Ingliz tili lisoniy tasvirida “world” konsepti - Английский язык - Дипломные работы

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Ingliz tili lisoniy tasvirida “world” konsepti

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4 AMINOVA MAFTUNA MURODULLAYEVNA Concept World in English linguistic picture of the world GRADUATION QUALIFICATION PAPER Ingliz tili lisoniy tasvirida “world” konsepti BITIRUV MALAKAVIY ISHI

5 MUNDARIJA Kirish ……………………………………………………………………….…...3 BOB I . Hozirgi davr tilshunosligidagi eng dolzarb yo ’ nalishlar 1.1 Zamonaviy tilshunoslikda kognitiv tilshunoslik va lingvomadaniyatshunoslikning tutgan o ’ rni ……………………………...…6 1.2 Konsept tushunchasi…………………………………………………….….11 BOB II. Olamning lisoniy tasvirida “World” konseptining tutgan o’rni 2.1 Tildagi olamning lisoniy tasviri tushunchasining mohiyati…………….....16 2.2 “World” konseptining ontologik va leksikografik mohiyati…………21 Xulosa……………………………………………………………………………. 41 Summary………………………………………………………………………… 42 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati …………………………………………….43

6 “Biror bir jamiyat ma’naviy imkoniyatlari, odamlar ongida axloqiy qadriyatlarini rivojlantirmay, hamda mustahkamlab olmay turib, o’z istiqbolini va porloq kelajagini tasavvur etib bo’lmaydi” 1 . Darhaqiqat, mana mustaqillikga erishibmizki, hurmatli yurtboshimiz tomonidan ko’plab ishlar amalga oshirilib kelinmoqda. Ayniqsa, ularning ta’lim sohasiga qilayotgan e’tibori biz yoshlarga yanada kuchli ma’suliyat yuklab, kelajakda o’z sohamizni yetuk mutaxassisi bo’lib yetishishga undamoqda. Ta’lim sohasida yurtimizda amalga oshirilayotgan ishlar, jumladan yoshlarni chet ellarda tahsil olishdek ulug’ bir mukofotni keltirib o’tishimiz mumkin. Rivojlanish kundan-kunga o’sib borayotgan bir paytda esa har tomonlama yetuk bo’lgan komil inson ham zamonaviy ilmlardan xabardor bo’lmog’i zarur. Zero, yur

7 Tadqiqot predmeti esa ingliz tilida “World” konseptini ifodalovchi vositalarning tadqiq qilish asosida lingvomadaniy va kognitiv jihatlarini aniqlash. Tadqiqotning metodologik asoslari . Ushbu malakaiy bitiruv ishimizning metodologik asoslarini O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A.Karimovning asarlari va nutqlaridan kelib chiqadigan holatlar, hamda taniqli tilshunos olimlarning asarlari tashkil etadi. Tadqiqotda konseptual tahlil uslubi qo’llanildi. Tadqiqotning ilmiy yangiligi: ushbu mavzu bo’yicha yurtimizda nisbatan kam olimlar ish olib borganligi va “World” konseptini chuqur tahlil etilmaganligi bilan belgilanadi. Ayni shu holat tadqiqiotimizning ilmiy yangiligini belgilab beradi. Tadqiqot natijalarining nazariy va ilmiy ahamiyati shundan iboratki, tadqiqot natijalari qiyosiy tils

8 Bob I. Hozirgi davr tilshunosligidagi eng dolzarb yo’nalishlar 1.1 Zamonaviy tilshunoslikda kognitiv tilshunoslik va lingvomadaniyatshunoslikning tutgan o’rni Barchamizga ma’lumki, dunyo tarixida tillarning rivojlanish tarixi uzoq o’tmishga borib taqaldi. Har bir til insoniyat rivojlanish bosqichida o’z ahamiyatini kasb etgan. Hozirgi davr tilshunosligida an’anaviy va struktural hamda bularning har ikkisidan foydalanib alohida tilshunoslik nazariyalari ishlab chiqilgan. Struktural tilshunoslik oqimlari jahondagi turli mamlakatlarda o’ziga xos ko’rinishda mavjud. Ular qatorida Praga tilshunoslik ta’limoti, Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlaridagi deskriptiv, tagmemika, generative tilshunoslik oqimlari bor. Bulardan tashqari Fransiya, Germaniya, Angliya, Rossiya va boshqa mamlakatlarda ham nom qozong

9 til orqali ongli his qilish vositalarini o’rganadi. Dunyoning til xaritasi umuman ularning insonlar ongidagi mantiqiy ifodasi bilan mos keladi. Bu masalani keng va chuqur ilmiy o’rganish lingvokulturolgiya va lingvokognitologiya bilan bog’liqdir. Kognitiv tilshunoslik sohasidagi olimlarning ko‘pchiligi kognitiv tilshunoslikning asosiy tushunchalari deb bilish kategoriyasi, bilishning turlari va ularning lisoniy aks etishini hisoblaydilar. Yurtimizda yaqin davr mobaynida tadqiq etilishni boshlagan kognitiv tilshunoslik o‘tgan asrning 80-yillaridan o’rganila boshlangan edi. Kognitiv tilshunoslikning vujudga kelishida va uni rivojlanish bosqichlarida Yevropaning ko’plab olimlari ish olib borganlar. Misol tariqasida, zamonaviy kognitiv tilshunoslikning vujudga kelishi amerikalik olimlar Dj.

10 Til va tafakkurning o‘zaro munosabatlarini o‘rganish asosida psixolingvistika vujudga keldi. Unda nutqning shakllanishi va ongda aks etishi, tildagi barcha xususiyatlar va birliklarni sistema sifatida qarash, tilning rivojlanishi, uning sathlari o‘rtasidagi munosabat o‘rganiladi. Kognitiv tilshunoslikning mavzusi haqida yana bir buyuk olim I. A.Boduen de Kurtene lisoniy tafakkur orqali borliq va mavhumlikning barcha sohalarida lisoniy bilishning shaxsiy va moddiy, psixologik va ijtimoiy dunyoqarashlarning o‘ziga xos tomonlarini payqash mumkin degan g‘oyani olg‘a surgan. Zamonaviy kognitiv tilshunoslik bilish nazariyasini o‘ziga xos metodlar asosida o‘rganadigan fanlar qatoriga kiradi. E.S.Kubryakovaning ta’rificha, kognitologiya fani fanlararo bir soha bo‘lib, u bir nechta fanlar—kognit

11 4) konseptual semantika va freym semantikasini o‘zida mujassamlashtirgan kognitiv semantika; 5) diskursni kognitiv jihatdan o‘rganish. Yuqorida guvohi bo’lganimizdek, kognitiv tilshunoslikning o’z rivojlanish bosqichlari va yo’nalishlari mavjuda ekan. Undan tashqari keyinchalik esa, kognitiv tilshunoslik zamonaviy mustaqil fan sifatida kognitologiya fanidan ajrab chiqdi va asosiy vazifasi «idrok faoliyati haqidagi axborotni olishdir» 5 [52: 13] Ushbu kognitiv tilshunoslikning asosiy vazifasi inson tomonidan tilni o‘zlashtirish mexanizmlari, bu mexanizmlarning tarkibini sistemaviy tasvirlash va tushuntirishdan iboratdir. Kognitiv tilshunoslikning boshqa kognitiv fanlardan farqi uning tadqiqot ob’ektidadir, chunki u ongli bilishni til materiallari asosida o‘rganadi va o‘z metodlariga egad

12 Ikkinchi prinsipda esa semantik metatil haqiqat va yolg‘ondan kelib chiqadigan hodisa sifatida talqin qilinadigan haqiqat—borliqqa asoslangan semantikaga qarama-qarshi qo‘yiladi. Uchinchi prinsip bir yo‘la generativ grammatika va haqiqatga asoslangan semantikada mavjud bo‘lgan yo‘nalishlarga asoslangan. Zamonaviy kognitiv tilshunoslik jahondagi yetakchi ilmiy markazlarda o‘rganilmoqda va shu bilan birga unga bo‘lgan yondashuvlar ham turlichadir. Turli yo‘nalishlar avvalo konseptlarni o‘rganishda har xil metodik usullarni qo‘llashda namoyon bo‘ladi. Rus kognitiv tilshunosligida ikki asosiy yo‘nalish ajratib ko‘rsatiladi: lingvokognitiv va lingvomadaniy yo‘nalishlar. Albatta, yuqorida ko‘rsatilgan yo‘nalishlar shartli ravishda farqlanadi, chunki bunday turkumlash zamonaviy kognitiv tilshu

13 italyan, ispan, nemis, ingliz va rus tillarida qo‘llanishini ko‘rib chiqib quyidagi xulosalarga kelgan: a) dastlab “konsept” termini lotin tilida conceptus “ibtidoiy, boshlang‘ich holat” ma’nolarida qo‘llangan. Italyan va ispan tillarida konsept ( concetto , concepto ) badiiy adabiyot tekstlarida azaldan uchrab kelgan va ko‘pgina idiomalarda uchraydi; b) nemis tilida esa konsept ( Konzept, Koncept ) termini “xom qolip”, ya’ni rus tilidagi “konspekt” ma’nosida qo‘llangan. Ingliz tilida esa konsept ( concept ) falsafiy termin sifatida ishlatiladi. Rus tilida konsept 1920-yillardan boshlab 1970 yillargacha “tushuncha” terminining sinonimi sifatida qo‘llangan. Yuqoridagilarni o‘rganib chiqib olim V.Z.Demyankov konsept terminining ma’nosini talqin qilishda uning lotin tilidagi ma’nosini asos

14 dinamik struktura sifatida baho beradi. Bu rus faylasufining fikricha, konseptning eng muhim funksiyalaridan biri o‘rinbosarlik funksiyasidir. Konsept real predmetlar bilan birgalikda shu predmetning ba’zi tomonlari yoki real haqiqatning o‘rnini bosishi mumkin 8 . A.A.Zalevskaya konseptni insonning psixik hayoti qonuniyatlariga bo‘ysunuvchi, shaxsning bilish va muloqot jarayonida dinamik xarakterga ega perseptiv-kognitiv-affektiv hosila sifatida talqin qiladi. «Konsept» termini ta’rifining xilma-xilligini uning bajaradigan funksiyalarini izohlashda qiyinchiliklar mavjudligi bilan tushuntirish mumkin. Rus olimasi N.D.Arutyunova konseptni o‘rganishning mantiqiy ta’rifini ilgari surdi. 1991 yildayoq uning muallifligida «Logicheskiy analiz yazika. Kulturnie konsepti» to‘plami nashr qilindi.

15 Yuqoridagilardan kelib chiqqan holda hozirgi zamon tilshunosligida konsept tushunchasini izohlashda uch asosiy yondashuvni belgilab o‘tish mumkin. Ular umumiy qoidaga bo‘ysungan holda konseptni tushuncha mohiyatini belgilovchi ma’no sinonimi sifatida talqin qiladilar. a) Madaniy yondashuv va uning namoyondalari fikricha madaniyat o‘zaro bog‘liq konseptlar yig‘indisidan iborat. Demak, konsept insonnning mantiqiy dunyosida aks etgan madaniyat elementidir. Bu yondashuv tarafdorlari G.G.Slishkin va Yu.S.Stepanov kabi rus olimlaridir. b) Navbatdagi yondashuvga asosan, konsept shakllanishining yagona usuli bo‘lib semantika hisoblanadi. Ushbu yondashuv tarafdorlari N.D.Arutyunova va uning maktabi vakillari. c) Kognitiv yondashuv tarafdorlari Z.D.Popova, I.A.Sternin, D.S.Lixachev, E.S.Kubryakov

16 O‘zbek tilshunoslaridan biri M.R.Galieva konseptning xususiyatlarini, uning kognitiv-konseptual belgilarini talqin qilish davomida konseptning aniq bir elementi birinchi o‘ringa chiqishini ta’kidlaydi 10 . Nihoyat, konsept mohiyatiga ko‘ra madaniy, lingvomadaniy, kognitiv, emotsional, ilmiy konseptlarga bo‘linishi mumkin. Tasniflarga binoan xulosa yasaydigan bo‘lsak, konsept tushunchasining yagona talqini hali ham ishlab chiqilmagan. Undan tashqari konseptning madaniy namoyon bo’lish punktlari ham mavjud bo’lib, olim Y.S.Stepanovning ta’kidlashicha, konseptning madaniy birlik sifatida namoyon bo‘lishiga quyidagilar sabab bo‘ladi : 1) dastlabki shakli (etimologiyasi); 2) shu hodisaning tarixi; 3) konsept haqidagi zamonaviy tasavvurlar; 4) unga berilgan baholar va h.k. V.I.Karasikning ush

17  Konseptni ifodalash uchun uning belgilarini lisoniy kodsizlash lozim. «World» konseptining lisoniy belgisi yadro va periferik doiralardan iborat bo‘lib, bularni biz tadqiqotimiz davomida ko‘rsatib o‘tganmiz. Xulosa qilib shuni aytamizki, k onsept nafaqat tilshunoslik elementi hisoblana r ekan , balki uning ahamiyati tilshunoslik sohasida keng qamrovli ekan. Biz konseptni o’rganish jarayonida bunga amin bo’lamiz.

18 BOB II. Olamning lisoniy tasvirida “World” konseptining tutgan o’rni 2.1. Tildagi lisoniy tasvir tushunchasining mohiyati Har bir avlod o‘z tili va madaniyatida o‘ziga xos xususiyatlarni meros qilib qoldiradi va undan keyingi avlodlar shu xususiyatlarga o‘zgartirishlar kiritib, ularni yanada mukammalashtiradi. Til madaniyat tushunchasining asosiy qismi hisoblanib, u insonga jamiyatda muloqot qilishda yordam beradi. Til tarixini o‘rganish 2000 yil avval grek va hindlarning madaniyatini o‘rganish davridan boshlangan bo‘lib, XX asrga kelib tilshunoslik rivojlanishi tilni jamiyatdagi madaniyatdan mustaqil ravishda o‘rganish asosiy vazifa deb belgilandi. Ammo tilning jamiyat va madaniyatga ta’siri 1960 yillardan boshlab tadqiqotlar markazini tashkil qila boshladi. Shu o‘rinda til, jamiyat ha

19 Dunyoda minglab milliy tillar mavjud bo‘lsa, shuncha olamning lisoniy tasviri mavjud. Olamning lisoniy tasviri murakkab etnik tafakkur jarayonini ifodalab, o‘zida madaniy, ijtimoiy munosabatlar sistemasini mujassamlashtirgan. Olimlar orasidagi qarashlarga muvofiq har bir tildagi olamning lisoniy tasviri o‘ziga xosligi bilan ajralib turadi. Shu qarashlarga ko‘ra zamonaviy olimlar turli tillardagi olamning lisoniy tasvirini solishtirish, olamning lisoniy tasvirini tushunish, boshqa millatning dunyoqarashini boshqa omillar yordamida o‘rganishni taklif etishadi. Boshqa xalqning olamning lisoniy tasvirini o‘rganish uchun shu Olamning lisoniy tasviri ichiga kirib, shu tilda o‘rganilayotgan ob’ektga tegishli ob’ektiv ma’lumotlarni yig‘ib o‘rganish lozim. Olamning lisoniy tasviri bu matritsalar

20 mentalitetida tutgan o‘rnini o‘rganish zarur. Millatlarning mentaliteti turlichadir. Bir halqda mavjud bo‘lgan konsept boshqa millat tilida bo‘lmasligi mumkin. Masalan, o‘zbek qizlari uchun xos bo‘lgan « sharm-hayo » konsepti yoki tushunchasi ingliz tilida o‘z aksini topmagan. Bunday holat lingvomadaniyatshunoslikda lakunarlik deb ataladi. Shunda o‘z-o‘zidan konseptning mohiyatini qanday o‘rganish zarur degan savol kelib chiqadi: a) biz faqatgina o‘z psixikamizga tayanibgina ish ko‘ramiz; b) konseptualizatsiya jarayonini izohlashga o‘z tilimiz orqaligina erishishimiz mumkin. Hozirgi davrda tilshunoslarning oldida konseptosfera va olamning lisoniy tasviri orasidagi farqni aniqlash kabi muhim vazifa turibdi. Konseptosfera–bu fikrlash doirasi bo‘lib, hayoliy tasvirlardan iborat konseptlar

21 bo‘lishi mumkin; konseptosfera yana biror bir janr, inson borlig‘ining biror bir aspektida va ijtimoiy bir statusning nomi bo‘lishi mumkin. Ba’zi olimlar konseptosferaning ushbu jihatlarini konseptga ham hos deb hisoblashadi. Konsept va konseptosfera terminlarining o‘xshash tomonlarini ularning inson ongida paydo bo‘lib, biror-bir obrazni tasvirlashida ko‘radilar . Z.D.Popova, I.A Sterninlar olamning lisoniy tasvirining vujudga kelishini quyidagi jihatlarini ko‘rsatib o‘tadilar: 1) tilning nominativ vositalari—leksema, turg‘un nominatsiyalar, tilning nominativ birliklarining mavjud emasligi (turli tiplarning lakunga egaligi) orqali; 2) tilning funksional birliklari—til sistemasida mavjud bo‘lgan, ko‘p qo‘llanadigan leksika va frazeologiya orqali; 3) tilning obrazli vositalari—milliy xus

22 A.A.Zalevskayaning fikricha, til birliklari, so‘zlar insonning axborot bazasiga yagona yo‘l hisoblanadi, shu bilan birga til birliklari va so‘zlar kognitiv strukturani aniqlash metodi hamdir . V.A.Maslova olamning lisoniy tasvirini lingvomadaniyatshunoslik nuqtai nazaridan borliqni narsa, hodisa, jarayonlarni milliy ahamiyatiga a sosan o‘ziga xos bo‘yoqlarda ko‘rsatadigan jarayon sifatida ta’riflaydi 14 . Olamning lisoniy tasviriga bo‘lgan qiziqish V.Gumboldt asarlarida ham uchraydi. Uning fikriga k o‘ ra, turli tillar millat uchun o‘zlarining takrorlanmas tafakkuri va bilish organidir. XX asrning oxirlariga kelib, bu muammoga bag‘ishlangan ko‘plab ilmiy asarlar vujudga keldi - G.A.Brutyan, S.A. Vasilev, G.V. Kolshanskiy, M. Blek va boshqalar. Demak, olamning lisoniy tasvirini o‘rganish

23 2.2 “World” konseptining ontologik va leksikogrаfik tahlili “World” so’zi dastlab nima ma’no anglatgani juda qiziqarli va muhim hisoblanadi. Chunki bu so’zning leksik maydoni uning dastlabki ma’nosidan kelib chiqqan holda hosil bo’ladi. Bu so’zning dastlabki ma’nosi ko’pchilik odamlar o’ylagani, kutgani singari “hamma odamlar, inson zoti” bo’lmagani uchun balki bu ularni ehtimol hayratga solar. Agar uning shunday ma’nosi bo’lganda ham, u uning dastlabki ma’nosiga qaraganda uning qo’llanishida yotardi. Uning ma’nolari turli lug’atlarda turlicha berilgan. Masalan, W. E. Vinening “ Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words” lug’atiga ko’ra “world” so’zi dastlab “asosiy tartib, joylashish, naqsh, bezak” ma’nolarini anglatgan bo’lsa, J. H. Thayerning “ Greek English Lexicon of the New Tes

24 2. Yer ma’nosida qo’llaniladi va bu ma’no uning keyingi ma’nolariga qaraganda cheklangan leksik maydonga ega hisoblanadi: “That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been kept secret from the foundation of the world ”. "Now before the feast of the pass over, when Jesus knew that his hour was come that he should depart out of this world unto the Father" I suppose that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be written. 3. Hozirgi zamon, dunyo tizimi ma’nosida qo’llaniladi. O’quvchi har bir gapdagi “world” so’zining nimalargadir qarshi qo’yilib taqqoslanishini ko’rishi mumkin. Bu “world” so’zining ma’nosini aniqlashda yordam beradi: We know that we are of God, and the wh

25 Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world , and the diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles. For if the casting away of them be the reconciling of the world , what shall the receiving of them be, but life from the dead. “World” so’zining bu ma’nosi uning o’n ikkinchi variantida yahudiy bo’lmaganlar bilan yonma-yon qo’yilgani va ko’pchilik misollarda bu narsa sezilishi mumkin. Dr. John Gill, yahudiy yozma manba’larida tilga olingan eng taniqli olimlardan bir shunday deydi: "The phrase, the whole world , is frequently used by the Jews in a limited and restrained sense" of the Jews, and also "Nothing is more common in the Jewish writings, than to call the Gentiles the world; and the whole world." 16 6. Bu variantda ham “world” so’zining cheklangan ma’nosi if

26 First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world . 9. U shuningdek, xristianlar guruhiga nisbatan ham ishlatilgan: Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world . 10. Paydo bo’lishiga ishonilgan “yangi yer”ga nisbatan ham qo’llanilagan: For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world , was not to Abraham, or to his seed, through the law, but through the righteousness of faith. 11. Ba’zan ma’lum bir elementlarning jamlanmasiga nisbatan qo’llaniladi. Ingliz tilidagi eng ko’p ko’zga tashlanadigan narsa ham shu aslida. Bu tilda “world” so’zi nafaqat butun insoniyat qamrab olgan olam ma’nosida balki, musiqa, mo’jiza, hayvonot, o’sim

27 Turli elektron lug’atlarda “world” so’zining quyidagi talqinini ko’rish mumkin: 1. a) inson zotining yerdagi mavjudlik holati b) o’limdan keyingi dunyo, ikkinchi yoki narigi dunyo – the next world 2. Yer va unda istiqomat qiluvchilar, uning ustida turgan hamma narsalar birgalikda. 3. Individual yashash tar z i, karyera. 4. Yerda istiqomat qiluvchilar – inson zoti 5. a) Yerning jannat va keyingi hayotdan farqli o’laroq qamrab oluvchilari b) Dinga taalluqli bo’lmagan ishlar, narsalar 6. Narsalar yaralgan tizim – fazo, koinot. 7. a) ma’lum bir paytda yoki joyda birgalikda yashovchi yerning istiqomat qiluvchilari guruhi. Masalan: the medieval world b) odamlarning ma’lum bir ajralib turuvchi sinfi yoki ularning mashg’ulot, qiziqish sohalari. Masalan: the academic world, the digital world 8.

28 in the world : among innumerable possibilities, ever , used as an intensive – “ what in the world is it ” out of this world : of extraordinary excellence, superb – “Wow, this soup is out of this world .” Tadqiqot ishimizning ushbu qismida asosiy e’tibor, “World” konseptining tildа ifodalanish хususiyatlarini lingvomadaniy jihatdan tahlil qil ishga qaratilgan . Bu tahlil quyidagilardan iborat bo’ladi: 1. World va dunyo leksemalarining ma’no strukturasining tahlili. 2. “World” konseptining tarkibi va hajmini o’zida aks ettirgan frazeologik birliklar tasnifi. Bunday uslub shu millatning tafakkurida aniq bir konseptning aks etishi haqida xulosalar chiqarishga ko’maklashadi. Ilmiy ishimiz dunyo konseptining lingvomadaniy tadqiqotiga bag‘ishlangan bo‘lib, ushbu konsept mohiyatini chuqurroq

29 The English word comes from the Old English weorold (-uld), weorld, worold (-uld, -d) , a compound of wer "man" and eld "age," which thus means roughly "Age of Man." The Old English is a reflex of the Common Germanic *wira-alđiz , also reflected in Old Saxon werold , Old High German weralt , Old Frisian warld and Old Norse verǫld (whence the Icelandic veröld ). The corresponding word in Latin is mundus , literally "clean, elegant", itself a loan translation of Greek cosmos "orderly arrangement." While the Germanic word thus reflects a mythological notion of a "domain of Man" (compare Midgard ), presumably as opposed to the divine sphere on the one hand and the chthonic sphere of the underworld on the other, the Greco-Latin term expresses a

30 Historically, the New World vs. the Old World , referring to the parts of the world colonized in the wake of the age of discovery . Now mostly used in zoology and botany, as New World monkey . Bundan ko’rinadiki, hozirda biz foydalanadigan “World” so’zi, tarixning turli davrlarida turli xil ko’rinishga ega bo’lgan. Endi “World” so’zining lug’atlarda berilgan ma’nolarini tahlil qilamiz. World 1. Barcha materiya shakllarining bir butun majmui, yer kurrasi va undagi barcha mavjudot. 2. Moddiy boyliklar majmui. 3. Ma’lum bir ijtimoiy tuzumga, o’ziga xos madaniyatga, ijtimoiy-tarixiy xususiyatga ega bo’lgan kishilik jamiyati. Masalan: Old world – ko’hna dunyo. 4.Diniy tasavvurlarda yerdagi va oxiratdagi hayot. Masalan: Bu dunyo, u dunyo. 5. Ilmiy qarashlar bo’yicha esa “World” so’zi ikkiga b

31 Thousands of babies come into the world everyday – Har kuni minglab chaqaloqlar dunyoga kelyapti. Bu gapimizda “World” so’zi dunyo, olam ma’nolarida emas, balki tug’ilmoq, dunyoga kelmoq ma’nosida kelgan. 11. World so’zining yana bir asosiy ma’nolaridan biri bu barcha mamlakatlarni qamrab oluvchi ya’ni jahon ma’nosida kelishi. A world war – jahon urushi World cup – jahon kubogi 12. World – dunyo, olam, borliq. 18 “World” so’zining sinonimlari ham bor. Bular quyidagilar: 1. Univerce-jamoa, jamiyat, xalq, millat. 2. Public-taqdir, hayot, hayot so’qmoqlari. 3. Sphera - sfera, qobiq. 4. Career-sfera 5. Kingdom-qirollik, uzoq tarix. 18 O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi. –T.: O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, 2003. b34

32 6. Earth-yer 7. Planet- planeta “World” so’zi nafaqat gapda ot bo’lib keladi, hatto sifat, ravish, ot bo’lib ham keladi. Masalan: World-class – sifat, jahon talablariga mos keladigan, yuqori darajada bo’lish. World-famous – sifat, dunyoning barcha qismidagilar biladigan, mashhur, taniqli. Worldly – sifat, hayotida juda ko’p bilim va tajribaga ega insonni ifodalashda foydalaniladi. World wide – ot, dunyo bo’yicha mavjud bo’lish A world wide is network of more than 100 organizations. Yuqorida aytganimizdek “world” so’zi ko’p ma’noli so’zdir. Bu so’zning tag ma’nosiga birikib keladigan so’zlar ta’sir qilib ma’noni o’zgartiradi. Frazеologik nuqtai-nazardan “World” lеksеmasi bilan bog'liq ma'nolarni quyidagi sеmantik guruhlarga kiritish mumkin. Ingliz tilidagi “world” lеksеmasi bilan

33 The new world order was expected to come into existence after the collapce of Coommunism in eastern Europe and the end of the cold war. All the corners of the world – dunyoning turli uzoq joylari There were many people that came from all the corners of the world. She had invited realatives from all the corners of the world to her 80th birthday party last year. Come/go down in the world – pullari va yuqori ijtimoiy o’rnini, mavqe’ini yo’qotmoq, hayot zo’ridan singan odamlarga nisbatan. Fancy, her job taking like that – she’s certainly came down in the world. Li Yun Son went down in the world because of corruption. Be living in a dream world – xayollar og’ushida yashamoq She was always living in a dream world as Alice in the world of wonders. If she thinks I will forgive him, he’s living

34 I’m on top of the world. She was feeling on top of the world while I was sad. If she egreed to my suggestion, I would be on top of the world. In a world of sb’s own/In another world – odamning o’z ya’ni ichki dunyosi. When she was young, she lived in a world of her own and had very few friends around her. I used to live in another world in my childhood. Make the world go around/round – ularsiz boshqa narsalar sodir bo’lmaydigan darajada muhim bo’lishni ifodalashda. Money makes the world go round. Love is the first thing in my life that makes the world go round. A man/woman of the world – hayotda ko’p narsani boshidan o’tkazgan, ko’pni ko’rgan odam. He is a man of the world who has a lot of experience of life and people, and can deal with most situations. She found out her old friend tha

35 Go/come up in the world – ko’proq pul orttirish va yuqori ijtimoiy qatlamga ko’tarilmoq. Roger and Ann have gone up in the world – these days they only ever travel first-class. The Lavrovs are going up in the world –these days they are spending too much money on first-class things. Move up in the world - ko’proq pu orttirish va yuqori ijtimoiy qatlamga ko’tarilmoq. He’s just moving up in the world by earning a lot of money. After taking the job, he’s moved in the world soon. Move down in the world – puli va egallab turgan yuqori ijtimoiy qatlamdagi o’rnidan ayrilmoq. Rich people become very descent creautures and feel weakness when they move down in the world. If somebody moves down in the world, they have no friends as well as their money and high social rank. The World over – butun du

36 World without end – so’ngsiz, oxiri yo’q The long summer days stretched ahead, world without end. World surface – yer yuzi 2. Antropomorf: Round the world – dunyo bo’ylab. To travel around the world – dunyo bo’ylab sayohat. To see the world – dunyoni ko’rmoq. Biz bu iboradan ko’p o’qigan, dunyoqarashi keng, bilimli insonlarga nisbatan ishlatishda foydalanamiz. Undan tashqari butun dunyoni aylanib, sayohat qilib kelgan insonlarga nisbatan ham aytishimiz mumkin. World-beater – o’zining qolgan kasbdodhlariga nisbatan yaxshiroq odam She has loads of natural talent as a runner and with rigorous training she could be a world-beater. World-class – yuqori toifadagi, oliy sinfga mansub A world-class athlete/performance World-famous – mashhur, ko’pchilik taniydigan, dong’i ketgan A world-famous a

37 I’m always at peace with the world. Every people should be at peace with the world. Think the whole world revolves around somebody – o’zini juda muhim deb o’ylamoq The trouble with Sardor is he thinks the whole world revolves around him. People who think the whole world revolves around them have always many problems in their lives. Think the world of somebody – biror kishi haqida yaxshi fikrda bo’lmoq She thinks highly the world of me. I appreciate people who think the world of others. The juries think the world of this athlete at the beginning of contest. At one with the world - yashab turganiga xursand bo’lish va taqdirida bitilganlariga rozi bo’lmoq. The main point is I am at one with the world. Fortunately, he was at with the world. Watch the world go by – o’tib ketayotgan odamlarni

38 The world is somebody’s oyster – hamma xohlagan narsalarini, ko’ngli tusaganini qiladigan odamlarga nisbatan You are young and healthy you have no commitments - the world is your oyster. The world is the prince’s oyster in this country. The animal world – hayvonot dunyosi. The animal world of Uzbekistan is very rich. O’zbekistonning hayvonot dunyosi juda ham boy. The vegetable world – sabzavotlar olami. World water balance – global suv balansi. 4. Prеdmеt : Be worlds apart – bir-biriga mutlaqo qarama-qarshi bo’lmoq yoki turli bo’lmoq. They are worlds apart in their political views. Their inner sides are also worlds apart. The two girls they have chosen are worlds apart. The world of letters – adabiy dunyo. Adabiy dunyo o’z ichiga faqatgina adabiyotga tegishli bo’lgan asarlarni oladi. Bu

39 Today North America, tomorrow the world – bugun ma’lum bir joyda erishilgan yutuq, natija ertaga boshqa joylarni zabt etadi. We have just about cornered the market in Europe. Well, today Europe, tomorrow the world. The Old world – Osiyo, Afrika va Yevropaga nisbatan. The New world – Shimoliy, markaziy va janubiy Amerikaga nisbatan . Ancient world – qadimiy dunyo . Medieval world – o’rta asrlar olami . Modern world – zamonaviy dunyo, dunyoqarash. His world is very narrowone- Uning dunyoqarashi uncha keng emas. World’s end – oxirat World-line – vaqt oralig’i World-old – ko’hna World update – jahondagi so’nggi xabarlar 6. Boshqaruv: The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world – bolalari tufayli vaziyatlarga kuchli ta’sir o’tkaza oladigan ayollarga nisbatan There is such kind of saying:

40 The world of music – musiqa dunyosi. Musiqa dunyosi musiqa asboblari, musiqachilarni o’z ichiga oladi. Masalan : He was people the world of music. U musiqa dunyosi odami edi. The world of sport, the sports world – sport dunyosi . Financial world – moliyaviy dunyo. Bu so’z birikmasini ko’proq biror bir davlatning yoki biror kishining moliyaviy ahvolini so’raganda ishlatamiz. World market – jahon bozori. Bu yerda barcha ko’plab mamlakatlar eksport, import qiladi. World trade – Xalqaro savdo. Work in the world of business - biznesmen bo’lmoq, biznes sohasida ishlamoq A world’s fair – butun jahon yarmarkasi, ko’rgazmasi World security – xavfsizlik World of style – moda olami 9. Diniy obraz: The Muslim World – musulmonlar dunyosi. “World” konsepti frazeologik birliklarda boshqa so’zlar bilan

41 The new world order was expected to come into existence after the collapce of Coommunism in eastern Europe and the end of the cold war. World music – jahon musiqasi He has achieved a lot of success in world music. World-power – buyuk davlat (dunyyoning ko’pgina mamlakatlariga iqtisodiy, siyosiy ta’sirini o’tkaza oladigan davlat) The USA has great political strength and so it is world-power. The World Series – har yili Shimoliy Amerikada o’tkaziladigan beysbol turniri, musobaqasi Canada succeeded in a lot in The World Series. World-shattering – hayratga soluvchi va juda muhim It’s one of the world-shattering news nowadays. She was shocked by morning world-shattering news. World-shaking – hayratomus va juda muhim It was very world-shaking that princess died in car crash in 1997. He knows

42 So you know my old science teacher! Well, it’s certainly a small world, isn’t it? They ran out each other in New York. It’s really a small world. It takes all sorts to make a world – bu hayotda turli odamlar bilan muomula qilishga to’g’ri keladi. Each experience reminds me it takes all sorts to make a world. I’m too tired because it takes all sorts to make a world. For all the world – aynan She sounds for all the world like her mother on the telephone. I can do my best for all the world as my closest friend. Not for all the world – hech qachon, hech bir vaziyatda If I took that job I would have to leave the kids and I wouldn’t do that for all the world. Until she agrees to my suggestion and says “yes”, I will not give up for all the world. What/how/why in the world – saovol so’rayotgand

43 “World” konseptini ifodalovchi frazeologik birliklari obrazlari bo’lib, tahlil qilish natijasida quyidagi xulosalarga keldik. Ushbu konseptning makon, soha, antropomorf obrazlari ingliz tilida keng tarqalgan. Qolgan obrazlar ya’ni, vaqt, naturomorf, boshqaruv, diniy obrazlar kamchilikni tashkil qildi. Ushbu konsept frazeologik birliklardan tashqari taniqli shaxslar tomonidan yozib qoldirgan aforizmlarda ham o’z ifodasini topgan. Ingliz tilidagi aforizmlar turli metaforik obrazlarni aks ettiradi .Bu esa o’rganilayotgan konseptning lingvomadaniy xususiyatlarini yanada chuqurroq ochib beradi. Ularga quyidagilarni misol qilib olishimiz mumkin: Predmet obrazi : 1.This world is like Noah’s Ark in which few men but many beasts embark — Samuel Butler 1. The world is like a safe to which there i

44 9. The world is like a great staircase, some go up and others go down — Hipponax 10. The world is like an old coquette who conceals her age —Voltaire 11. The world is like a house, with the sky as a ceiling, the earth spread out like a carpet, the stars arrayed like lamps … and man its master —Bahya 12. The world is like a ladder: one goes up, another goes down —Immanuel of Rome 13. The world is like a map of antipathies … in which everyone picks the symbolic color of his difference —Juan Ramon Jimenez 14. The world is like a pump-wheel, through which the full is emptied and the empty filled —Naham Bratzlav 15. The world like a cradle rises and falls on a wave of confetti and funerals — Louis MacNeice 16. The world waits to be made over by each man who inhabits it, and it is made over e

45 1.The world is like an enormous spider web and if you touch it, however lightly, at any point, the vibration ripples to the remotest perimeter —Robert Penn Warren Bundan ko’rinadiki, “World” konseptini har bir inson o’z dunyoqarashidan kelib chiqqan holda tushunadi va tahlil qiladi. Bunga yuqoridagi mashhur shaxslarimizning aytgan fikr va mulohazalari dalildir. Aforizmlarni tahlil qilish natijasida predmet, naturomorf,vegetative, makon, antropomorf obrazlari aniqlandi.

46 XULOSA Tadqiqot ishimizning asosiy maqsadi ingliz tilidagi « World » konseptini kognitiv tilshunoslik va lingvomadaniyatshunoslik nuqtai nazaridan qarab, uning umumiy va o‘ziga xos xususiyatlarini o‘rganishdir. Ushbu yondashuv konsept mo h iyatini ochib berish va ushbu konseptning murakkab strukturasini o‘rganib, ikki til sohiblarining tafakkurida olamning lisoniy tasvirining aks etishini o‘rganib chiqishga yordam beradi. «World» konseptining tarkibini qiyosiy o‘rganish uchun ushbu konseptning leksikografik tahlili, uning ingliz tilidagi sinonimik qatori va konsept ishtirok etgan so‘z birikmalari, frazeologik birliklar va paremiologik iboralar yordamida ifodalangan «World» konsepti o‘rganib chiqildi. Olib bo r gan tadqiqot ishimizda «World» konseptining boshqa konseptlar bilan konseptua

47 Tadqiqot ishimizning asosiy maqsadi ingliz tilidagi «World» konseptini kognitiv tilshunoslik va lingvomadaniyatshunoslik nuqtai nazaridan qarab, uning lingvomadaniy xususiyatlarini o‘rganishdir.

48 SUMMARY A characteristic feature of modern linguistics is the increased attention to the study of the semantics of linguistic units. In recent decades, are being actively studied in vocabulary, word formation and grammatical meanings, different means of expressing the meaning, the relationship of words and context. The main aim of our researching work is exploring the conception of the “World” concerning to cognitive linguistics and lingvoculturistics and learning its general and specific peculiarities. This point helps to exploring the main essence of conception and learning complicated structure of concept and to describe in the English languages. The primary meaning of this word will probably surprise many people, for it does not, as commonly supposed, mean "all mankind." If

49 In a philosophical context it may refer to: 1. the whole of the physical Universe 2. an ontological world In a theological context, “ world” usually refers to the material or the profane sphere, as opposed to the celestial, spiritual, transcendent or sacred. The " end of the world " refers to scenarios of the final end of human history, often in religious contexts. To learn the essence of the concept “World” comparatively the lexicographical analysis of this concept, phraseological unites and some phraseologism have been analysed. Thus, some complicated peculiarities have been explored. As the result of our research work the significant importance of this concept has been clarified. We have analyzed Thesaurus, phrasebooks, English-English dictionaries. We used the method of anal

50 Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxati : Karimov I.A. Yuksak ma’naviyat-yengilmas kuch. –Toshkent: Ma’naviyat, 2008. Karimov I.A. O‘zbekiston XXI asr bo‘sag‘asida //Xafsizlikka tahdid, barqarorlik shartlari va taraqqiyot kafolatlari. –Toshkent: O‘zbekiston, 1997. 1. Абдуазизов А.А. Тилшунослик назариясига кириш. –Тошкент: Шарқ, 2010. 2. Агзамова Д.Б.«Хотира»концептининг инглиз ва ўзбек тилларидаги умумий ва ўзига хосхусусиятлари. Филология ф.н. дис. ... – Тошкент: 2012. 3. Ўзбек тилининг изоҳли луғати. 5 жилдлик. – Т.: Ўзбекистон Миллий энциклопедияси Давлат илмий нашриёти, 2006. II жилд. 4. O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi. –T.: O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, 2003. 5. Аскольдов С.А . Концепт и слово / Русская словесность. От теории словесности к структуре текста. Москва: Академия, 1

51 12. Маслова В. А. Введение в лингвокультурологию. М., 1997. 13. Попова З.Д., Стернин И.А. Когнитивная лингвистика. – М.: АСТ: Восток-Запад, 2007. 14. Тарасов Е. Ф. Введение // Язык и сознание: парадоксальная рациональность. - М., 1993. 15. Телия В.Н. Русская фразеология. – М.: Языки русской культуры, 1996. 16. Heidegger, Martin (1982). Basic Problems of Phenomenology . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 17. Longman Language Activator, 2nd ed. - Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2002. 18. Sovereign Grace Book Club, Evansville, Indiana. The Cause of God and Truth.2003. Foydalanilgan lug’atlar ro’yxati: 19. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. - New York: bartleby.com, 2000. 20. Bloomsbury English Dictionary, 2nd ed. – London: Bloomsbury Publishing

52 27. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 7th ed. - Oxford, New York etc.: Oxford University Press, 2005. 28. Oxford Collocations Dictionary. - Oxford, New York etc.: Oxford University Press, 2002. 29. Oxford Dictionary of English, 2nd edition, revised. - Oxford, New York etc.: Oxford University Press, 2005. 30. The Oxford Russian Dictionary, 3rd ed. - Oxford, New York etc.: Oxford University Press, 2000. Internet manbalari : 31. " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World&oldid=606595976 32. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_view&oldid=606042624 33. http://www.pbministries.org 34. www.molod.mephi.ru 35. www.phil.uu.nl 36. www .yourdictionary .com /World 37. http :// en . wikipedia . org / w / index . php ? title = World & oldid =608398637 38.

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