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Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida modal fe`llar va ularning o`zbek tilida berilishi

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MAVZU: HOZIRGI ZAMON INGLIZ TILIDA MODAL FE`LLAR VA ULARNING O`ZBEK TILIDA BERILISHI

MUNDARIJA HOZIRGI ZAMON INGLIZ TILIDA MODAL FE`LLAR VA ULARNING O`ZBEK TILIDA BERILISHI. KIRISH… …………………………………………………………….. 3-13 I – BOB. FE’L SО‘Z TURKUMI HAQIDA UMUMIY MA’LUMOT 1.1§. Ingliz tilidagi modal fe’llar haqida ma’lumot ………………… 14-19 1.2§. Modal fe’llarning asosiy grammatik tavsifi …………………… 20-23 1.3§. Modal fe’llarning gapda ifodalanish usullari ………………….. 24-35 II – BOB. Ingliz tilida modal fe’llar va ularning ekvivalentlari 2. 1 .§. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida modal fe’llarning hususiyatlari … 36-44 2.2.§. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida “must” modal fe’li va uning ekvivalentlarining ma’nolari hamda ularning о‘zbek tilida berilishi… ……………………………………………… 45-50 2.3§. “May” va “must” modal fe’llarini qiyoslab о‘rganish, uning ekvivalentlarining ma’nolari hamda о‘zbek tilida berilishi. …

KIRISH Biz bitiruv malakaviy ishimiz haqida so’z yuritishdan oldin kelajagi buyuk mamlakatimizda yurtboshimiz Islom Karimov tashabbusi va bevosita rahnamoligida xalqimizning hech kimdan kam bo’lmasdan tinch - totuv yashashi va farovonligi yo’lida amalga oshirilayotgan oqilona va odilona siyosatidan faxr va iftihorga to’lib, Prezident ko’rsatmalaridan saboq olish niyatida u kishining keyingi paytlardagi ma’ruza va nutqlari boyicha imkon darajasida yozishni maqsadga muvofiq deb topdik. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2010 yil 30-iyundagi “ O’zbekiston Respublikasi davlat mustaqilligining o’n to’qqiz yillik bayramiga tayyorgarlik ko’rish va uni o’tkazish to’g’risida”gi PQ – 1358 – son Qarori hamda mamlakatimizda istiqlol yillarida ijtimoiy – siyosiy, huquqiy, ma’naviy – ma’rifiy va iq

Umuman olganda, islohotlar markazida insonning oliy qadriyat sifatida baholanishi mamlakatimizda strategik vazifalariga hamohangdir. Xususan, bu boradagi barcha o’zgarishlarni mazmun-mohiyati ham inson va uning qadr – qimmatini ko’tarish bilan bog’liq. Vatan va inson mafaati - oily maqsad. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Islom Karimov: “ Bugun biz tarixiy davrda - xalqimiz o’z oldiga ezgu va ulug’ maqsadlar qoyib, tinch osoyishta hayot kechirayotgan, avvalambor, o’z kuch va imkoniyatlariga tayanib, demokratik davlat va fuqarolik jamiyat qurish yo’lida ulkan natijalarni qo’lga kiritayotgan bir zamonda yashamoqdamiz”, - degan edi. Avvalo, tarixan qisqa davr, bir o’spirin yoshiga teng vaqt davomida davlatimiz uchun siyosiy sohada, davlat va jamiyat qurilishi borasida har tomonlama rivojla

Mustaqillik - demokratik islohotlar kafolati. Prezidentimiz asoslab berganidek, mamlakatni yangilanish va modernizatsiyalash tadrijiylik va izchillik erishish kafolat bo’lib xizmat qilishi mumkin. Taraqqiyotning o’zbek modeli rivojlanish tamoyillarini to’g’ri tanlab olishda asos bo’lib xizmat qildi. Demokratik davlat qurish tamoyillari, ya’ni iqtisodning siyosatdan ustuvorligi, davlatning bosh islohotchilik faoliyati, qonun ustuvorligiga erishish, kuchli ijtimoiy himoyani amalga oshirish, bozor iqtisodiyotiga evolutsion yo’l bilan bosqichma – bosqich o’tish O’zbekistonning strategic rivojlanishi uchun asos bo’ldi. Mamlakatimizda milliy davlatchilikni barpo etilishi ham puxta reja asosida border. 1992 yilda asosiy qonunimiz - O’zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasini ishlab chiqilishi va q

ustuvor bo’lib keldi. Yurtboshimiz: “ Ong va tafakkur o’zgarmasa, hayot o’zgarmaydi”, - degan g’oyasi amalda o’z isbotini topmoqda. Yangicha hayotni eskicha ong va tafakkur qarashlar bilan qurib bo’lmasligini anglab yetish odamlar dunyoqarashining o’zgarishiga olib keladi. Mamlakatamizda demokratik islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish va fuqarolik jamiyatini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi. Shu kunlarda barchamiz nihoyasiga yetib borayotgan 2010 yilni yakunlab, vatanimiz mustaqilligining 20 yilligi nishonlanadigan yangi 2011 yil ostonasida turibmiz deb ta’kidladilar prezidentimiz. Ma’lumki, O’zbekiston 1991 yili o’z mustaqilligini qo’lga kiritganidan so’ng, umrini o’tab bo’lgan mustabid, ma’muriy – buyruqbozlik, rejali - taqsimot tizimidan voz kechib, “ o’zbek modeli” deb nom olgan o’z taraqqi

sohada erishilgan marralar - aholini ijtimoiy himoya qilish uchun yo’naltirilgan davlat xarajatlarining 5 barobar ko’paygani, turmush darajasining sezilarli ravishda yaxshilangani va buning natijasida onalar o’limi 2 barobardan ko’proq, bolalar o’limi 3 barobar kamaygani, odamlarning o’rtacha umr ko’rishi 67 yoshdan 73 yoshga, jumladan, ayollarning o’rtacha umr ko’rishi 75 yoshga yetganini mamnuniyat bilan ta’kidlasak arziydi, deb oylayman. Shundan kelib chiqqan holda, quyidagi yo’nalishlarda demokratik o’zgarishlarni yanada chuqurlashtirishning eng muhim ustuvor vazifalari sifatida belgilash zarur, deb oylayman. Davlat hokimiyati va boshqaruvini demokratlashtirish. Ma’lumki, o’tgan davr mobaynida mamlakatimizda davlat hokimiyati va boshqaruvini demokratlashtirish sohasida amalga oshirilga

hokimiyati organlarining kelishilgan holda faoliyat yuritishini hamda hamkorligini ta’minlaydi”,- degan qoida belgilab qoyilgan. Shundan kelib chiqqan holda, O’zbekiston Respublikasi Konstitutsiyasining 98-moddasini quyidagi tahrirda bayon etishni taklif qilinadi: “ O’zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi ijro etuvchi hokimiyatni amalga oshiradi. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasi O’zbekiston Respublikasi Bosh vaziri, uning o’rinbosarlari, vazirlar, davlat qo’mitalarining raislaridan iborat. Qoraqalpog’iston Respublikasi hukumatining boshlig’i Vazirlar Mahkamasi tarkibiga o’z lavozimi boyicha kiradi. Vazirlar Mahkamasi iqtisodiyotning, ijtimoiy va ma’naviy sohaning samarali faoliyatiga rahbarlikni, O’zbekiston Respublikasi qonunlari, Oliy Majlis qarorlari, O’zbekiston Respubli

deputatlik o’rnini olgan siyosiy partiya yoki teng miqdordagi deputatlik o’rinlarini qo’lga kiritgan bir necha siyosiy partiyalar tomonidan taklif etiladi. Bosh vazir nomzodi uning uchun tegishlicha O’zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining Qonunchilik palatasi deputatlari va Senati a’zolari umumiy sonining yarmidan ko’pi tomonidan ovoz berilgan taqdirda tasdiqlangan hisoblanadi. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining a’zolari Bosh vazir taqdimiga binoan O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti tomonidan tasdiqlanadi. Shuningdek, Prezident ma’ruzasida sud- huquq tizimini isloh etish, axborot sohasini isloh qilish, axborot va so’z erkinligini ta’minlash, saylov huquqi erkinligini ta’minlash va saylov qonunchiligini rivojlantirish, fuqarolik jamiyati institutlarini shakllantirish va rivo

Bugun dunyo iqtisodiyotidagi ahvolni tahlil qilar ekanmiz, jahon moliyaviy va iqtisodiy inqirozi hali beri nihoyasiga yetgani yo’q, deb aytishga barcha asoslarimiz bor. Dunyodagi taraqqiy topgan 20 ta davlat ishtirokida tashkil etilgan, “Katta yigirmatalik” deb nom olgan guruh doirasida qabul qilinayotgan barcha chora – tadbirlarga qaramasdan, jahon iqtisodiyotida barqaror o’sish sur’atlariga erishish yo’lida hozircha biron – bir jiddiy siljish ko’zga tashlanayotgani yo’q. Biz bugun 2010 yil yakunlarini baholar ekanmiz, avvalo, mamlakatimiz iqtisodiyotining yuqori barqaror o’sish sur’atlari va makroiqtisodiy mutanosibligi saqlanib qolayotganini qayd etishimiz zarur. Shuni yana bir bor eslatib o’tmoqchimanki deb, ta’kidlaydi Prezidentimiz, yurtimizda yalpi ichki mahsulotning o’sish sur’atla

sport inshooti, 27 ta suzish havzasi foydalanishga topshirildi, umumiy qiymati 3 million AQSh dollariga teng bo’lgan sport inventarlari va uskunalar joylarga yetkazib berildi. O’tgan yilda farzandlarimizning ijodiy qobiliyati va ma’naviyatini yuksaltirishga qaratilgan musiqa va san’at maktablarining moddiy – texnik bazasini mustahkamlash boyicha qabul qilingan dasturni amalga oshirish boshlandi. Agar 2009 yilda oltita musiqa va san’at maktabi qurilgan va rekonstruksiya qilingan bo’lsa, hisobot yilida 46 ta ana shunday maktab foydalanishga topshirildi. Ularning qurilishiga 51 milliard so’mdan ortiq capital mablag’ yo’naltirildi. Birgina 2010 yilda budjet sohasi muassasalari xodimlari ish haqi, pensiyalar va ijtimoiy nafaqalar, stipendiyalar 32 foizga , aholining umumiy pul daromadlari esa j

Tilshunoslikka oid bir qancha masalalar borki ular nafaqat ingliz tilida balki о‘zbek tilida xam bir qancha muammolar keltirib chiqarmoqda. Bu muamolardan biri hozirgi ingliz tilida modal fe’llar va ularning о‘zbek tilida berilishidir. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning dolzarbligi : Bitiruv malakaviy ishning dolzarbligi shundan iboratki, hozirda universitetlarga kiruvchilar uchun axborotnomalar nashr etilyapti va axborotnomalarda modal fe’llar bilan berilgan gaplar ko‘p uchramoqda. Ularni yechish davomida ham uchraydigan qiyinchiliklarga bu malakaviy bitiruv ishida ko‘tarilgan mavzu katta yordam beradi deb o‘ylayman. Tadqiqotning o‘rganganlik darajasi ingliz tilida modal fe’llar mavzusida ko`plab tadqiqotlar olib borilgan. Jumladan, Каушанская, Ганшина o`zbek olimlaridan, J. Bo`ronov, Bahudarov, R

Bitiruv malakaviy ishining ilmiy yangiligi . Zamonaviy ingliz tilidagi modal fe’llaprni о‘zbek tilida tarjima qilishda vujudga kelgan muammolarni bartaraf etish, tarjimani turli usullarini ma’lum qonun-qoidalarga rioya qilgan holda kо‘rib chiqish. Bitiruv malakaviy ishining ilmiyligi ahamiyati. Ushbu modal fe’llarni ingliz tilida olib borilgan olimlarning izlanishlari asosida o‘zbek tilida chuqurroq o‘rganish uchun ko‘rib chiqildi. Ishdagi materiallar o‘quv qo‘llanmalar tuzishda leksografik amaliy grammatika va qiyosiy grammatikada kurs ishlari yozishda foydalaniladi. Bitiruv malakaviy ishining amaliy ahamiyati Ushbu to‘plangan mavjud axborot va ma’lumotlarni to‘liq o‘rganish, o‘quv qo‘llanmalar tuzishda, qiyosiy grammatika, nazariy grammatika darslarda shuningdek mutaxassislik bo‘yicha ma

I – BOB. FE’L SО‘Z TURKUMI HAQIDA UMUMIY MA’LUMOT 1.1§. INGLIZ TILIDAGI MODAL FE’LLAR HAQIDA MA’LUMOT Ushbu bitiruv malakaviy ishi modal fe’llarga qaratilgan bo‘lsada, birinchi navbatda fe’l haqida fikr yuritilgan. Harakat yoki holatni protsess sifatida harakterlab zamon, aspekt, mayl, nisbat, perfekt va boshqa grammatik kategoriyalarga ega bo‘lgan so‘z turkumi fe’l deyiladi. Fe’l asosan shaxs faoliyatini ko‘rsatib keladi 2 . Disk Bolton walked around past the cottage down to the lake – Dik Bolton kotedjdan o`tib ko`lga tomon piyoda sayr qildi (E. Hemingway) Eddy an Billy Ta be show had rocked the log out of the wet sand and rolled it toward the water – “Eddi va Billi Tabiov yog`ochni nam qumdan tashqariga tortdi va uni suvga yumalatdi. (E. Hemingway) Mel had gone to the office door – Mel

1. Mustaqil fe’llar – national verbs 2. Yordamchi fe’llar – link verbs 3 Demak, ish-harakatning holatini ko‘rsatuvchi mustaqil so‘z turkumi bo‘lib, u zamon, mayl, nisbat, shaxs, son va boshqa kategoriyalarni o‘zida ifodalaydi. Hamma tillarda ham fe’l o‘timli, o‘timsizga ajratiladi. Fe’ldan anglashilgan harakatning predmetga munosabati fe’ldagi o‘timlilik va o‘timsizlikni tashkil qiladi. Take – olmoq, make – qilmoq, have – ega bo`lmoq, read – o`qimoq, build – qurmoq, hear – eshitmoq, kabi fe’llar o`timlidir. To lie – yotmoq, to sit – o`tirmoq, to stand – turmoq, to sleep – uxlamoq, to swim – cho`milmoq kabi fe’llar o`timsizdir. Kaushanskaya V. L. e’tirof etishicha: the verb is a part of speech includes words expressing actions or states conceived as process 4 Analiz qilingan ilmiy va amaliy

Vositasiz to‘diruvchi bilan birikib kelishi mumkin. Bu borada olimlar fikriga nazar tashlasak, masalan, Ilshin B. A fe’llarni semantikasiga ko‘ra quyidagi guruhlarga bo‘lgan: 1. tugal fikrni anglatib vositasiz to‘ldiruvchini talab etmaydigan fe’llar 2. tugal fikrni anglatib, ma’noni anglatuvchi vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi talab etishi mumkin bo‘lgan fe’llar. 3. tugal ma’noni anglatmay vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi bilan qo‘llaniladigan fe’llar. Endi esa o‘timlilik va o‘timsizlik xususiyatini anglashdagi ba’zi bir baxsli fikrlarni ko‘rib chiqamiz. O‘timlilikni ifodalashda ba’zi mualliflar umumiy qabul qilingan qoidalarga tayanadilar ya’ni ular o‘timlilikni fe’l vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi birikmasi asosida aniqlanadi, deyishadi. Ingliz tili nazariy grammatikasining mualliflari V. N. Jigadlo va boshqalar “Ho

A film of pain passed over his eyes (P. Phtahams) To‘liqsiz fe’llar o‘z navbatida: a) bog‘lovchili, b) modal fe’llarga bo‘linadi. Bitiruv malakviy ishi modal fe’llar haqida bo‘lganligi uchun endi modal fe’llar to‘g‘risida so‘z yuritamiz. Ingliz tilida modal fe’llar haqida va ularning turli ma’nolari haqida bitiruv malakaviy ishning boshlarida ma’lumot berilib, ularga aloxida to‘xtalib o‘tildi. Modal fe’llar ingliz tilida juda ko‘p ishlatiladi. Ulardan can, may, must, need, dare, might va boshqalar o‘zbek tilida turli ma’nolarni anglatadi. Qo‘lidan kelmoq, zaruriyat, kerak bo‘lmoq, mumkin, faraz, taxmin qilmoq, majburiyat, muxtoj bo‘lmoq kabi ma’nolarni anglatuvchi modal fe’llar turli zamonalarda ishlatiladi. Modal fe’llarni o‘zbek tilida tarjima qilish jarayonida uchraydigan ayrim qiyinchi

Modal fe’llarni nazariy jixatdan o‘rganish uni amaliyotga qo‘llash usullarini yengillashtiradi. O‘quvchilarga so‘zlashuvda foydalanadilar. Masalan, Jamila Bobojonova va Lubeggnikal tomonidan tuzilgan o‘zbekcha-ruscha-inglizcha so‘zlashuvda modal fe’llardan juda ko‘p qo‘llanilgan, ayniqsa, iltimos, maslaxat, zaruriyat yuzasidan fikrni ifodalash uchun modal fe’llar keng qo‘llanilgan - Where can I bud a tckets? (A. S. Barduharov 9 ) - You might pick up tickets at the entrance (G`. Abdurahmonov) - I’ll have to consult a doctor. ( I. M. Tordon ) - Could you possible show me a perfume with a milder scent? (A. Sulaymonov) Yana bir misol qilib, can modal fe’lining o‘tgan zamon uchun could shaklini olaylik. U deyarli iltimos so‘rash ma’nosida ko‘p ishlatiladi. Bu paytda u o‘tgan zamon ma’nosida ema

Anglatgan ma’nosiga ko‘ra, majburiylik, mumkinlik, zarurlik, ishonch, xoxish yoki ruxsat, taxmin, faraz qilish, qo‘lidan kelishlik va shunga o‘xshash boshqa ma’nolarni ifodalovchi fe’llar modal fe’llar deyiladi. Modal fe’llar harakatni ko‘rsatmasligi tufayli boshqa fe’llardan simantik jihatdan farq qiladi. Modal fe’llar doimo infenitiv shaklidagi asosiy fe’llar bilan birga ishlatilib asosiy fe’llarga modallik qo‘shadi. Masalan: I go home – I must go home Uyga boraman – uyga borishim kerak. 19

1.2.§. MODAL FE’LLARNING ASOSIY GRAMMATIK TAVSIFI . Modal fe’llarning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari quyidagilar: 1. Moda l fe’llar faqat infenitiv formasidagi fe’llar bilan ishlatiladi. Modal fe’li bilan ishlatiladigan infinitiv har xil bo‘lishi mumkin. A) perfekt emas infiniti: Well you can go out to the flat then, that’s all right (Th Dreiser) Go you may say he’s in Government wen before he’s in the house (I. K. Chesterson) But you might keep chickens. b) perfekt infinitiv: but he must have worked his way through his fortune also with marvelous rapidity (I. R. Chesterton). You ought to have seen the tie he had on (th Drieser) c) davomli aspektdagi perfekt infinitiv: the book in his eyes might well have been disquieting to any one left alone with him on an island in the middle of a lake d) dav

it might have seen son sidered beautiful at one time 2. Modal fe’llardan keyin asosiy fe’l to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi, ya’ni ular hamisha predikativ formada bo‘ladi. Ammo modal fe’llarining ekvivalenti bundan mustasnodir. He come to read – he can read 3. Uchinchi shaxs birlikda shaxs qo‘shimchasi s ishlatilmaydi. You must go out in the fresh air all you can. You can get a nice room here and some clothes and then you can do something (Th. Driers) 4. Modal fe’llarning ayrimlari ikkita zamon formasida ( can- could, may-might, will-would, dare-dared, shall-should ) ayrimlari faqat bitta o‘zgarmas formada (must, ought, need) keladi. 1. Clyde could scarcely prevent her voice from trembling (Th. Driers) 2. “Perhaps” she thought “they may want some one” (Th. Driers) 3. Between ourselves, I might

5. Modal fe’llardan sifatdosh ( participle ) formalarini yasab bo‘lmaydi. 6. Suffiks yoki preflikslar yordamida modal fe’llardan yangi so‘zlar yasalmaydi, chunki modal fe’llarning o‘zlari so‘z yasashi usuli yordamida boshqa so‘zlardan yasalgan emas. Can, may, must modal fe’llari anglatgan ma’noni to have, to have got, to be obliged, to be yordamida ham berish mumkin Bu infinitiv folmalar modal fe’llarning o‘ziga xos sinonimlari bo‘lib, ularni modal fe’llariningekvivalenti deb yuritiladi. Can modal fe’li anglatadigan ma’noni ayrim hollarda to be able yordamida ham berish mumkin May modal fe’lining esa, to be allowed (to) kabi ekvivalenti bor. Modal fe’llarning ekvivalentlari hamma vaqt ham modal fe’llarning o‘rnini bosavermaydi. Bu ekvivalent fe’llargrammatik kategoriyalarning deyarli hamma

1. Fe’l mayillari bilan (mood) 2. Modal fe’llar bilan (modal verbs) 3. Modal (kirish) so‘zlar bilan ( modal parenthetical words ) Shular ichida modal fe’llar o‘ziga xos axamiyat kasb etib, quyidagicha hususiyatlarni namoyon qiladi: 1. Modal fe’llar faqat infinitiv shakldagi fe’llar bilan ishlatiladi. Modal fe’llar bilan ishlatiladigan infinitiv har xil bo‘lishi mumkin. 2. Modal fe’llardan keyin kelgan infinitiv to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi, ya’ni ular hamisha predikativ formada bo‘ladi 11 . Ammo modal fe’llarning ayrim ekvivalentlari bundan mustasnodir. 1. He can go with you U siz bilan boradi. 2. I must prepare all my things Hamma narsalarimni tayyorlashim kerak Ammo ought to yuklamasi bilan ishlatiladi. 3. You ought to discuss that question Siz o‘sha savolni muxokama qilishingiz kerak. 4.

1.3§. MODAL FE’LLARNING GAPDA IFODALANISH USULLARI Modal fe’llarning ayrimlari ikkita zamon formasida, ayrimlari esa faqat bitta zamon formasida ishlatiladi. Can modal fe’li (f) va uning ekvivalenti to b e able ( to ) Can modal fe’li faqat ikki zamonda qo‘llanilishi mumkin bo‘lganligi uchun u hozirgi zamonda can , o‘tgan zamonda could formalariga egadir. Can fe’li inkor formada ishlatilganda, unga not yuklamasi qo‘shiladi: can-cannot. Can modal fe’lining o‘tgan zamon formasi bo‘lgan could ga not yuklamasi qo‘shilmasdan yoziladi. could-could not So‘roq bo‘lmagan forma Hozirgi zamon O‘tgan zamon Bo‘lishli forma Bo‘lishsiz forma Bo‘lishli forma Bo‘lishsiz forma I can He can She can It can We can You can They can I cannot He cannot She cannot It cannot We cannot You cannot They cannot I can’t

So`roq forma . Hozirgi zamon O‘tgan zamon Bo‘lishli forma Bo‘lishsiz forma Bo‘lishli forma Bo‘lishsiz forma Can I Can He Can She Can It Can We Can You Can They Cannot I Cannot He Cannot She Cannot It Cannot We Cannot You Cannot They Can’t I Can’t He Can’t She Can’t It Can’t We Can’t You Can’t They Could I Could He Could She Could It Could We Could You Could They Could I not Could He not Could She not Could It not Could We not Could You not Could They not Couldn’t I Couldn’t He Couldn’t She Couldn’t It Couldn’t We Couldn’t You Couldn’t They Can va could modal fe’llarining ekvivalenti bo‘lgan to be able (to) ishlftilishigf ko‘ra ma’lum zamon yoki grammatik kategoriya bilan chegaralanmagan. To be able (to) ning inkor formasi ham not yuklamasi yordamida yasaladi. He is able to do it – he is no

You will be able to work now for three days without eating because you can live on you humph (R Kipling).They could scarcely restrain her tears.(The Dreiser). b) biror ishni bajarish uchun kerak bo’lgan aqliy qobilyatni: (Bu guruhga harid qila olish va qila olmaslikqobiyatini ham kiritiladi): 1. They couldn’t know that the responsibility of such a postment that the subaltern got hardly any sleep at all (R. Aldington). 2. She could think of no way of explaining (Th Drliser). 3. I can’t understand it is sickening monstaaus! (A. Hixley). 4. Carrie saw the drift but could not express her thoughts (Th Dreiser). C) biror ishni bajarish imkoniyatga ega bo’lish yoki ega bo’lmaslikni, ishonishni va ishonmaslikni 1. “He could go along”, said Carrie (Dreiser) 2. No d.m afraid I can’t help you (I. K.

1. I guess we can’t use you (Dreiser) 2. I’ve so many misfortunes I suppose I can bear this too (A. E. Coppard) 3. Can he be there? (Kipling) 4. He can’t have gone? (Bennet) F) t aa jub, xayrat va shu kabilarni: 1. Why couldn’t he speak? (I. K. Chesterton) 2. How could you be so stupid, Sophie (A. Huxley) J) ish-harakatning yuzaga chiqqani yoki chiqmaganligi, chiqishi gumon ekanligini: 1. “If I could only get something to do”, she said (Dreiser) 2. If one could only spend a whole day in bed in a huge bed, feathery, warm and soft, all the day long (A. Huxley) H) can (could) not help noaniq formadagi fe’l yordamida biror ish- harakatning yuzaga chiqishini hohlanmasa-da, baribir ro‘y berganligini bildirishi mumkin. 1. I couldn’t help smiling 2. She could not help smiling as he told her some p

3. But I’m damned if I can see why we should lie for those cosmopolitan cads who only help themselves (G. K. Chesterton) Shuni ko‘rsatib o‘tish shartki, see konkret leksik ma’nosini saqlab qolishi ham mumkin. Masalan: From the pavement below she could see that their room was lit (A. E. Coppard) Bu modal fe’l ham faqat ikki zamon formasida qo‘llanilib, uning hozirgi zamondagi formasi may o‘tgan zamon formasi might dir. Kelasi zamon va boshqa kategoriyal formalarda may fe’lning ekvivalenti to be allowed (to) ishlatiladi: 1. The patient is allowed to walk - Kasalga yurishga ruxsat berilgan 2. The patient was allowed to walk - Kasalga yurishga ruxsat berilgan edi 3. The patient will be allowed to walk in a week - Kasalga bir xaftadan so‘ng yurishga ruxsat beriladi. May (might) va uning ekvival

May I? May He? May She? May It ? May We? May You? May They? May I not? May He not? May She not? May It not? May We not? May You not? May They not? Might I Might He Might She Might It Might We Might You Might They Might I not Might He not Might She not Might It not Might We not Might You not Might They not May (might) ning ekvivalenti sifatida to be permitted (to) (ruhsat etilmoq, ruhsat berilmoq) konstruksiyasidan ham foydalanishi mumkin. Bu konstruksiya ma’nosiga ko`ra to be allowed (to) konstruksiyasidan farq qilmaydi.  permitted is one No allowed is one No to be late Tarjimasi: Hech kimga kech qolishiga ruxsat etilmaydi. May fe’li quyidagi leksik ma’nolarni anglatadi. A) imkoniyatni, biror harakatni yuzaga chiqishida qarshilik yo‘qligini; 1. I may explain that I have some status in M

3. “Yes” said Dingo Yellow – Dog-Dingo, “I am just in the same situation. I have made him different from all other animals: but what may I have for my tea” (R. Kipling) 4. If I take ride, I may not like it and well never live in this house (B. I. Friedman) c) extimolllikni, ish-harakatning yuzaga chiqqanligi yoki chiqmaganligini, chiqishi yoki chiqmasligini: 1. Perhaps, she thought, they may want someone, and crossed over to enter (Th. Dreiser) 2. It was may idea that a gang of thieves might have broken in and be now run sacking North mour’s cupboards (R. L. Stevenson) 3. If you will find the facts perhaps others may find the explanation (Conan Dayle) 4. Without a counseller at hand to whisper cantious interpretation what falsehoods may not these things breathe into the unguarded ear. (Th.

Keyingi modal fe’limiz must va uning ekvivalentlari to have (to), to be (to) esa quyidagicha ishlatiladi: Must faqat hozirgi zamon formasida ishlatilib, boshqa zamon formalarida uning ekvivalentlari – to have (to) to be obliged (to), to have got (to), to be (to) ishlatiladi. Must modal fe’li ekvivalentlaridan semantik va stilistik jihatdan farq qilishi mumkin. Hozirgi ingliz tilida must fe’li quyidagi ma’nolarni anglatadi. A) zaruriyat yoki majburiylikni; 1. Some day I really must go to the Louvre and see my portrait (A. Huxley) 2. I must find some clean linen (P. Abrahams) 3. I must have made some tart rejoinder (R. L. Stevenson) 4. He know he must go. (D. H. Lawrence) B) buyruq, maslahat, tavsiya qilish, qattiq iltimosni; 1. You must go to out in the fresh air all you can. (A. E. Cappard

1. “It must be a cleverer family,” said Harold March with a smile. (G. K. Chesterton) 2. But she must be lonely (P. Abrahams) 3. You must feel lonely too? He said (I bid) 4. He must be about ninety, but he’s some strong guy (B. G. Freidman) 5. North mour himself must have arrived and was now airing and inspecting the Pavilian (R. L. Stevenson) Must modal fe’lining so`roq va so`roq bo`lmagan formalarini quyidagicha izohlaymiz. Hozirgi zamon Bo`lishli forma Bo`lishsiz forma Bo`lishli forma Bo`lishsiz forma To`liq forma Qisqargan forma To`liq forma Qisqargan forma I must He must She must It must We must You must They must I must not He must not She must not It must not We must not You must not They must not I must n’t He must n’t She must n’t It must n’t We must n’t You must n’t They must n’t

- Nima uchun qari Tante fermaning narigi chekkasida yashashga majbur bo‘lgan ekan? 3. I just have to go to Smith’s (P. Abrahams) - Men Smitlarnikiga borishim kerak. To have to har uchchala zamonda ham ishlatilishi mumkin. A) Hozirgi zamonda: 1. But I have to think of you (A. E. Coppart) 2. I have to be in London for some days (G. K. Chaesterton) B) o‘tgan zamonda 1. Stern had to walk through using a porket flash – light and not really sure whether he was on some one’s property. (B. J. Freidman) 2. She had to be bend and strain at it in order to pull it out (A. Huxley). S) kelasi zamonda: 1. I think I shall have to go (A. E. Coppart) 2. It’s only our secrets price, Mummy clear, and we’ll tell you all about it the very minute it’s done: but please don’t ask me what it is now, or else, I’ll h

to be (to) – zaruriyatni, biron ishni qilish majburiyligini, oldindan kelishib qo‘yilganligini ko‘rsatadi. to be (to) – fe’lidan anglashilgan ish-harakat nutq so‘zlanib turgan paytdan keyin yuzaga chiqadi va shu sababli u modal ma’noda kelasi zamon formasida qo‘llanmaydi. to be (to) – fe’li ham indikativ, ham shart mayllarida ishlatiladi. 1. My mother said that when I ment Hedgehog I am to drop him into the water and then he will ancoil, and when I meet a Tortoise I am to scoop him of his shell with my paw (R. Kipling) 2. If I were to die I shouldn’t idle here? (Flemming) Agar biz to be (to) – ni inkor formasida ishlatsak, harakatni bajarishga zaruriyat yo‘qligini yoki so‘zlovchining plantirilgan ishningg yuzaga chiqishiga qarshi ekanligini ifodalaydi. 1. You’re not to go! I object (A. E.

3. I don’t need the did of a clever man to teach me how to live (H. James) 4. Bringing education to people who need it (P. Abrahams) 5. You will need help Mable (P. Abrahams) B) boshqa fe’llar bilan ishlatilib, u fe’llar to yuklamasi bilan birga keladi: I don’t have enough. That’s the perfect extra thing I need to carry (B. J. Freidman) Need ot vazifasida ham kelishi mumkin: 1. But one has no need of a reason for that (H. Tames) 2. There was no need for words (P. Abrahams) II – BOB. INGLIZ TILIDA MODAL FE`LLAR VA ULARNING EKVIVALENTLARI 2.1 §. MODAL FE’LLARNING HUSUSIYATLARI Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida modal fe’llar juda ko‘p uchraydi va qo‘llanadi. Ingliz tilida asosan quyidagi modal fe’llar bor: must, can, ought, may, should, need, dare, would. Bundan tashqari must ning ekvivalenti to ha

ham bor. Gapda modal fe’llar mustaqil fe’llar bilan birga kelib, qo‘shma fe’l kesim yoki modal fe’l ot – kesim bo‘lib keladi. Modal fe’llarning quyidagi xususiyatlari bor: 1. Modal fe’llardan keyin infinitiv “to” yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi. 2. Ularning so‘roq va negativ formalari “do” yordamchi fe’lisiz qo‘llaniladi. 3. Ko‘p modal fe’llarning bittadan ortiq ham ma’nosi bo‘lishi mumkin, bunday hoda gapning ma’nosiga qarab modal fe’llar tarjima qilinadi va qo‘llaniladi. 4. ba’zi modal fe’llar gapning har xil turlari uchun ham qo‘llanilishi mumkin va ba’zi modal fe’llar esa faqat so‘roq gaplarda yoki faqat bo‘lishsiz gaplarda qo‘lanladigan xollar ham uchrab turadi. 5. modal fe’llar o‘zlaridan keyin fe’lning xar xil formalarini qabul qiladilar va har xil vazifalarni bajaradilar. Simple va perfec

Uning ismi Smit. Shunday ekan u ingliz bo‘lishi kerak. Bu gapda xulosani bildiradi. 3. You must (bought to) see the film. Siz filmni ko‘rishingiz kerak. (maslahat) 4. If you want to know the English you must learn English language - Agar siz ingliz tilini bilishni xoxlasangiz, siz ingliz tilini o‘rganishingiz kerak. (zarur) (V. C. Muller 13 ) 5. You may (can) go home as soon as you have finished you work (B.A.Ilyish) Siz ishingiz tugashi bilanoq uyga kelishingiz mumkin. 6. He will smoke, through his doctor says he shouldn’t (G`.Abdurahmonov) Uning doktori ta’kidlasa ham u sigaret chekyapti 7. Ye can climb to the top of the tallest three. (I. M. Gordan) U eng baland daraxtning tepasiga chiqa oldi. (jismoniy qobiliyatni ifodalaydi.) 8. Pease must some day or after. (G.A.V 14 ) Oldindan aytis

Xat tashuvchi buni qilardi. III. Modal fe’llarning ekvivalentlari va o‘tgan zamon shakllari ham uchrab turadi. 1. I can get to the top. (E. E. Izrailovich) Men cho‘qqiga chiqa olaman 2. I could get to the top. (E. E. Izrailovich 15 ) Men tepaga chiqa olardim. 3. She can (could) have done it. You ought to have be haved (K. N. Kachalova) IV. Modal fe’llar could, should, would, might – hohish – istakni amalga oshmaydigan orzuni ifodalash uchun ham qo‘llanadi. Fgar bunday ma’nolarni ifodalanganda bu modal fe’llarni can, shall, will, may kabilarning o‘tgan zamon formasi deb hisoblash mumkin. Bunday hollarda ular mustaqil fe’llar hisoblanadi. Masalan: 4.If I were a bear, I shouldn’t much care. Agar ayiq bo‘lganida menga ko‘p g‘amho‘rlik kerak bo‘lmasdi. (I. M. Gordon) 5. If I could have any wish

Modal fe’llar would, could o‘zining mustaqil ma’nolarini yo‘qotib ko‘chma ma’noda ya’ni, bu gaplar iltimos degan ma’noda ishlatiladilar, chunki ko‘p so‘roq gaplarda ular iltimosni bildiradilar. Ma’nosida dasturlarga nisbatan, oilaga, a’zolarga nisbatan (lekin o‘zidan yoshi kattalarga emas) might, will, wan’t modal fe’llari iltimos ma’nosida qo‘llaniladi. Masalan: 1. Won’t you walk a little fater? (Vehhman) Ozgina tezroq yura olmaysizmi? 2. You might walk a little faster? Siz ozgina tezroq yurishingi mumkin edi. 3. Walk a little faster will you? Ozgina tezroq yurmaysizmi, Biz hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida can fe’lining ekvivalenti be able to ni kо‘p uchratamiz. Be able to can modal fe’lining о‘rnida qо‘llanib turadi, ammo can kо‘p qо‘llanladi. - Are you able to speak any foreign languages? Am

You can see the sea from our bedroom of our window. – Siz yotog‘imiz derazasidan dengizni kо‘ra olasiz Can you speak English? – Siz inglizcha gapira olasizmi? I’m afraid I can’t come to your party to next Friday. – Kelasi juma ziyofatingizga kela olmayman deb qо‘rqaman. Can modavl fe’lining bо‘lishsiz formasi turli xil adabiyotlarda kо‘p uchraydi. Masalan: - When we into the house, we could small. - Uy ichkarisiga kirganimizda olov hidini seza olgandik. - She spoke in a low voice, but I could understand what she was saying - U past ovozda gapirdi, ammo men u nima deganini tushuna olmadim. Could ni biz biror bir narsani qila olish qobiliyatiga ega bо‘lgan shaxslar haqida gapirayotganimizda ham ishlataimz My grandmother could speak five languages. When Tom was 16, he could run 100 metres in

But once he had difficult game against all. All player very welt but in the end Jack was able to beat him. (he manaped to beat him in this articular game) Could bо‘lishsizlik formasi hamma holatlar uchun qо‘llanishi mumkin. – My grandmother couldn’t swim. – Mening buvim suza olmasdi. - We rteid hard, but we couldn’t persuade they go come with us. Could (do)could have (done) A) Biz could ni quyidagi ma’nolarda qо‘llaymiz. Ba’zan u can ni о‘tgan zamonini ifoladabhozirgi va kelasi zamonda ma’nosini beradi. Biz could ni ba’zan kelasi zamonda bajarilgan ish-harakatni ifodalab maslahat ma’nolarida kо‘ramiz. - What shall we do evening? We could go to the cinema. Ertaga nima qilamiz? Kinoga boramiz When you go to New York, you could stay with Linda Qachon Nyu-Yorkka borsangiz Linda bilan qolishing

Nima uchun Nyu-York mexmonxonasida qolmading, Linda bilan qolsang bо‘lardiku. Biz could have (done) ni biror narsa sodir bо‘lishi mumkinu, lekin bо‘lmaganini ifodalash uchun ishlatamiz. - We was lucky when he fell off the ladder. He couldn’t have hurt himself Biz uni zinadan yiqilib hech narsa bо‘lmaganiga hursand bо‘ldik. Keling couldn’t have (done) ga misollar ko`raylik. I couldn’t have (done) something. I couldn’t have been able to do it. If I had wanted or tried to do it. Men hech narsa qila olmagan edim. Men buni qila olgan bo`lar edim. Agar buni bajarishnin hohlagan yoki harakat qilganimda When I went to New-York year. I decided not to stay with Linda. Later I found out that she was away while I was there, so I couldn’t have stayed with her anyway Men Nyu-Yorkda bo`lganimda Linda bil

Bill must be a very good player (othervise he wouldn’t have won) Bill juda yaxshi о‘yinchi bо‘lsa kerak (bо‘lmasa yengmagan bо‘lardi) Biz must ni biror narsani haqiqatan ekanligiga ishonishimizni ifodalash uchun ham ishlatamiz. You’re been travelling all day. You must be treid (I am sure that you are treid) Siz kunbо‘yi sayohat qilyapsiz. Siz charchagan bо‘lsangiz kerak. (men ishonamanki, siz charchagansiz) Corol knows a lot of about films. She must go to the cinema a lot. (I am sure she goes to the cinema a lot) Korol kinolar haqida kо‘proq biladi. U kinoga kо‘p borish kerak. (men ishonaman u kinoga kо‘p boradi.) Study the structur must be treid (hungry) i/you/he(etc) can’t be studying (writing) go I do b) О‘tgan zamonda must have (done) va can’t have (done) ni misollarda kо‘rib chiqamiz.

Can’t Gone (done/seen) tired The doorbell rings. I wonder who that is. It must be Jim. He said he would come after 7 o’clock. And it’s only 6-30 now Eshik qо‘ng‘irog‘i jiringladi. Men hayronman kim u, u Jim bо‘lishi kerak. U menga soat 7 da kelaman degan edi. Soat endi 6-30 Must (have) va might (have) quyidagi misollarni kо‘rib chiqamiz. a) You are looking for Jack. Nobody knows for sure where he is but is but you get some suggestions. Siz Jekni qidiryapsiz. U qayerdaligini hech kim bilmaydi. Ammo siz maslahat olishingiz mumkin. He may be in his office (perhops he is in his office) He might be having lunch (perhaps he is having lunch ask Ann). She might known (perhaps Ann knows) You’ll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk. Siz keyingi avtobusni bir soatlar kutib

Men Annaga yozishim kerak. Unga ko`pdan beri yozganim yo`q. The government really must do something unempalyment. Davlat ishsizlikka qarshi nimadir qilishi kerak Have to bilan so`zlovchi o`zining shaxsiy hissiyotini ifadalay olmaydi. Misol: Ann’s eyes are not very good. She has to vear for reading. Annaning ko`zi yazshi emas. U o`qishi uchun ochki taqishi kerak. I can’t meet you on Friday. I have to work. Men sizni juma kuni ko`ra olmayman. Chidashimga to`g`ri keladi. b) Siz mustni faqat hozirgi va kelasi zamonda ishlata olasiz. We must go now. – Biz hozir ketishimiz kerak. Must you leave tomorrow? Ertaga jo`nab ketishingiz kerakmi? Have to ni hamma zamonlarda ishlatishingiz mumkin. I had to go to hospitale (past) I might have to go to hospital (infinitiv) Have you ever had to go to hospit

Have there been any letters from him lately? Yes, there have. Yo, there haven’t - Keyingi paytlarda undan xat bo‘ldimi? There must be a dictionary on the shelf – Tokchada lug‘at bo‘lishi kerak. There ought to be more books on this subject in our library I have received a letter from my sister. – Men opamdan xat oldim. I spent a lot of money on books – Men kitoblarga ko‘p pul sarfladim. The student speaking to the teacher is my brother – O‘qituvchi bilan gaplashayotgan mening akam Two thousand tons of sugar were loaded on the ship yesterday – Kecha kemaga ikki ming tonna shakar yuklandi. The second lesson begins at cleven o’clock – Ikkinchi dars soat o‘n birda boshlanadi. Some magazines are lying on the table – Bir nechta jurnallar stol ustida yotibdi The town library I closed on Sunday – Y

All the unhealthy fancus born of loneliness and sick-room watching had passid away, and the doubts against which he used to play had gone without the need of exorism His mind at this period was curiously incritical Slowly and grovely she compted the unfinished motto: “ Now and forever” I have met priets who were out in China with him” and they had no wards high enough to praise his enegy and courage to under all hardships and his unfailing devotion. I make a precipitous dash, race along the platform like the wild ass of the desert, jump at a morning foolboard, and am pushed and pulled and hustled into pandemonuum I full it to be my duty my painful duty – to speak very seriously to you about your extraordinary behaviour in cottecting yourself with – a low – breakers and uncendiaries and – a

I didn’t need to go to, so I didn’t go Meni borishim kerak emas edi. Ertaga jo`nab ketishingiz kerakmi? Have to ni hamma zamonlarda ishlatishingiz mumkin. I had to go to hospitale (past) I might have to go to hospital (infinitiv) Have you ever had to go to hospital (precetn perfect) Biz do (does) did bila have to ni hozirgi va o`tgan zamon bo’lishsiz formalarida ham ishlatamiz. What di I have to do got a dreving licence? (not have to do) I didn`t need to go to but I decided to go anyway Meni borishim kerak emas edi, ammo biror yerga ketishga qaror qildim. SHOULD 16 a) quyidagi gaplarni ko`rib chiqamiz: Tom has just come back from the cinema Tom hozirgina kinodan keldi Ann: Hello, Tom, did you enjoy the film? Anna, Salom, Tom kino senga yoqdimi? Tom: yes, it is great. You should go and see

She spoke in a low voice, but I should understand what she was saying U past ovozda gapirdi, ammo men u nima deganini tushuna olmadim. Clyde could scarcely prevent her voice from trembling (Th. Driers) “Perhaps” she thought “they may want some one” (Th. Driers) Between ourselves, I might say fled the country Then we can go. We will go to the house first and look over these weapons of which you speak (Galsworthy). O she would go mad then We daren’t touch what you propose with a barge pole (I. K. Chesterson) They must be bad minded and hearted she imagined (Th. Driers) A man like you ought to have a little place of his own (I. K. Chesterton) Legs are legs, and you needn’t alter them so far as I am concerned Musgrave shall have it to Musgrave till the heavens fall (L. K. Chesterton) You shoul

All the unhealthy fancus born of loneliness and sick-room watching had passid away, and the doubts against which he used to play had gone without the need of exorism (L.SH.11) Siz should ni quyidagi sifatlardan keyin ishlatishingiz mumkin. I mortan, strange, funny, essential, add, typical, natural, interesting, surprised, surprising. It’s strange that he should be late. He’s usually on time. Uni kechikishi qiziq, u har doim vaqtida kelar edi. I was surprised that he should be late. He’s usually on time. Uni bunday narsani aytishi meni hayron qoldirdi. 2.3§. “MAY” VA “MUST” MODAL FE’LLARINI QIYOSLAB О‘RGANISH, UNING EKVIVALENTLARINING MA’NOLARI HAMDA О‘ZBEK TILIDA BERILISHI . Must bilan mayni ikki ma’noda taqqoslash mumkin. 1. may va must faraz va ehtimollikni ifodalaydi, ammo ular parallel

I saw him an hour go. He may still be in his office now. Men uni bir soat oldin ko`rgan edim. U hali ham idorasida bo`lishi kerak Ingliz tilidagi modal fe’llar ya’ni may, must, lar na ish-harakat, na holatni ifodalaydi va faqat so‘zlovchining biror ish-harakattiga bo‘lgani haqida ya’ni, zaruriyat ta’qiqilanganlik, ehtimollik, istak-hohish, ruxsat yoki rad etish, ishonch, maslahat, yo‘llanma, ko‘zda tutish, so‘z berish, oldindan, bashorat, xulosa va boshqalar haqida xabar beradi. 1. I may go to Odessa for my holidays (A. Sulaymonov) 17 Men ta’tilim davomida Odessaga borishim mumkin. Ushbu gap o‘zbek tilida tarjima qilinganda ehtimollik ma’nosini bildiradi. 2. His name is Smith, so he must be English. Uning ismi Smit. Shunday ekan u ingliz bo‘lishi kerak. Bu gapda xulosani bildiradi. 3. You

Be yerga cheksam mumkinmi? No you mustn’t (you can’t) Yo`q. TO HAVE TO To have to must modal fe’lining ekvivalenti bo`lib, to`g`ri kelmoq va majbur bo`lmoq deb tarjima qilinadi. U hamma zamonlar uchun ishlatiladi. He is invaled and has to have a nurse. U nogiron va hamshira olishiuga to`g`ri keladi She know what she had to do. Nima qilish kerakligini bilgandi. I shall have to reconsider my position Sо‘roq va bо‘lishsiz formasida to habe to yordamchi fe’liga muxtoj bо‘ladi. Sо‘roq va bо‘lishsiz formalarida va bо‘lishli formalarida ham oddiy infinitiv bilan ham keladi. To have (to), to have got (to) va uning ma’nolarini quyidagicha izohlash mumkin. Must modal fe’lining ekvivalenti sifatida qo`llanuvchi to have fe’li infinitiv bilan ishlatilganligi uchun majbur bo`lmoq, bajarishga majbur bo`l

1. But I have to think of you (A. E. Coppart) 2. I have to be in London for some days (G. K. Chaesterton) B) o‘tgan zamonda 1. Stern had to walk through using a porket flash – light and not really sure whether he was on some one’s property. (B. J. Freidman) 2. She had to be bend and strain at it in order to pull it out (A. Huxley). S) kelasi zamonda: 1. I think I shall have to go (A. E. Coppart) 2. It’s only our secrets price, Mummy clear, and we’ll tell you all about it the very minute it’s done: but please don’t ask me what it is now, or else, I’ll have to tell. (R. Kipling) To have (to) shart maylida ham ishlatilishi mumkin: 1. One day in early summer it seemed, miraculously, that Stern would not have to sell his house and move away (B. J. Freidman) 2. She would to go home, that was all

Bu kombinatsiyalar o`tgan zamonda ham ishlatiladi. Lekin ko`p uchramaydi. He had got to sell his car U mashinasini sotishga majbur bo`ldi. Bu frazalarni yaxshiroq bilishga harakat qilamiz. We had better kelgan gaplarda о‘rganamiz. Had better is followed by the indifinite without to. TO BE TO. To be to modal fe’l bo’lib, hozirgi va o`tgan zamonda ishlatiladi. We are to meet at six. Biz soat 6 ga uchrashishimiz kerak. To be to ning quyidagi ma’nolari bor. a) Kelishilgan ish-harakatning quyidagi gaplarda ifodalaydi. Who was to speak at the meeting? – Kim majlisda gapirishi kerak edi? Bu ma’nolarda to be to bo`lishli va so`roq gaplarda o`tgan va hozirgi zamonda keladi. to be (to) – zaruriyatni, biron ishni qilish majburiyligini, oldindan kelishib qo‘yilganligini ko‘rsatadi. to be (to) – fe’lid

1. You’re not to go! I object (A. E. Coppard). No, murmured Lally, you’re not to come with me (A. E. Coppard) Modal fe’llardan “ to be ”ga kelsak, u hozirgi ingliz tilida ham modal fe’l vazifasida, ham modal bo‘lmagan, to‘g‘ri fe’l vazifasida ishlatilishi mumkin. Modal fe’li vazifasida faqat hozirgi zamondagina ishlatilib, ko‘pincha ish- harakatni bajarishga zaruriyat yo‘qligini bildiradi. To be modal fe’li so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplardagina ishlatilganligi sababli, o‘zbek tiliga keragi yo‘q, hojati yo‘q, shart emas, kerakmi, shartmi? va shu kabilar yordamida tarjima qilinadi: 1. You to be stand on any such ceremory as that, said Ralph (Tames) 2. She may bring her husband if she likes but she to be bring you (I bid) 3. You need not answer. I can see (P. Abrahams) 4. “Ah” said Isabel, to enj

– Men masalani muxokama qilgani keldim. I have to prepare all my things Hamma narsalarimni tayyorlashim kerak You ought to discuss that question Siz o‘sha savolni muxokama qilishingiz kerak. I have to go home every August Men har avgustda uyga borishim kerak He had to put on his raincoat (it was raining hard outside and he would have got wet if he hadn’t) Ushbe gaplarda o`zi hohlamagan holda majbur bo`lganligini ifodalaydi. Was (were) to+indefinite ish-harakatni kelgusida plan qilinayotganligini, ammo u o`tgan zamonda aytilib sodir bo’lganligini ifodalaydi. We were to have meet him at the station that means that we failed to meet him. Biz stansiyada uchrashishsimiz kerak. XULOSA Modal fe’llar ingliz tilida fe’l sо‘z turkumi uchun juda boy va yetakchi ma’no kasb etishini biz yuqorida kо‘rib

qulaylmk yaratadi. Chunki ingliz tili grammatikasi rus tili grammatikasi bilan qiyoslab borilgan adabiyotlardagi ba’zi bir tushuntirishlar о‘zbek tilidagi qoidalarga tо‘g‘ri kelmasligi, ma’nosi jihatdan ham о‘zbek tilidagi kо‘makchi fe’l va ayrim yuklamalarga tо‘g‘ri kelishini yoki shall (should) va will (would) fe’llarining yordamchi fel bо‘lib kelgandagi funksiyasi о‘zbek tilidagi ergash gapli shart qо‘shma gaplarga va shart mayillariga о‘xshashligini taxlil qilishga urindik. Ushub bitiruv malakaviy ishida ingliz tilida fe’l sо‘z turkumi uchun juda boy va yetakchi ma’no kasb etishini biz yuqorida kо‘rib о‘tdik. Shunday ekan, modal fe’llarning ingliz tilidagi modal fe’llar can, may, must, need va ularning ekvivalentlari har tomonlama о‘rganib chiqildi. Shu modal fe’llar tо‘g‘risida misoll

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO`YHATI 1. Karimov I. A. “Bu muqaddas vatanda azizdir inson”. Toshkent – 2010 yil. 2. Karimov I. A. “2010 yil Barkamol avlod yili” Davlat dasturi. Toshkent “O‘zbekiston” 2010 yil 3. Karimov I. A. “Jahon moliyaviy – iqtisodiy inqirozi, O‘zbekiston sharoitida uni bartaraf etishning yo‘llari va choralari”. Toshkent “O‘zbekiston” 2009 yil 4. Karimov I. A. “Yuksak ma’naviyat – yengilmas kuch”. Toshkent “Ma’naviyat” 2008 yil 58

5. Karimov I. A. “Barkamol avlod orzusi”. Toshkent “O‘zbekiston” – 1998 yil 6. Karimov I. A. “O‘zbekiston buyuk kelajak sari”. Toshkent 1998 yil 7. Karimov I. A. “Yangicha fikrlash va ishlash davr talabi”. Toshkent – 1997 yil 8. Karimov I. A. “Asosiy vazifamiz – vatanimiz taraqqiyoti va xalqimiz farovonligini yanada yuksaltirish”. Toshkent “O‘zbekiston” 2010 y. 9. Bо‘ronov J, Hoshimov О‘, Ismatullayev. X “English grammar”. Toshkent 1974 yil 10 . Abdurahmonov A. G`. “O`zbek tili grammatikasi”. 1-tom. Toshkent 1975 11. Bо‘ronov J, Bо‘ronova M, Tashbayeva M “Ingliz tili grammatikasi”. Toshkent – 1978 yil 12. Gordan E. M., Krilova I. P., “F grammar of present – slay English”. Moskov 1984 y 13 . Maxmudov N, Nurmatov A, “О‘zbek tilining nazariy grammatikasi”. Toshkent – 1995 yil 14 . Barxudarov

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