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Ingliz tilida eganing ot bilan ifodalanishi

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Mundarija Kirish I bob So`z turkumlari va gap bo`laklari haqida__________________________ 16 1.1. So`z turkumlari haqida_________________________________________ 16 1.2. Gap bo`laklari haqida_________________________________________ 20 II bob. Ingliz va o`zbek tilida eganing ot bilan ifodalanishi________________ 24 2.1. Ingliz va o`zbek tilida eganing ifodalanishi_________________________ 25 2.2 Eganing atoqli ot bilan ifodalanishi_______________________________ 33 2.2.1. Eganing geografik nomlar bilan ifodalanishi_______________________ 35 2.2.2. Eganing oy hafta kunlari bilan ifodalanishi ________________________ 36 2.2.3. Eganing kema mehmonxona nomlari bilan ifodalanishi _____________ 38 2.3 Ingliz va o`zbek tilida eganing turdosh ot bilan ifodalanishi ____________39 2.3.1. Eganing si

Bitiruv malakaviy ishimning metadologik asosi sifatida O`zbekiston Respublikasining “Talim to`g`risidagi qonuni”, Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi, O`zbekiston Respublikasi hukumatining umumiy o`rta ta`limni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan qarorlari, Xalq ta`limi vazirligining buyruqlari, prezident Islom Karimovning ta`lim tizimini takomillashtirishga yo`naltirilgan nutqlari, unda bayon etilgan yondashuvlari, tadqiqod muammosiga oid ilmiy metodik, pedagogik adabiyotlarga tayanildi. Bu mu q addas vatanda azizdir inson risolada О`zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2010 - yil 30 - iyundagi “О`zbekiston Respublikasi davlat mustaqilligining о`n tо`qqiz yillik bayramiga tayyorgarlik kо`rish va uni о`tkazish tо`g`risida” gi PQ – 1358- son Qarori hamda mamlakatimizda istiqlol yillarida ijtimoiy –

inson huquqlarini himoya qiladigan muassasalarning yaxlit tizimini barpo etish inson huquqlariga oid xalqaro shartnomalar va hujjatlarga qо`shilishda davom etib, ular bо`yicha majburiyatlarni bajarishning mexanizmi yaratildi. Umuman olganda, islohotlar markazida insonning oliy qadriyat sifatida baholanishi mamlakatimiz strategik vazifalariga hamohangdir. Xususan, bu boradagi barcha о`zgarishlarni mazmun - mohiyati ham inson va uning qadr- qimmatini kо`tarish bilan bog`liq. Vatan va inson manfaati - oliy maqsad. О`zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Islom Karimov: “Bugun biz tarixiy davrda – xalqimiz о`z oldiga ezgu va ulug` maqsadlar qо`yib, tinch osoyishta xayot kechirayotgan, avvalambor, о`z kuch va imkoniyatlariga tayanib, demokratik davlat va fuqarolik jamiyat qurish yо`lida ulkan natija

etish bо`yicha amalga oshirilgan keskin choralar va ularnig ahamiyati vaqi о`tibgina yanada qadrli bо`lmoqda. Mustaqillik – demokratik islohotlar kafolati. Prezident Islom Karimov asoslab berganidek, mamlakatni yangilash va modernizatsiyalash tadrijiylik va izchillikka erishish kafolat bо`lib xizmat qilishi mumkin. Taraqqiyotning о`zbek modeli rivojlanish tamoyillarini tо`g`ri tanlab olishda asos bо`lib xizmat qildi. Demokratik davlat qurish tamoyillari, ya`ni iqtisodning siyosatdan ustuvorligi, davlatning bosh islohotchilik faoliyati, qonun ustuvorligiga erishish, kuchli ijtimoiy himoyani amalga oshirish, bozor iqtisodiyotiga evolyusion yо`l bilan bosqichma - bosqich о`tish О`zbekistonning strategik rivojlanish uchun asos bо`ldi. Mamlakatimizda milliy davlatchilikni barpo etilishi ham pux

keldi. Yurtboshimizning: “Ong va tafakkur о`zgarmasa, hayot о`zgarmaydi”, - degan g`oyasi amalda о`z isbotini topmoqda. Yangicha hayotni eskicha ong va tafakkur. Qarashlar bilan qurib bо`lmasligini anglab yetish odamlar dunyoqarashining о`zgarishiga olib keladi. Prezident Islom Karimovning 2010 yilda mamlakatimizni ijtimoiy- iqtisodiy rivojlantirish yakunlari va 2011 yilga mо`ljallangan eng muhim ustuvor yо`nalishlarga bag`ishlangan О`zbekiston Respublikasi Vazirlar Mahkamasining majlisidagi ma`ruzasidan Bu yil barchamiz ona yurtimiz, О`zbekistonimizning yangi tarixidagi eng buyuk va qutlug` sanalardan biri – Vatanimizning mustaqilligining 20 yillik shonli bayramini keng nishonlaymiz – dedi Mamlakatimiz Prezidenti. Tabiiyki, bu bizdan barcha soha va tarmoqlarda amalga oshirayotgan keng kо`

Bitiruv malakaviy ishning dolzarbligi shundan iboratki , shu paytgacha na ingliz, na o`zbek tillarida eganing sintaktik va morfologik modellari to`liq yoritilgan emas. Eganing ot va uning turlari bilan ifodalanishi, shu jumladan atoqli va turdosh ot bilan ifodalanishini o`rganishdan iborat. Ikkinchi tomondan , hozirgi zamon adabiy tilida shaxsi noma`lum gaplar mavjud ammo ingliz tilida gapda ega bo`lishi shart. Ingliz tilida ega shart bo`lganligi uchun shaxsi noma`lum gaplar uchun soxta ega (it, there) ishlatiladi va gapda tarjima qilinmaydi u faqatgina rasmiy ega vazifasini bajaradi. O`zbek tilida bunaqa gaplar mavjud emas. Demak ishning dolzarbligi har ikkala tilda eganing ifodalanishini o`rganish ishning dolzarbligi hisoblanadi. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning obyekti hozirgi zamon ingliz ad

qiladi . Talabalar va o`quvchilarda ingliz tilida eganing ot bilan ifodalanishi haqida chuqurroq tushuncha hosil qilishdan iborat hamda tillar o`rtasidagi grammatik qurilishning farqlanishini ko`rsatishdan iborat Bitiruv malakaviy ishning ilmiyligi ushbu ish va tadqiqotning natijalarini o`quv jarayonlarida grammatikaning amaliy va nazariy kurslarda va og`zaki nutq kurslarida foydalanishlari mumkin .Bundan tashqari tipologik o`rganishda katta ahamiyatga ega. Shuningdek eganing tipologik kategoriyalar asosida o`rganilganligidir.Bunda esa qiyoslash orqali tipologik mushtaraklikni aniqlashga katta imkoniyat yaratib beradi. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning materiali bo`lib zamonaviy amerika va ingliz mualliflarining badiiy asarlaridan va lug`atlardan olingan 2500 dan ziyod misollar bilan ko`rsatib o`t

I Bob. So`z turkumlari haqida va gap bo`laklari haqida. 1.1 So`z turkumlari haqida Bitiruv malakaviy ishimizda eganing har ikkala tilda turlicha ifodalanish usullarini o`rganamiz . Bunda ishning zaruriyati eganing har ikkala tilda turlacha ifodalanishidir .Ingliz va o`zbek tillarida subyekt (Grammatik ega ) va predikat (Grammatik kesim) amallari orasidagi aloqa turli xil so`z turkumlari vositasida ifodalanadi . Bu yerda ingliz tilidagi eganing infinitiv va infinitivli birikmalari , gerundi va gerundi birikmalari , sifatdosh va sifatdoshli birikmalar , modal so`z va modal ma`noli frazeologik birikmalar va boshqalar bilan ifodalanish usullari ko`zda tutilgan . O`zbek tilida esa bu amallar bilan eganing ifodalanishida qisman farqlar uchraydi. Bunday chigallik , albatta , ingliz tilini o`zbek

Ingliz tilini nazariy va amaliy o`rganishda lingvistlar va o`qituvchilar oldiga qator vazifalarni yuklaydi. Bu esa ingliz tilini o`qitish so`zlashuv aloqalarini yo`lga qo`yish jaroyonini osonlashtirishning ayrim tadbirlarini ko`rib chiqishni talab qiladi. Shu omillardan biri konkret vazifalar asosida ikki til sistemasini qiyoslashdir . Har xil sistemadagi tillarni bilib olish uchun ularning semantik va formal xususiyatlarini aniqlash ular o`rtasidagi grammatik qurilishning farqlanishini ko`rsatish tilshunoslik faniga qisman bo`lsa ham nazariy ,ham amaliy tomondan yakkama –yakka o`rganib olishga yordam beradi . Tillarni qiyoslab o`rganishda ularning sxemasini modellarga solib o`rganish, ya`ni til sistemasidagi birikmalarni ma`lum abstrakt birliklar yordamida formulalarga solib o`rganish ka

Ushbu malakaviy bitiruv ishimizni yozishda tipologik qiyosiy metod gaplarni modellashtirish statistik analiz metodlari umumiy va xususiy metodlardan foydalanib yozdik. So`z turkumlarini tasnif qilishda uch turdagi prinsipga asoslanadi : 1) ma`no 2) shakl 3) funksiya 1.Ma`no deganda ma`lum bir guruhga kiruvchi hamma so`zlarning umumiy ma`nosini va mohiyatini tushunamiz masalan : “ot” so`z turkumiga to`xtaladigan bo`lsak, “ot” so`z turkumi predmedlik ma`nosini beradi. 2.So`z turkumining shakli deganda biror bir so`z turkumiga kiruvchi so`zlarning morfologik xaraktirestikasini nazarda tutiladi . Shunday qilib, “ot” so`z turkumi son kategoriyasi (birlik va ko`plik ) bilan xarakterlanadi. 3. Funksiya deganda bir so`zning sintaktik xususiyatini tushunamiz va bu ikkiga bo`linadi. 1)uning boshqa

Tilshunos olimV.Ilish so`z turkumlari nazareyasini ba`zi sentaktik jihatlarini ham 6 o`z ichiga olgan holda morfologiyaning asosiy qismi deb qaraydi ii Kaushanskaya ham so`z turkumlarini ikki guruhga bo`ladi: mustaqil va yordamchi so`z turkumlariga bo`ladi . Mustaqil so`z turkumlari gapda ega, kesim, aniqlovchi, to`ldiruvchi, hol kabi ma`lum bir sintaktik funksiyani bajaradi. Mustaqil so`z turkumlariga : 1 Noun (ot) 2. Adjective(sifat ) 3. The numeral ( son) 4 The pronoun ( olmosh) 5 The adverb (ravish) 6 The verb (fe`l) 7 The word of the category of state 8 The modal words (modal so`zlar ) 9 Interjection (bog`lovchi) Yordamchi so`z turkumlari ni Kaushanskaya structural so`z turkumlari deb qaraydi . Ular gapda mustaqil funksiyani bajarmaydi iii Kachalova so`z turkumlarini : iv 1 Noun (ot)

1.2 Gap bo`laklari haqida Gap deb tugallangan fikrni ifodalovchi so`zlar yig`indisiga aytiladi . - The sun rises in the east - Quyosh sharqdan chiqadi. - The earth rotates round its axis .Yer o`z o`qi atrofida aylanadi. - The water boils at a 100centigrade. Suv yuz gradusda qaynaydi Gapning tarkibiga kiruvchi va birorta so`roqqa javob bo`luvchi so`zlar gap bo`laklari deyiladi. Gap bo`laklari bosh bo`laklar va ikkinchi darajali bo`laklarga bo`linadi . Bosh bo`laklarga ega (subject)va kesim( predicate) kiradi. Ikkinchi darajali bo`laklarga to`ldiruvchi (object), aniqlovchi ( the attribute ), hol( the adverbal modifire) kiradi. Tuzulishiga ko`ra gaplar sodda gaplar (simple sentence ) va qo`shma gaplar (compound sentence )ga bo`linadi: _The steamer arrived at the port yesterday (sodda gap) Pa

Sodda gaplar (simple sentence ) yig`iq va yoyiq gaplarga (unextended and extended sentences )ga bo`linadi: Yig`iq gaplar faqat bosh bo`laklar ega va kesimdan iborat bo`ladi : The car stopped . Mashina to`xtadi. Yoyiq gaplarda bosh bo`laklardan tashqari ikkinchi darajali bo`laklar :aniqlovchi , to`ldiruvchi, hol ishtirok etadi. Ikkinchi darajali bo`laklar bosh bo`laklarni izohlab keladi. - The blue car stopped at the gate . Ko`k mashina darvoza oldida to`xtadi . Bu gapda ikkinchi darajali bo`lak blue so`zi (aniqlovchi)the car so`zini izohlab kelyabdi. Ikkinchi darajali bo`lak the gate (o`rin holi) kesim stopped ni izohlayapti. -The manager of the office has received a telegram. Offis menejeri telegramma oldi. Bu gapda ikkinchi darajali bo`lak of the office (aniqlovchi), gapning egasi the ma

Ega sintaktik jihatdan asosan , ikki xususiyati bor. U bosh bo`lak bo`lib , hech qanday boshqa bo`laklarni izohlamaydi boshqa bo`laklarni o`ziga tobe etib keladi. Eganing ikkinchi xususiyati bosh kelishikda kelgan ot , ot-olmosh va otlashgan so`zlar hatto undovchilar bilan ham , shuningdek yetakchi bo`lgan bosh kelishikda bolgan birikma orqali ifodalanishidir. Ega bir so`z yoki so`zlar birikmasidan tashkil topishi mumkin. Demak ega tuzilishiga ko`ra soda va birikma egaga bo`linadi Ega uch shaxsning har biriga oid gaplarda ham sodda yoki qo`shma ( birikma ) holida ( ko`proq 3- shaxsda) uchraydi. Biroq sodda eganing yoki birikma eganing tarkibidagi hokim so`zning materiali (eganing qanday so`z turkumidan bo`lishi ) hamda gapda ko`rinishi har qanday shaxsga oid gapda ,asosan , o`ziga xos hol

Gapda mutloq hokim vaziyat egallab , fikrning kimda , nimaga qarashli ekanini anglatuvchi gap bo`lagi ega deb ataladi – deb ifodalaydi . Demak , yuqorida ko`rsatilgan avtorlarning fikriga qo`shilgan holda , ega bosh bo`lakning hokim qismi bo`lib , u predmetning kim, nima yoki narsalarning nima ekanligini ko`rsatuvchi bo`lakdir . U kimga va boshqa gap bo`laklariga nisbatan hokim sinfdir. Gapning kim yoki nima haqidq aytilganini bildiruvchi so`z , gapning bosh bo`laklaridan biri hokim deb ko`rsatiladi. v 15

i ii iii iv v II. bob .Hozirgi zamon ingliz adabiy tili va o`zbek tilida eganing ot bilan ifodalanishi Gap nisbiy tugallangan fikr ifodasidir .Gap qurilishining asosi bo`lgan bosh bo`laklar ega va kesim ana shunday nisbiy tugallangan fikirni ifodalaydi. Ikki sostovli gaplardagi fikrni ifodalaydi. Ikki sostavli gaplardagi fikr ifodasini bosh bo`laklarining bittasigagina yuklab bo`lmaydi . Ega gap strukturasida o`ziga xos grammatik shakllanish va ma`no funksiyasi bilan xarakterlanadi .Eganing asosiy ifoda materiali predmet anglatuvchi bosh kelishikdagi so`zdir . Shuningdek , u so`zlar birikmasi orqali ham beriladi. Ega o`zining shu xususiyati bilan gapdagi boshqa bo`laklardan ajralib turadi . Eganing sintaktik jihatdan ,asosan , ikki xususiyati bor . U bosh bo`lak bo`lib ,hech qanday boshqa

grammatik xususiyati bosh kelishikda kelgan ot , ot olmosh va otlashgan so`zlar hatto undoshlar bilan shuningdek yetakchi bo`lgan bosh kelishikda kelishi mumkin bo`lgan ko`plik egalik affeksini yoxud har ikki affeksni birdan olishi mumkin . Gapda mutloq hokim vaziyat egallab , fikrning kimga , nimaga qarashli ekanini anglatuvchi gap bo`lagi ega deyiladi . Ega keng ma`noda predmet tushunchsini bildirib kesimdan anglashilgan belgi harakat , holatning kimga yo nimaga tegishli ekanini ko`rsatadi . Ega bosh kelishikdagi so`z bilan ifodalanib kim ? nima? ,kimlar ? ,nimalar ?, qayer ? degan so`roqlardan biriga javob bo`lib keladi . Ega odatda manbalarning ko`rsatishiga ot va olmosh ,otlashgan so`z ( sifat ,son ,harakat nomi , ravish ,sifatdosh bilan ifodalanib keladi ) . 2.1 Ingliz va o`zbek tili

Jeyn ertalab yotog`ini yigishtirdi va maktabga borishdan oldin idishlarni yuvdi. - Jane is assuming responsibility.(CH. Y. G. 12) -Mary had met Joan at the beach last summer.(CH.Y.G. 16) Mari Jonni o`tgan yili plyajda uchratdi. -Joyce asked some of her classmates to a Hallowen party at the house. (CH.Y. G. 17) Joys sinfdoshlarining ba`zilaridan hovlidagi Hallowen ziyofati to`g`risida so`radi. -Jerry was celebrating his 20 th birthday .`(CH. Y. G. 18) Jeri 20 yoshini nishonlayotgandi . -Joyce hadnot had a reply from either Tom and Jack.`(CH. Y. G. 17)Joys Jekdan ham Tomdan ham javob ololmadi. -Jim looked at his father .`(CH. Y. G. 26) Jim otasiga qaradi. -Mr. Goodwin read Joe Stone`s paper to the class. .`(CH. Y. G. 26) Janob Goodwin sinfda Joening varag`ini o`qidi. 2. jonsiz atoqli ot bila

4. Ega jonsiz turdosh ot bilan ifodalanishi munkin. -Buzilgan hovlilarning suvog`i kulrang va nomiqqan edi. -The plaster of the broken houses was grey and went. (E.H p.130) -Ko`chalar chiroq bilan yoritilgandi. The whole building was soon ablage. -“Nemis” so`zi yurakka qo`rqinch solardi. The word “German” was something tobe frightened of. Hozirgi zamon ingliz adabiy tilida otning ifodalanish usullariga o`tmoqchimiz. The noun is a part of speech which expresses substance in the widest meaning of the word. The noun can fulfil the functions of the subject objects, attributes and predicatives in the sentence. ( Predmetlik ma`nosini ifodalovchi so`z turkumi otdir.Ot gapda ega , to`ldiruvchi, aniqlovchi va predikativ vazifalarida keladi. ) By the concept of substance we understand not only name

(Morfologik belgilar otning grammatik kategoriyaformalarini yasovchi morfema va allomorflardan iborat bo`lib , sanaladigan otlarning ko`plik formasini yasovchi – (e)s , en va otlarda qaratqich kelishigini yasovchi apostrofli `s shular jumlasidandir. 2 Syntactic determiners. We find syntactic structural determiners of nouns in relation of nouns with other words. The article, the adjective, the numeral, the participle; demonstrative, indefinite, possessive pronouns, which define nouns, belong to this group, a room, a large room, ten boys, our house, my note-book, some new students, an interesting book, etc.—( otlarning sintaktik structural belgilari ot boshqa so`zlar bilan munosabatga kirishganda namoyon bo`luvchi otni aniqlab keluvchi artikl , sifat , sifatdosh , son, ko`rsatish , gumon , v

b) nouns showing other living beings except persons: h6rse, cow, sheep, fox, sparrow, etc. The above-mentioned nouns usually answer the question what? What is in the tree? A bird is. The words who and what are the lexico-syntactic markes persons and non- persons Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida ot semantic jihatdan klassifikatsiya qilinganda jonli va jonsizlik , yakkalik va umumiylik prinsipiga asoslanadi.Jonli va jonsizlik prinsipiga ko`ra ot ikkiga : jonli predmetlarni va jonsiz predmetlarni ifodalovchi otlarga ajratiladi. Jonli predmetlarni ifodalovchi otlar o`z navbatida yana ikkiga : a) shaxs nomini va b) boshqa tirik mavjudotlari ifodalovchi otlarga bo`linad. Shaxs nomini ifodalovchi otlar who ? so`rog`iga, boshqa tirik mavjudotni ifodalovchi otlar what ? so`rog`iga javob bo`ladi Accordin

Yakka otlar ma`lum sinf yoki gruppaga kiruvchi shaxs yoki narsalarni bildiradi. Bu otlar sanaladigan otlar hisoblanib , birlik va ko`plikda ishlatiladi. Ular odatda artikl bilan qo`llaniladi. 2. Collective nouns denote a number or collection of similiar individuals or things as a single unit. team — komanda , brigade —brigada , people —odamlar . 3. Material or mass nouns,—(Modda va sanalmaydigan predmetlarni bildiruvchi otlar ) . Material or mass nouns denote material: iron, paper, bread, but ter, tea. They are uncountable nouns and are generally used without any article. Sanalmaydigan predmet yoki modda nomlarini ifodalaydigan otlar ulgurji ,siyuq yoki mayday predmetlarni ifodalab , sanalmaydigan otlar hisobanadi va umuman artiklsiz ishlatiladi. 4. Abstract nouns. Abstract nouns denote th

4. Compound-derived nouns are built from two or more stems adding affixes: moviegoer, shoemaker . Qo`shma yasama otlar ikki o`zakli otlarga affikslar qo`shilishi natijasida yasaladi. 5. Composite nouns are such nouns which express one common lexical meaning and consist of different lexico-grammatical word morphemes, brother-in-law, forget-me- not. Murakkab otlar bitta umumiy leksik ma`noni anglatib , yakka-yakka keluvchi leksik –grammatik so`z morfemalaridan tuziladi Grammatical categories of nouns. (Otning grammatik kategoriyalari ) In Modern English the noun is characterized by two grammatical categories. These categories are based on the oppositions of number and case forms. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida ot uchun son va kelishik kategoriyalari formalarining oppozitsiyasiga asoslangan ikkita g

trees, tables; [-s] after voiceless consonants other than sibilants: hats, cats, Sanaladigan otlarning ko`plik formasini birlikdagi formaga -s ( -es) qo`shimchasini qo`shish orqali yasaladi. –s qo`shimchasi qorishiq va sirgaluvchi tovushlardan keyin (-iz ) , jarangli undoshlar va unli tovushlardan keyin (z ) , jarangsiz undoshlardan keyin (-s ) deb talaffuz qilinadi Some nouns have only the plural form: trousers, scissors, tongs, pectacles. These are for the most part names of things which con-ist of two or more parts.—Ba`zi otlar faqat ko`plik formasiga ega bo`lib , ular ko`p hollarda ikki yoki undan ortiq qismlardan iborat bo`ladi: trousers, scissors, spectacles,) The function of the noun in the sentences Nouns are used in the sentence in the following function 1. as a subject : Lanny we

«Rivers», he shouted, «what have you got in your mouth? » (Th. D.) 7. as an apposition :«Why, Sister Carrie! » she began and there was a perfunctory - embrace of welcome. (Th. D) One evening in July 1846, a few acqua intances met at Professor Fabrizi`s house in Florence to discuss plans for future political work. (V.) 2.2. Eganing atoqli ot bilan ifodalanishi. Proper nouns are individual names given to separate persons or things: Mark Twain, Moscow, Tashkent, London, etc Yakkalik va umumiylik prinsipiga ko`ra otlar : atoqli va turdosh otlarga ajratiladi. Shaxs va narsalarga berilgan nomlar atoqli ot hisoblanadi. Jan Carlzon was born in Nykoping Sweden, in 1941 (J.C. ) Jon Karlzon 1941 –yilda SHvetsariyaning Nykoping viloyatida tug`ilgan. - Uorton ana shu xil toifadagilardan edi . (F.K.19

-Joyce hadnot had a reply from either Tom and Jack.`(CH.Y.G. 17)Joys Jekdan ham Tomdan ham javob ololmadi. -Jim looked at his father .`(CH. Y. G. 26) Jim otasiga qaradi -Mr. Goodwin read Joe Stone`s paper to the class. .`(CH. Y. G. 26) Janob Goodwin sinfda Joening varag`ini o`qidi. -Christer Sandahl walked into my office.(J.C 8). Krister idoramga keldi. -Rudy Peterson was an American businessman staying at the Grand hotel in Stockholm (J.C .1. ) R.Peterson Stokgolmda Grand mehmonxonasida yashayotgan amerika tadbirkori edi. -Nils Horjel accepted my answer with remarkable calm .(J.C 10). N.Horjel xotirjamlik bilan javobimni qabul qildi. - Werner Tarnowsky was appointed to manage the SAS office in Stuttgart (J.C . 59) W.Tarnovski Stuttgartda SAS offisi ishini uddalay olgani uchun tayinlandi.

-Sir Alexsander Fleming Nobel Prize winner , knighted by King George VI in 1944 ,was an alert observer .(CH.Y.G. 67. )Aleksandr Nobel mukofoti sovrindori 1944 yilda Qirol Jorj tomonidan ziyrak kuzatuvchi etib tayinlangan . 2.2.1 Eganing geografik nomlar bilan ifodalanishi. -Britain is a small beautiful and crowded country. (across England to Scotland p.5.) -Thermez is known as the hottest place Uzbekistan .(R.Q. 66)Termiz O`zbekistondagi eng issiq joy. -Tashkent opened its doors to the public .Toshkent ommaga eshiklarini ochdi. -Uzbekistan has long cultural roots. O`zbekiston uzoq madaniy ildizga ega. -Uzbekistan values its cultural traditions and supports and develops the next generation who will add to them. O`zbekiston madaniy an`analarni qadrlaydi va qo`llab quvvatlaydi va keyingi avlo

-South America is famous for its wild animals. Janubiy Amerika yovvoyi hayvonlari bilan mashhur. -Uzbekistan is rich in gas, coal , oil, gold ,and other minerals.(R.Q.67) -O`zbekiston gaz ko`mir, yog`, oltin vaboshqa minerallarga boy. Ushbu ko`rsatilgan joy mamlakatlarning ba`zi bir shaharlari ham ega vazifasida uchraydi. Masalan: -Great Britain is founded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north-west, north, and south – west. (I.S.Stepanova p.132). Buyuk Britaniya shimoli-g`arbda, shimolda, janubi- g`arbda Atlankia okeani orqali topilgan. -England (131000 km)is the southern hand largest division of the United Kingdom. (I.S.S.) Angliya Birlashgan Qirollikning eng katta janubiy yo`nalishidir. -The city of London has always been the financial centre of the country. (I.S.S. 135) London shahri doim

2.2.2. Ega kun va oylarning nomi orqali ham ifodalanishi mumkin. Bunda bir yilda 12 oy va bir haftada 7 kun nomlari bilan ega ifodalanib keladi. -(the presedent. ) He writes a king of letter to the people . He writes that the fourth Thursday in November will be a national holiday. (I.S.S.p.189) U odamlarga qirollik maktubini yozdi. U noyabrning to`rtinchi chorshanbasi milliy bayram bo`lishini yozdi. -Labour day comes on the first Monday of September. (I.S.S 190).Labour day bayrami sentyabrning birinchi dushanbasida keladi. -The fourth of July is the biggest national holiday of the USA. (I.S.S..188) To`rtinchi iyul AQSHning eng katta milly bayramidir. -The days of the week are Sunday , Monday, Thuesday , Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. Hafta kunlari yakshanba , dushanba , seshanba,

-There are two Moslem holidays Ramadan khait and Kurban khait (R.Q.82 .) Ikkita hayit bayrami Qurbon hayit va Ramazon hayit. -The 22 of December is the shortest day of the year. (Kachalova 490.) 22-Dekabr yilning eng qisqa kuni -February is the second month of the year. (Kachalova 491.) Fevral yilning ikkinchi oyidir. 2.2.3. Ingliz tilida ega mehmonxona , kema ,gazeta jurnal nomlari bilan ifodalanadi. -After Central Asia had been conquered by the Arabs in the 8 th century , the Arabic written language became official (Usbekistan p 55) . O`rta Osiyoni 8 asrda arblar tomonidan bosib olingandan keyin arab tili rasmiy til deb e`lon qilindi. -The Alisher Nawoi Central library alone has three million books. (Usbekistan p. 61.) A.Navoiyning shaxsiy kutubxonasida faqatgina 3million kitobi bor. -Mo

-“Moments of truth” is a book for US airline executives (J.C.p 10) “Haqiqat lahzasi asari Qo`shma shtatlarning havo yo`llari rahbarlari uchun yozilgan asardir. -“Air France ” is wholly owned by the French government . (J.C.p81.) ---“Air France ” fransiya hukumati tomonidan e`tirof etilgan . -I visited Bob Crandell , chief – executive officer of American Airlines .(J.C.p .41.) -The Transe Siberia railway is the longest in the world (Kachalova 490.) Trans Siberia dunyodagi eng uzun temiryo`l . -The Moscow underground is the best in the world . (Kachalova p. 54. ) Moskva metrosi dunyodagi eng yaxshi metrodir -United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Ega ba`zi holatlarda dunyo tomonlari orqali ham ifodalanadi. - The South has been an agricultural region for hundreds of ye

Turdosh otlar ham atoqli otlar singari jonli turdosh ot va jonsiz turdosh otlarga bo`liknib keladi va u quydagicha modellashtiriladi: N (commonim): N (comminan): Turdosh otlar quydagi semantic guruhga ajratiladi 1.Ot tirik mavjudodlarning (person- kishi), bird (parranda) animal (hayvon), ant-hill (chumoli), bee (asalari), worm (chuvalchang ), microbe (mikrob) kabi. 2.Obektiv borliqqa oid narsalarning land (yer), the sun (quyosh), the moon (oy), field (dala ), stone (tosh ), mountain (tog`), water (suv ), river (daryo ) kabi. 3. O`simliklarning cotton (paxta), maize (jo`xori), rize (sholi) kabi. 4. Biron voqeaning bridal - to`y, conference- kengash , meeting – majlis kabi. 5. Fikirda predmet deb tushuniladigan narsa, hodisa xususiyat munosabatlarning fight (kurash), astion- harakat, state –

kunda ba`zida bu yerga keladi. -The doctor wishes to examine the wounded man (Krylova 238.) Shifokor yarador kishini tekshirishni xoxlaydi. -Boys and girls were talking and laughing , but not boisterously. (CH.Y.G. p12.) -Teachers were in and around their classrooms , but none found it necessary to reprimand the students .(CH. Y. G. p 12) - This school`s population seemed to be enjoying many rights and privileges because they had shown they were ready for this self-discipline . (CH.Y.G. p. 12) -The tables and floors were clean . (CH. Y.G. p13) -In the classrooms , the desks had not been defaced. (CH.Y.G. p. 13) - Some people save their good manners for special occasions . (CH.Y.G. p13) -Most people learn good manners from the good examples set by their families . (CH.Y.G. p.13) -Parents co

-One of the colours of the sports` socks should be the colour of your shirt or clasks. . (CH.Y.G.p.22) -Shoes are a very important part of your wardrobe . .(CH.Y.G.p.22) -The shoe should extend three – quarters to an inch beyond the toes . (CH.Y.G.p.22) -Mature adults are concerned about themselves too, but they also think of others. (CH.Y.G.p.31) -At six years of age , a little Persian boy was expected to get up before the sun rose and go to a special field .(CH.Y.G.p.35) -The battle was with the devil and the goal was victory over the evil spirit. (CH.Y.G.p.57) -The patient was simply the battleground . (CH.Y.G.p.57) Turdosh ot bilan ifodalangan ega jonli bo`lishi mumkin. - The major spoke grudgingly to theorderly who dusked back into the hole again and came out with a quarter of a white

2.3.2. Eganing jamlovchi otlar bilan ifodalanishi Collective nouns denote a number or collection of similiar individuals or things as a single unit. team — komanda , brigade —brigada , people —odamlar . Collective nouns fall under the following groups: a) nouns used only in the singular and denoting a number of things collected together and regarded as a single object : foliage , machinery. -It wasnot restful , that green foliage (London) Yashil barglar tinch emas edi. -Machinary new to the industry in Australia was introduced for preparing land (Agricultural Gazette.)Australiyada tayyorlangan yer uchun yangi mexanizmlar sanoati bilan tanishtirildi. b) nouns which are singular in form though plural in meaning : police , poultry cattle , people , gentry .They are usually called nouns of mu

- The people thought that disease was caused by the body organs not getting sufficient exercise . - People would be doing less and less work .(CH. Y.G. 38) -People would be exercising less and less (CH.Y.G.38 ) -In those days the peole who worked with the ill directed their treatment to the evil spirit (CH.G.Y..57) -More people mean more homes , more cars, more industries . (CH.G.Y.69) -Peple come from the outlying districts to the city to work.(Ch.Y.G 69) c)Nouns that may be both singular and plural:family, crowd, flut, nation. We can think of a number of crowds, fluts or different nations as well as of a single oravd, fleet. -A small crawd is lined up to see the guests arrive (Shaw) Kichik to`da kelgan mehmonlarni ko`rib safda turishdi Accordengly they were soon a foot and walking in dir

ishlatiladi -There was a scent of honey from the lime trees in flowers (Galsworty.) Jo`ka daraxti gilida asalli xushbo`y hid bor edi. - There was coffee still in the urn ( Wells) Axlat idishda haliyam kofe bor edi. -The cheese wasnot very good but the butter was excellent ( Kachalova 40) Pishloq yaxshi emas edi ammo yog ` ajoyib edi. - Salt can be obtained from sea water (Kachalova 38) Tuz dengiz suvidan olinadi -Water is necessary for life ( Kachalova 38) Suv hayot uchun zarur. -The meat was quite cold ( Kachalova 39) Go`sht juda ham muzlagan edi. 2.3.4. Abstrakt otlar (ya`ni mavhum otlar) orqali eganing ifodalanishi.. Abstract nouns denote the names of some quality, state, action or idea. They are usually in countables, though some of them may be countables (idea , hour.) Abstrakt otlar

-Measles is another disease caused by virus . (CH.Y.G. 61) Qizamiq virus orqali sabab bo`ladigan boshqa kasallik. -Hundreds of different kinds of polio virus have been found , but they all fall into three different types. . (CH.Y.G. 61) Polio virusining yuzlab turlicha turlari topilgan ammo ular uchta turga bo`linadi. -Temperament is your state of mind and feelings . (CH.Y.G. 131) Xarakter sizning aqliy holatingz va hissiyotingizda . -The desire for acceptance is his motivation for studying (CH.Y.G. 136) Tan olish uchun xoxish , o`rganish uchun qiziqish kerak. -Heredity and environment work together to influence (CH.Y.G. 136) Muhit va irsiyat ta`sir qilish uchun birgalikda ishlaydi. -Motivations don`t always cause us to do well. (CH.Y.G. 138) Qiziqish bizga hamma narsani yaxshi uddalay oli

- It looked as though it might be a mess . (E.H. 18) Buning oqibati hunuk bo`lganga o`xshaydi. - But it looked cheerful and clend even with the rain (E.H.200). Ammo bu yerda yomg`ir toza va ajoyib edi. Ba`zi hollarda it olmoshi formal (rasmiy) ega bo`lib, u o`zbek tiliga tarjima qilinmaydi. - It was hot day and the sky was very bright and blue and the road was white and dusty (E.H. 24). Kun issiq edi , osmon ko`m-ko`k va tiniq edi, yo`l esa oq va changli edi. - It was quiet, hot and dirty (E.H.17). - It was bare hall with two windows and closed doors all down the carridor (E.H. 225). Yo`lakning ikkita derazasi bor edi va barcha qatordagi eshiklar berk edi. - It is one kilometre from our house to the river . Bizning uyimizdan daryo tomon bir km . - It is not far to the railway station . Tem

Qirg`oq bo`yidan daraxtlar orasigacha ko`pgina uylar bor edi va qirg`oq yuqorisidagi yo`lda tosh hovlilar bilan qishloq bor edi. 1-Bobga xulosa So`z turkumlarini tasnif qilishda uch turdagi prinsipga asoslanadi : 1) ma`no 2) shakl 3) funksiya 1.Ma`no deganda ma`lum bir guruhga kiruvchi hamma so`zlarning umumiy ma`nosini va mohiyatini tushunamiz masalan : “ot” so`z turkumiga to`xtaladigan bo`lsak, “ot” so`z turkumi predmedlik ma`nosini beradi. 2.So`z turkumining shakli deganda biror bir so`z turkumiga kiruvchi so`zlarning morfologik xaraktirestikasini nazarda tutiladi . Shunday qilib, “ot” so`z turkumi son kategoriyasi (birlik va ko`plik ) bilan xarakterlanadi. 3. Funksiya deganda bir so`zning sintaktik xususiyatini tushunamiz va bu ikkiga bo`linadi. 1)uning boshqa so`zlar bilan birikishi 2

Mustaqil so`z turkumlari gapda ega, kesim, aniqlovchi, to`ldiruvchi, hol kabi ma`lum bir sintaktik funksiyani bajaradi. Mustaqil so`z turkumlariga : 1 Noun (ot) 2. Adjective(sifat ) 3. The numeral ( son) 4 The pronoun ( olmosh) 5 The adverb (ravish) 6 The verb (fe`l) 7 The word of the category of state 8 The modal words (modal so`zlar ) 9 Interjection (bog`lovchi) Yordamchi so`z turkumlari ni Kaushanskaya structural so`z turkumlari deb qaraydi . Ular gapda mustaqil funksiyani bajarmaydi Gapning tarkibiga kiruvchi va birorta so`roqqa javob bo`luvchi so`zlar gap bo`laklari deyiladi. Gap bo`laklari bosh bo`laklar va ikkinchi darajali bo`laklarga bo`linadi . Bosh bo`laklarga ega (subject)va kesim( predicate) kiradi. Ikkinchi darajali bo`laklarga to`ldiruvchi (object), aniqlovchi ( the attribut

2-Bobga xulosa Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida ot semantic jihatdan klassifikatsiya qilinganda jonli va jonsizlik , yakkalik va umumiylik prinsipiga asoslanadi.Jonli va jonsizlik prinsipiga ko`ra ot ikkiga : jonli predmetlarni va jonsiz predmetlarni ifodalovchi otlarga ajratiladi. Jonli predmetlarni ifodalovchi otlar o`z navbatida yana ikkiga : a) shaxs nomini va b) boshqa tirik mavjudotlari ifodalovchi otlarga bo`linad. Shaxs nomini ifodalovchi otlar who ? so`rog`iga, boshqa tirik mavjudotni ifodalovchi otlar what ? so`rog`iga javob bo`ladi. Shaxs va narsalarga berilgan nomlar atoqli ot hisoblanadi. Turdosh ot inson va narsalarning har qanday vakili , bir butun hisoblangan o`xshash shaxs va narsalar yig`indisi , narsa va mavhum tushunchani ifodalaydi. O`zbek tilida qish, sovuq kabi shaxsi no

Xulosa. Mening bitiruv malakaviy ishimning mavzusi “Ingliz adabiy tilida eganing ot bilan ifodalanishi deb nomlanadi”.Hozirgi zamon ingliz adabiy tilida ega boshqa tillardagi singari barcha mustaqil so`z turkumlari bilan ifodalanib kelishi mumkin. Bitiruv malakaviy ishda biz faqatgina eganing ot bilan ifodalanish usullarini ko`rib chiqdik .Shunday qilib , ot leksik –grammatik ma`no xususiyatiga ko`ra ega vazifasida qo`llanishga mos so`z turkumidir. Ega keng ma`noda predmet tushunchasini bildirib , kesimdan anglashilgan belgi, harakat, holatning kimga yoki nimaga tegishli ekanligini ko`rsatadi. Ega quyidagilar bilan ifodalanib keladi:1. ot bilan :the meeting is over . 2) olmosh bilan :he works at a factory . 3)infinitiv va infinitivli iboralar bilan: To swim is pleasant 4) gerund va gerund

(predicate) hamda ikkinchi darajali bo`laklar to`ldiruvchi (object), aniqlovchi (attribute), hol(adverbal modifire) haqida ,gapning tuzilishiga ko`ra turlari sodda gaplar (simple sentence), qo`shma gaplar (compound sentence) haqida , gapning maqsadga ko`ra turlari darak gaplar (declarative sentence), so`roq gaplar (interrogative sentence), buyruq gaplar (imperative sentence), undov gaplar (exclamatory sentence), sodda gap turlari yig`iq va yoyiq gaplar (unextended and extended sentences) bo`linishi misollar orqali yoritib berilgan. Ishning II bobida ingliz va o`zbek tilida eganing ot bilan ifodalanishi , atoqli va turdosh ot turlari o`rganilib chiqildi .Ushbu bobda ingliz va o`zbek olimlarining ega haqidagi fikrlari keltirib o`tilgan Ot o`z leksik –grammatik ma`no xususiyatiga ko`ra ega va

Ilova 1 № Eganing atoqli ot bilan ifodalanishimisollar %1. 2. 3. 4.Kishi nomlari Geografik nomlar Mehmonxona, kema nomlari Oy, hafta kunlari Jami:500

500 250 250 150016.7 % 16.7 % 8.3 % 8.3 %

50 % Ilova 2 № Eganing turdosh ot bilan ifodalanishimisollar %1. 2. 3. 4.Sinf otlari Jamlovchi otlar Modda otlari Mavhum otlar

Jami:300 200 250 250 250015 % 10 % 12.5 % 12.5 %

100 % Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro`yxati a) ilmiy – nazariy manbalar. I. A. Karimov “Mamlakatimizda demokratik islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish va fuqarolik jamiyatini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi” Toshkent- O`zbekiston” 2010 A . S . Barxudarov , D . A . SHteling “Грамматика английского языка” изд 4 с Москва вышая школа 1973 В А Илыш “ Строй современного английского языка” изд Второе Ленинград 1971 сс365 Ж В Буронов” Сравнительная типология английского язык” изд 4 с Москва вышая школа 1973 Качалова “Практическая грамматика английского языка” изд Туркистан 2007 M. G`apporov “Ingliz tili grammatikasi” Toshkent 2006 R.Qiyomov “ English for beginners ” Fan nashriyoti 2009 J. Bo`ronov “ Ingliz tili grammatikasining normative kursi Toshkent 1989 144 bet I.P. Krylova “An English grammar practi

JC- Jan Carlzon “Moments of truth” USA . 1987 135 page CH.Y.G- Leslie W. Irwin PH.D. “Choosing your goal” 1967 240 page Foydalanilgan lugat`lar Р .Р. Эршев В. Ю. Елинов “ английский и американский составний словарь”Москва 1958 767стр “БОЛШОЙ АНГЛО-РУССКОЙ СЛАВАРЬ” под общем руководсидволи доктора проф И Р Гальерина Москва 1972 “АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ фразеологический словарь состави” А. В. Кунин 2- томах изд “ СЭ” М 1967 2002стр A. Nazarov , S.Nazarova “ English uzbek dictionary `` Fan nashriyoti 2007 576bet U. Isoqov “ English uzbek dictionary” Yangi asr avlodi 667 bet M.Maqsud “ English uzbek dictionary ``Toshkent 2005 Oxford English dictionary in 12 volumes Oxford 1961 “ Coincise Oxford Russian dictionary ” Russian- English , English –Russian Moskva 2006

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