Artur v

It - kishilik olmoshi jonsiz narsa- buyum otini va hayvonlarni anglatib ot o’rnida keladi va rus tilidagi он , она , оно ga, o’zbek tilidagi – u- ga mos keladi va rus tilida rod otlarga tegishli bo’ladi. The chair is broken. It is broken – Stul singan ekan. U singan ekan. The book is on the shelf. It is on the shelf – Kitob tokchada. U tokchada. The window is wide open. It is wide open – Deraza katta ochiq. U katta ochiq. The dog is in its kennel. It is in its kennel – It uyasida. U uyasida. This river is navigable.It is navigable – Bu daryoda kema yuradi. Unda kema yuradi. Uzbekistan is famous with its cotton. It is famous with its cotton – O’zbekiston paxtasi bilan mashhur. U paxtasi bilan mashxur. This land is rich (in) with crops. It is rich (in) with crops – Bu yer hosildor. U hosildo

(What are they doing?) – Qo’ylar o’tloqda o’tlab yurishibdi. Ular o’tloqda o’tlab yurishibdi. You –( siz, sizlar) kishilik olmoshi o’zining ko’plik formasiga ega. (Chunki ingliz tilida II shahs birlik formasi mavjud emas.) Lekin u II shahs birlik olmoshi sifatida xuddi ko’plik formasi ko’rinishida qo’llanilishi mumkin. “ Tenente, where are you?” said Aymo.(E.Hemingway)- Tenent, Qayerdasiz? Dedi Aymo Misollar ko’plikni anglatganda: Children, where are you? - Bolalar, Qayerdasizlar? Hey, who are you looking for? – Hey, kimni qidirib yuribsizlar? (B.Ronzini) Birlikni anglatganda: Mary, where are you? – Meri qayerdasan? Hey, girl, why are you crying? – Hey, qiz, nima uchun yig’layapsan? Hey, boy, why are you making so much noice? Hey, bola nega buncha ko’p shovqin qilyapsan? II shaxs birlikdag

Kishilik olmoshlarining qaratqich kelishigida kelishi Qaratqich kelishigidagi kishilik olmoshlari rus tilidagi кого ?, чего ? o’zbek tilidagi kimni?, nimani? So’roqlariga javob bo’lib kelib, tushum kelishigi kabi vositasiz to’ldiruvchi vazifasini bajarib keladi yoki кому ? (kimga?) so’rog’iga javob beruvchi jo’nalish kelishigi kabi vositasiz to’ldiruvchi bo’lib keladi. He saw me in the street – U meni ko’chada ko’rdi (vositasiz to’ldiruvchi). I met them at the station – Men ularni stansiyada uchratdim (vositasiz to’ldiruvchi). I found it on the shelf – men uni tokchadan topdim (Vositasiz to’ldiruvchi). He send me to the shop – U meni do’konga yubordi (vositasiz to’ldiruvchi). I gave it to Mary – Men uni Meriga bergan edim (vositasiz to’ldiruvchi). He showed her the picture – U unga rasmni

“Hamsa” was written by Alisher Navoi and not by Bobur – “Hamsa” Bobur tomonidan emas, A.Navoiy tomonidan yozilgan. “Jaguar” was produced by England and not by Germany – “Yaguar” Angliya davlati tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan, Germaniya tomonidan emas. This pencil is bad. I cannot write with it – Bu ruchka yaxshi emas. Men u bilan yozolmayman. He is not in the house. We cannot meet with him – U uyida emas. Biz u bilan uchrasha olmaymiz. Something has gone wrong with iron – Dazmolga nimadir bo’libdi. Then I can’t press my shirt with it – Endi men u bilan ko’ylagimni dazmollay olmayman. The key was broken. Now I can’t open the door with it. Kalit sinibdi – Endi men eshikni u bilan ocholmayman. (What was broken? ) It was broken.) Olmosh qaratqich kelishigida old qo’shimchali vositali to’ldiruvch

“Karen said that you are the best detective in the city” Alen said – “Karen sizni shahardagi eng yaxshi detektiv deb aytdi” dedi Elen. I am not quite agree with you – Men sizga mutlaqo qo’shila olmayman. Everybody agreed with his ideas at the meeting – Majlisda hamma uning fikrlariga qo’shildi. The bread was cut buy a sharp knife – Non o’tkir pichoq bilan kesildi. Everyday he has to deal with different kinds of people – Har kuni unga turli xil odamlar bilan muomula qilishiga to’g’ri keladi. I have received a letter from her – Men undan bir xat oldim. Cheese is made from milk – Pishloq sutdan tayyorlanadi. He suffered from the heat when he was in Crimea – U qirimdaligida issiqdan aziyat chekdi.Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the tre

Bizdan shimol tomonda vodiy, vodiydan narida kashtanzor, kashtanzordan ham narida daryoning bu betida baland tepalik bor edi. Bu gapda bosh kelishikdagi we olmoshi ega vazifasida kelgan. He lived in Udine and came out in this way nearly everyday to see how things were going, and things were very badly.(E.Hemingwey) – Uning qarorgohi Uding (Italiya) da bo’lib, deyarli har kuni shu yo’ldan ahvolni bilish uchun o’tib turar, ahvol esa juda yomon edi. Bu gapda bosh kelishikdagi he olmoshi III shaxs birlikda ega vazifasida kelgan, va tarjimasida he olmoshining tarjimasi ko’rsatilmasa ham bu gapda he olmoshining ishlatilganini ma’no jihatdan bilamiz xolos. We crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Goriziya. (E.Hemingwey) – Biz avgust oyida daryodan o’tib Goritisiyada joylashdik. Bu g

Peyton when he procured the release of my father did not endeavour to detain my sister in the rebel camp”. (F.Cooper P-61) – Fanni mayorlarni afzalroq ko’radi! Deb hitob qildi Genri kichik singlisini tizzasiga o’tkazat ekan. – Be’mani gap! – E’tiroz bildirdi. Fransis qizarib, kulib turgan akasining bag’ridan chiqishga urinib. Dadamizni xalos etganidan keyin so’zini davom ettirdi kapitan. – Peytonning singlimni isyonchilar qarorgohiga olib qolishga urinmagani meni hammadan ham ko’proq ajablantiryapti. Bu gapda bosh kelishikdagi III shaxs birlikdagi she, it va he ega vazifasida kelgan. Obyektiv (qaratqich) kelishigidagi me predlogsiz vositali to’ldiruvchi vazifasida kelgan va o’zbek tilida tushum kelishigida kelgan. O’zbek tiliga tarjima qilinganda bu kishilik olmoshlari gapda ishtrok etmaga

V.”Nonsense, do you call it?” cried the captain Gayley” To this hour General MOntrosie to ask Miss Peyton: I heard him within the weak, at sir Henry’s table . VI. Why, Henry, you are as saucy as your sister and to break in upon your folly. I must take you to see my new home, made manufactures which I will be bold enough to put in contrast with the finery of Birch.(F.Cooper p-61) - Avvalo biz ko’nglimizga yoqadigan odamni saylash imkoniga ega bo’lishni xohlardik. To’g’ri emasmi, Jennet xola? – luqma tashladi Frensis. - Menga aytyapsanmi? – So’radi Miss Peyton cho’chib tushib. Bunaqangi gaplarning farqiga borarmidim, bolaginam? Buni ko’proq aqli yetadigan odamdan so’raginda. - Go’yo sira ham yosh bo’lmaganga o’xshaysiz –a! Suluv Mis Jenet Peyton to’g’risidagi rivoyatlar –chi? - Yolg’on, hamm

I tried to tell about the night and the difference between the day the night was vey clean and cold. I couldn’t tell it: as I cannot tell it now but if you have had it you know. He had not had it but he understood that I really wanted to go to the Abruzzi but had not gone and we were still friends with many tastes alike but with the difference between us.(E.Hemingwey) – Men kechalar haqida , kechasi bilan kunduzning farqi haqida, nima uchun kechasi yaxshirog’u, kunduz kuni faqat sovuq va hamma narsa ravshan ekanligi haqida aytib berolmayman, ammo aytib bermoqchi bo’ldim. Hozir ham aytib berolmayman. Buni boshingizdan kechirgan bo’lsangiz, bilasiz. U bunday ahvolga tushmagan ekan, men chindan ham Ayrussaga bormoqchi bo’lib, nega borolmay qolganimni tushundi va biz yana do’stlashib ketdik. B

chaqirimdan oshiqroq masofa qiyalik tugagan joydan boshlab, Avstriyaliklar artileriyasi tomonidan o’qqa tutilishi mumkin edi, buning oqibati juda xunuk bo’lardi. Bu misolimizda I va it kishilik olmoshlari bosh kelishikda va gapda ega vazifasida bo’lib kelgan. “Never” exclaimed the young man springing from his seat and pacing the floor rapidly. Frances you shock me suppose it should be my fate, even now to fall in to the power of the rebels: You would vindicate my execution perhaps exult in the cruelty of Washington. (F.Cooper p-62) – Aslo! – qarshilik bildirdi kapitan va o’rnidan sapchip turib tez-tez uyoqdan buyoqqa odimlay boshladi. Senga hayronman, Fransis! Aytaylik men hozir isyonchilar qo’liga tushib qoldim. Demak, seningcha, meni qatl qilsalar bu adolatdan bo’larkan-da, balki sen xat

Bu misolimizda me, her kishilik olmoshlari obyektiv kelishigida bo’lib gapda predlogsiz vositasiz to’ldiruvchidir. Frances, who stood next to him, alone heard the voice, turning in amazement from view to the speaker, she saw him standing bareheaded evect and with his eyes lifted to heaven. (F.Cooper p-48) – Bu so’zlarni yolg’iz uning yonida turgan Fransisgina eshitdi. Qiz unga hayrat bilan tikildi. Mister Horner bosh yalang qaddini g’oz tutgan ko’yi, ko’kka tikilgancha turibdi. Bu misolimizda I – him, II – him kishilik olmoshi obyektiv kelishikda bo’lib, I – him va II – him kishilik olmoshi obyektiv kelishigida bo’lib, I – him gapda vositali to’ldiruvchi vazifasida kelgan. She kishilik olmoshi bosh kelishikda bo’lib, gapda ega vazifasida kelgan. Captain Worton, said the peddelor with great

Bu misolimizda I kishilik olmoshi bosh kelishikda, gapda ega vazifasida kelgan. Me kishilik olmoshi obyektiv kelishikda, gapda vositasiz to’ldiruvchi vazifasida bo’lib kelgan. “If you could sleep”, said Sarah “You were more fortune than Frances and myself every murmur of the night air sounded to me like the approach of the rebel army.(F.Cooper p-72) – Agar uxlay olgan bo’lsang – dedi Sara – Frensis ikkovimizdan baxtliroq ekansan. Har bitta tiq etgan tovush eshitilganda xuddi isyonchilar bostirib kelayotgandek bo’lib tuyuladi menga. Bu misolda you kishilik olmoshi bosh kelishikda ega vazifasida va me kishilik olmoshi obyektiv kelishigida, gapda vositali to’ldiruvchi vazifasida bo’lib kelgan. “Nay, Henri” rejoined the maid looking at him affectionately much as I love my own country the appr

Bu misolimizda I, he,we kishilik olmoshlari bosh kelishikda va gapda ega vazifasida kelgan. It, me kishilik olmoshlari obyektiv kelishikda va gapda vositali to’ldiruvchi vazifasida kelgan. The sentinel on the Pizza was at the distance of but a few feet from him and he entered into the spirit of the chase with all the order of a tired bloodhound. He noticed the approach of the black and his redicious position with a smile of contempt as he squered himself towards the enemy offering his unprotected breast to any dangerous which might come.(F.Cooper, p-97) – Undan bir necha odim narida, ayvonda turgan soqchi zanjilning buyoqqa chiqqanini sezgir hissiyoti bilan darhol payqadi. Sezarning farosati bilan jonlangan marrasi soqchida istehzoli kulgu uyg’otdi: U qaddinini rostlab butun vujudi bilan j

“Sir, your anxiety for your friend excuses your language” said Lowton haughtly : “ But you forget I am a Virginian and a gentleman, turning to the young man. He continued: “ were you ignorant Captain Wharton that our pickets, have been below you for several days.(F.Cooper, p-76 ) – Ser, o’g’limizning hayotidan tashvishlanayotganingizgina bu so’zlaringizni oqlaydi – dedi kapitan Loytan. Takabburona ohangda “siz mening Virjiniyalik hamda jentelmen ekanimni unutdingiz chog’i! – Keyin kapitanga qarata “siz esa, kapitan Yorton nahotki bizning soqchi otryadlarimiz bir necha kundan buyon shu atrofda vodiyning janubida turganidan bexabar bo’lsangiz. Bu misolimizda I, You, he kishilik olmoshlari bosh kelishikda, gapda ega vazifasida kelgan. You kishilik olmoshi esa obyektiv kelishikda predlogli to’

Bu misolimizda I, he kishilik olmoshlari bosh kelishikda bo’lib gapda ega vazifasida kelgan. Him kishilik olmoshi esa obyektiv kelishikda, gapda vositasiz to’ldiruvchi vazifasida kelgan. “That is strange too,” said the trooper looking at the disconcerted host intently considering. He is your next neighbour. He must be quite domestic, sir and to the ladies, it must be somewhat inconvenient. I doubt not that must in the window seat cost twice as much as he would have asked them for it. (F.C, p-66) – “Ana xolos!” – deya kapitan xijolat tortib qolgan uy sohibasiga sinovchan tikildi. “ Axir, u eng yaqin qo’shningiz bo’lsa, yon qo’shni – jon qo’shni deydilar-ku: Uyingizga ko’proq kirib-chiqib tursa, o’z odamlaring bo’lib qolgan bo’lsa, xonimlarga ham yaxshi bo’larmidi. Imonim komilki, anavi dera

nights of alov in have never been able to banish you image for a single moment. “Dear Dunwoodie” said Frances, softening nearly to tears and again extending her home to him, as the richness of her colour, gradually returned you know my sentiments – This war once ended and you may take that hand for ever – but I can never consent to tie myself to you by any closer union then already exists, so long as you are arroyed in arms against my only brother, even now that brother is awating your decision to restore him to liberty or to conduct him to a probably dearth. (F.C, p-82) – Sizni mening jufti halolim qila oladigan mustahkam sevgi rishtalaridan ham muhimroq narsa bo’lishi mumkinmi o’zi? Frensis, menga ana shunday mashaqqatli kunlar va xatarli tunlarda sizni bir nafas ham unutmagan odamga ko’

2.2 Kishilik olmoshlarining lingvistik tahlili Sintaktik – semantik belgilar ikki turga, ya’ni kategorial va nokategorial turlarga bo’linadi. Kategorial turlarga substantsional, protessual (jarayon, ish – harakatga xos) sintaksemalar, kvalifikativ (belgi, harakter, sifatga tegishli) sintaksemalar kiradi. Nokategorial turlarga negativlik, kolitativlik, aktivlik, stativlik (holatga tegishli), kvalitativlik (sifatga tegishli) kabi sintaktik – semantik belgilar kiradi. Ushbu bobning vazifasi eksperiment va modellashtirish uslublari yordamida stativ so’zlarni gap komponentlari sifatida o’raganishdan iboratdir. “Model” atamasining ma’nosi modellashtirish ilmiy tadqiqot uslubi tushunchasi bilan bog’liqdir, shu tufayli moskvalik tilshunoslar quyidagilarni yozadi: “Modellashtirishning ilmiy tadqiqo

Ushbu sintaktik bog’lanishlar bazasida gapning har birida ega va yadroviy predikativ komponentlar yaratiladi (NP1) va kesim, ya’ni gapning yadroviy kesimi komponenti (NP2) va yana tobe komponentlardir (D). Aytilganlar bilan bog’liq holda, biz quyidagi bog’lanish modelini – ichki bog’lanish modelini quramiz, ya’ni yunksion modelini (lotin tilidagi junctio) gap va gapning komponentli modeli sifatida quyidagi gaplarda ikkita asosiy bog’lanish mavjuddir. Ulardan biri yadroviy predikativli, boshqasi esa tobe yoki subordinativdir. Sintaksemalar va ularning variantlarini ifodalash vositasi sifatida kishilik olmoshlari va egalik olmoshlari boshqa guruh olmoshlariga qaraganda rus, ingliz va boshqa tillarda o’ziga xos vazifaviy xususiyatlarga ega. Birinchidan ular ikkalasi ham faqat substansional si

Yadroviy predikativ bog’lanish. Subordinativ bog’lanish. Kordinativ bog’lanish. Appozitiv bog’lanish. NP 1 -Yadroviy predikatsiyalanuvchi bo’lak. NP 2 -Yadroviy predikatsiyalanuvchi bo’lak. D-Tobe bo’lak. ¹ ² 54

He was sleeping. 1 2 N 1 N 2 N 1 N 2 Ega vazifasida 1 2 3 4  I am looking for someone experienced. 1 2 3 4 D D N 1 N 2 N 1 N 2 D.D. Ega vazifasida ¹ ² ³  We aren’t friends in the office. 55

1 2 3 D N 1 N 2 D N 1 N 2 Ega vazifasida 1 2 3 4  There were all of them left in Hyland. 1 2 3 4 D D N 1 N 2 N 1 N 2 DD Vositali to’ldiruvchi 1 2 3 56

There was him at the door. 1 2 3 D N 1 N 2 D N 1 N 2 Vositali to’ldiruvchi 1 2 3  They aren’t there anylonger. 1 2 3 57

D N 1 N 2 D N 1 N 2 Ega vazifasida 1 2 3 4 5 6 She saw him standing and with his friend. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oxf. P596. She – ega vazifasida Him – vositasiz to’ldiruvchi 1 2 3 4  He was looking for something-for someone. 1 2 3 4 58

R.L.B. p167 1 2 3 4  Something or someone he can recognize. 1 2 3 4 R.L.B. p 438 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  I have some holes behind, some fragments inside. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 59

W.H.L.p378  She was staring at something. 1 2 3 60

1 2 3  In any event, I cannot stand by……. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4  At any rate, it is worthy a try…. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4  In any event, it was not her exultation. 61

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 They walked without hats. 1 2 3 NP1 NP2 D1 None of them is known to us .( E.H.11p) 1 2 3 62

NP1 NP2 D1 Xulosa Shunday qilib biz bir necha keltirilgan ma’lumotlar va misollardan quyidagi xulosalarga keldik: Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi kishilik olmoshlari, umuman olmosh so’z turkumi boshqa mustaqil so’z turkumlaridan o’zining strukturasida, gapda kelgan o’rniga ko’ra tubdan farq qiladi. Ingliz tilidagi mustaqil so’zlar ichida olmoshlar boshqalardan bir qancha xususiyatlari bilan ajralib turadi. Olmosh tilda mavjud ma’no va mustaqil funksiyaga ega bo’lgan, predmetlarni va ularning belgisini hamda predmetlar o’rtasidagi sintaktik aloqalarini qisman ko’rsatib kelgan so’z turkumi hisoblanadi. Olmoshlar garchi har xil so’z turkumlari o’rnida ishlatilsa ham, ular predmet va ularning ma’nosini to’g’ridan -to’gri ifodalaydi. Shu sababli ularni tatbiq etish va tahlil etish bugungi zamon

tilidagi olmoshlar, asosan bir kelishik sistemasi bilan turlansa, ingliz tilidagi olmoshlar kelishiklar bilan turlashish jihatidan uch guruhga bo’linadi: 1.Nominativga obyektiv kelishik bilan turlanadigan olmoshlar. Bular kishilik olmoshlaridir. 2.Bosh va qaratqich kelishigi bilan turlanadigan olmoshlar.(each-other, one- another). 3. Umuman kelishiklar bilan turlanmaydigan turlanmaydigan olmoshlar (so’roq, ko’rsatish, o’zlik va hokazo). Ingliz tilida olmoshlarning 8ta turi mavjud deb aytib o’tgan edik. Bular: 1.Personal pronouns(Kishilik olmoshlari) 2.Possessive pronouns (egalik olmoshlari) 3.Reflexive pronouns (o’zlik olmoshlari) 4.Demonstrative pronouns (ko’rsatish olmoshlari) 5.Interrogative pronouns (so’roq olmoshlari) 6.Relative pronouns (bog’lovchi olmoshlari) 7. Indefinite pronouns

kishilik olmoshlar vositali yoki vositasiz to’ldiruvchi vazifasida keladi. Obyektiv kelishikddagi kishilik olmoshlari ko’proq predloglar bilan qo’llanadi. Umuman olganda ular anglatib kelgan ma’nolarning o’ziga xos xususiyatlari, uning ego- sentrimizmni(lotincha ega –men, centrum – markaz), va nomning ikkilamchi bo’linishidadir. Olmoshlar semantikasining egosentrizmini (utoegoizmi) so’zlovchi va nutq protsessi nuqtai nazaridan shaxs predmet ko’rsatishidadir. Masalan: I-(men) – so’zlovchi, you-(siz) – tinglovchi, it-(u) – o’zga shaxs yoki predmet. Olmoshlarning atash funksiyasining ikkilamchiligi uning shaxs, predmet, belgini mavjud nomlar orqali atalishi yoki konkret (aniq) bir nutq sharoitida ko’rsatishdadir. Foydalanilgan ilmiy adabiyotlar: 1. R.Qiyomov “Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi aft

2. С.Эгамбердиев"Синтактические и синтаксико-семантические характерестики сочетаний с предлогом under в современом английском языке Карши. 2007. 3. Р.Э.Қиёмов " Актуальные вопросы методики преподавания иностраных языков. Карши 1990. 4. А.М.МухиtСинтаксемный анализ и проблема уровней языка" 1980 5. Ильиш.Б.А. “Строй современого английского языка” 1971. 6. Ильиш.Б.А “Современый английский язык” (Теоритический курс) 2-изд. М. 1943 7. К.Н.Качалова, Е. Е. Израилович “Практическая грамматика английского языка” 1996. 8. В. Л.Каушанская и другие “Грамматика английского языка” 1971 9. Б.А.Ильина “Теоритическая грамматика английского языка” 1965. 10. Ш.Бархударов “Грамматика английского языка” 1971. Ленинград. 11. Н.А. Бонк, Н.А.Лукянова, Л.Г.Тамухина “Учебник английского языка” Бишкек.2

19. Н.И.Греч “Практическая грамматика” 1834 20. Джиэнбаев.А.И „К вопросу субстантивном управлении в современом английском языке“ Москва.1975 21. Мухин.А.М “Теоритические проблемы современых индоевропейских языков” Ленинград.1975 22. Miller.C.A “Grammar of modern English for foreign students” London. Torronto 1946 23. Buronov.J va boshqalar ingliz tili “Ingliz tili grammatikasi” Toshkent.1978 Foydalanilgan badiiy adabiyotlar: 1.Pronzini “Yachrot” New York. 1993 2.P.Abrahams “The path of thunder” M. Foreign languages publishing house. 1971 3.E.Hamingway “A farewell to arms” Leningrad. Progress publishers. 1976; 4.E.Heminguey “Alvido qurol” I. G’ofurov tarjimasi. Toshkent 1973; 5.R.Kippling “Kim” New York.1960 6.F.Cooper “The spy” Progress publishers. Moscow 1975 7.F.Kuper “Josus” Ingliz tili

8.M.Twain “Stories and Pumphlets” Moscow. Foreign languages publishing house.1952 9.Merlin Lovelace “Intimate movements”. Silhouette books. Buffalo.2008 10.Katherine Mansfield “Selected stories”Moscow. Foreign languages publishing house” 1959 Foydalanilgan ensiklopedik lug’atlar 1.Macmillan English Dictionary Second Edition 2007 2.Oxford Wordpower Dictionary Sally Wehmeier 1996 3.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English London 1992 4.Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary Oxford University Press 2000 5.English-Russian Dictionary V.K.Muller Moscow 1997 6.Oxford Russian Dictionary Bishkek 2008 68

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