Ingliz tilidagi “need’ so’zi leksik- semantik va sintaktik ma’nolari - Английский язык - Дипломные работы

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Ingliz tilidagi “need’ so’zi leksik- semantik va sintaktik ma’nolari

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Mundarija Kirish ………………………………………………… I Bob. Ingliz tilida modal fe’llar haqida tushuncha……………… 1.1. “Need” so’zining modallik, fe’llik, otlik, ravishlik, sifatlik xususiyatlarini ifodalashi haqida…………………………………………... 1.2. “Need” so’zining ot bo’lib kelishi va uning leksik- semantik ma’nolari……… 1.3. “Need” so’zining fe’l vazifasida ishlatilishi……………… ……….. II Bob. “Need” so’zining turli xil o’rinlarda qo’llanishi……………………… 2.1. “Need’ so’zining modal fe’l bo’lib kelishi va uning sintaktik- semantik ma’nolari………………………………………………….. 2.2. “Need” so’zining sifat bo’lib kelishi va uning sintaktik tahlili………………. 2.3. “Need” so’zining ravish bo’lib kelishi va uning leksik-semantik ma’nolari……… Xulosa……………………………………………………………… Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati………………………………….. 2

Kirish “Hozirgi paytda Xorijiy tillarni o‘rganish va o‘rgatishga yurtimizda katta ahamiyat berilmoqda. Bu ham albatta, bejiz emas, bugun jahon hamjamiyatidan o‘ziga munosib o‘rin egallashga intilayotgan mamlakatimiz uchun, chet ellik sheriklarimiz bilan hamjihatlikda, hamkorlikda o‘z buyuk kelajagini qurayotgan xalqimiz uchun, xorijiy tillarni mukammal bilishning ahamiyatini baholashning hojati yo‘qdir”, 1 - degan edi prezidentimiz I.A. Karimov. O’z ona tilidan tashqari dunyo tillarini ham mukammal o’rganish insoniyatga faqat ulug’vor ishlarni bajarishda yain ko’makchi bo’lib kelgan. Jamiyatimizda turli xil sohalar mavjud. Ularning ba’zilari aniq fanlar bilan, ba’zilari ijtimoiy fanlar bilan, boshqalari esa tabiiy fanlar bilan bog’liq.har bir jamiyatning kelajagi va buguni uning ajralmas q

yangi andozadagi o’quv dasturlari, darslik va o’quv qo’llanmalar yaratildi va yaratilmoqda. Chet tillarni o’qitayotgan o’qituvchilar Britaniya konsulligi qoshida malaka oshirib kelgan malakali trenerlar tomonidan yangi dastur bo’yicha o’qitilganligi fikrimiz isbotidir. Hozirgi vaqtga mos mutaxassislar tayyorlash uchun zamonaviy ta’lim texnologiyalari muhim o’rinni egallaydi. Hozirda innovatsion texnologiyalar eng muhim strategik resurslardan biriga aylangan. Prezidentimiz Islom Karimov o’z so’zlarida ingliz tiliga alohida to’xtalib, ingliz tilini maktab, akademik litsey va kasb-hunar kollejlarida hamda oily o’quv yurtlarida o’qitishning eskicha metodlaridan foydalanmay, aksincha, yangi innovatsion texnologiyalardan, ya’ni kompyuterlashtirilgan metodlardan foydalanish ko’proq o’quvchi yoshl

kiritilgan o‘yinlar, o‘qitishning zamonaviy kompyuter tizimlari, multimedia, audio va video kassetalar, disk, fleshkalardan va boshqa yangi pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish o’quvchilarni bilimini mustahkamlashda va oshirishda muhim o‘rinni egallaydi. Slayd orqali ko‘rib tushunilgan matndan so‘ng guruhlarni guruhlarga bo‘lib ishlash o’quvchilarda mustaqil ta’limni zamonaviy ta’lim texnologiyalardan foydalangan holda tayyorlab kelish istagi paydo bo‘ladi. O’quvchilarning ingliz tili faniga bo‘lgan qiziqishlarini oshirish maqsadida axborot texnologiyalari bilan bir qatorda pedagogik texnologiyalarning interfaol usullaridan aqliy hujum, kichik guruhlarda ishlash, hamkorlikda o‘qish va tarjima qilish, bahs-munozara, davra suhbati, klaster va boshqa ko‘pgina usullardan foydalanilgan holda

pedagogik metodlari kabi kamroq vaqt, kuch va resurs sarflab, ko’proq didaktik samaraga erishishga qaratilganligi bilan ahamiyatlidir. Pedagogik texnologiyada o’quvchi ning tanqidiy ta f akkur yuritishi asosiy maqsad hisoblanadi. Ilg‘or pedagogik texnologiyalarning juda ko‘p usullari mavjud. Bu usullaridan o’quvchilarning yoshi, psixologik xususiyati, bilim darajasiga qarab foydalanish mumkin. Ta’limni zamonaviy texnologiyalar asosida tashkil etishning negizida ta’lim texnologiyasi, tarbiya texnologiyasi hamda axborot texnologiyalari shakllanadi. Chet tillarni mukammal egallagan mutaxassislarga ehtiyoj ortmoqda. 1 1 Филологиянинг долзарб муаммолари. Тошкент, «Турон Замин» нашриёти. -2014, 195-б 6

Bit i ruv malakaviy ishning dolzarbligi. Ushbu bitiruv malakaviy ishi mavzusining dolzarbligi shundaki, o’quvchi, talabaning til o’rganish jarayonida “need” so’zidan foydalanishdagi ikkilanishlar xatoga yo’l qo’yilishida va bu so’zga qiziqishi tobora ortishidadir. Bu so ’ z haqida o ’ rganuvchi o ’ ylanishi va har tomonlama izlanish olib borganda turli olimlarimizning fikrini o ’ rganishi va ularni bir - biriga qiyoslashi bilan birga o ’ z fikrini bildirishidadir . “ Need ” so ’ zining gaplarda turli so ’ z turkumi bo ’ lib kelishi uning dolzarb qirralaridan biridir , u haqida o ’ quvchiga bilim berayotganda uning boshqa modal fe ’ llardan farqliligi , qiziqarliligi , zamonaviy nutqda qo ’ llay olinishini alohida ta ’ kidlab o ’ tish lozimdir . Bit i ruv malakaviy ishning o‘rganilganlik da

va boshqa modal fe’llarning bu fe’ldan farqi o’rganilib turli xil misollar bilan to’laligicha o’rganishga harakat qilindi. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning predmeti. Muhammad G’apporov, A.S. Barxudarov, D.A.Shteling, V.L. Kaushanskaya kabi garammatik olimlarning ilmiy asarlaridan va Michael Swan, J. Gear, I.Gordon, V.V. Gurevich,YE.A.Natansonlarning amaliy garmmatikaga oid darsliklaridan, I.R.Galperin, E.M.Mednikova, V.K.Myuller, J.Bo’ronov, K. Rahmonberdiyev, Longman lug’atlaridan ‘need’ so’ziga tegishli ma’lumotlarni yoritish. Bitiruv malakaviy ishning vazifalari. “Need” so’zining ma’nolarini yoritib berish, shundan modallik, fe’llik, otlik, ravishlik, sifatlik xususiyatlarini ifodalalshi haqida, “Need” so’zining ot bo’lib kelishi va uning leksik-semantik ma’nolari, “Need” so’zining fe’l vazifa

aloqalar, shuningdek grammatikaga qiziquvchilar va grammatikaga oid muammolar bilan shug’ullanuvchilar foydalanishlari mumkin. Bit i ruv malakaviy ishning mazmuni . Bit i ruv malakaviy ishning birinchi bobida Ingliz tilida modal fe’llar haqida tushuncha, shundan “Need” so’zining modallik, fe’llik, otlik, ravishlik, sifatlik xususiyatlarini ifodalalshi haqida, “Need” so’zining ot bo’lib kelishi va uning leksik-semantik ma’nolari, “Need” so’zining fe’l vazifasida ishlatilishi. BMIning ikkinchi bobida “Need” so’zining turli xil o’rinlarda qo’llanishi, “Need” so’zining modal fe’l bo’lib kelishi va uning sintaktik-semantik ma’nolari, “Need” so’zining sifat bo’lib kelishi va uning sintaktik tahlili, “Need” so’zining ravish bo’lib kelishi va uning leksik-semantik ma’nolari haqida gap boradi va un

I Bob. Ingliz tilida modal fe’llar haqida tushuncha. Modal fe’llar fe’lning asosiy shakli bilan birga keladi va asosiy fe’l ifodalagan ish-harakatning sodir bo’lish imkoniyatini, ehtimolligini, zaruratini, xohishini bildiradi. Modal fe’llarning ingliz tilida asosan quyidagilari ko’proq uchraydi: must, can, may, should, need, ought to. Bundan tashqari ayrim modal fe’llarning ekvivalentlari ham mavjud. 1 Masalan: Must – to have to, to be to, Can - to be able to Gapda modal fe’llar infinitivlar bilan qo’shma predikativ bo’lib keladi. Ingliz tilida modal fe’llarning quyidagi xususiyati bor: 1. Modal fe’llardan keyin infinitive to yuklamasisiz fe’l ishlatiladi. 2. Modal fe’llar 3-shaxs birlikda –s qo’shimchasini olmaydi. He must go there. She ought to help him. Need he do it? 3. Ularning so’roq

1. I may go to Tashkent for my holidays. Ushbu gap o’zbek tilida Men ta’tilim davomida Toshkentga borishim mumkin deb tarjima qilinib, ehtimollik ma’nosini bildiradi. 2. His name is Smith, so he must be English.- Uning ismi Smit, shunday ekan u ingliz bo’lsa kerak. Bu gapda xulosani, real taxminni bildiradi. 3. You ought to see the film. – Siz filmni ko’rishingiz kerak. Ushbu gapda maslahat ma’nosi bor. 4. If you want to know the English, you must learn the English language well.- Siz agar ingliz tilini bilishni xohlasangiz, ingliz tilini yaxshi o’rganishingiz kerak. Bu gapda esa zaruriylik, ta’kidlash ma’nolari bor. 5. You may / can go home as soon as you have finished your work. –Ishingni tugatishing bilanoq uyga ketishing mumkin. Ushbu gapda ruxsat ma’nosi bor. 6. He will smoke, though

ifodalaganda bu modal fe’llarni can, shall, will, may kabilarning o’tgan zamon formasi deb hisoblash mumkin. Bunday hollarda ular mustaqil fe’llar hisoblanadi. Masalan: 1. If I were a bear, I shouldn’t need much care. – Agar men ayiq bo’lganimda, menga ko’p g’amxo’rlik kerak bo’lmasdi. 2. If I were a rocker, I wonder what I’d do. – Agar rock qo’shiqchisi bo’lganimda, qiziq, nima qilgan bo’lardim. Modal fe’llar xushmuomalalik bilan qilingan munosabatlarda ham, iltimosda ham qo’llaniladi. Would you mind carrying me? Would you carry me, if you could? Could you carry me, if you would? Would/ Could you carry me? If you would, could you carry me? Yuqoridagi gaplarning hammasi “Meni otalig’ingizga oling” deb tarjima qilinadi. Iltimosda, ya’ni do’stlarga nisbatan, oila a’zolariga nisbatan (lekin y

He can’t do anything about it anyway. (F.A.E.N.p- 11) You don’t need to stay a lot of nonsense. (F.A.E.N.p- 19) I have to go there at 7:30 p.m. O’tgan noaniq zamonda modal fe’llarning qo’llanilishi. Modal fe’llar ingliz tilida ish-harakatni emas, shart- sharoitni ham emas, balki so’zlovchini aytilayotgan fikrga, bo’lib o’tadigan ish- harakatga bo’lgan munosabatini bildiradi. Quyida biz mana shu fikrlarga berilgan munosabatni noaniq o’tgan zamonda ko’rib chiqamiz. Modal fe’llardan can, may, must modal fe’llarining o’tgan zamon uchun alohida formalari bor. Must – had to, May – might, Can – could. Jack could play chess well 10 years ago. I could go to Spain if there was no war. I could see the river for down below. (F.A.E.N. p- 38) Page’s illness might involve him. Peyning kasali uni toliqtir

We use Can to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something. 1 Can modal fe’li biror -bir narsani bajarishga qurbi yetish, ya’ni uddasidan chiqish, qila olish imkoniyatiga ega kabi ma’nolarini ifodalaydi. You can see the sea from our bedroom window. – Siz yotoqxonamiz derazasidan dengizni ko’rishingiz mumkin. Inkor va so’roq gaplar ham Can yordamida tuziladi. Can you speak any foreign language?- Birorta chet tilida gapira olasizmi? I’m afraid I can’t come to your party next Friday. – Kelasi juma ziyofatingizga kela olmayman deb qo’rqaman. But I can’t help that, I’ll have to go now. (C. “The Citadel”p- 47) You can’t change Oliver, Andrew answered. Can o’rnida to be able to ni ham hozirgi, kelasi, o’tgan zamonda ishlatsa bo’ladi. He can do it = He is able to

Must is used to talk about necessity and obligation, mostly to express the deduction or conclusion that something is certain. 1 We must post the letter today. You must be Anne’s sister- you look just like her. Ma’lum bir kuch ta’siridagi zaruratni have to ham ifodalaydi, lekin bu birikma buyruq va maslahatni ifodalamaydi. Uning o’tgan va kelasi zamon formalari ham mavjud. Must gapiruvchi to’g’ri deb o’ylagan taxminni ifodalash uchun hozirgi va o’tgan zamonda ishlatiladi. Where is Jim now? –He must be working in the library. Ought to do axloqiy burch yoki maslahatni ifodalab hozirgi, o’tgan va kelasi zamonlarda ishlatiladi. You ought to be more careful. Need do biror ish-harakatning bajarilishi zarurligini bildiradi va kerak deb tarjima qilinadi. Bu modal fe’l faqat Simple Presentning so’ro

Need fe’li asosiy fe’l bo’lib keladi va kerak deb tarjima qilinib, boshqa asosiy fe’llar kabi shaxs- sonda o’zgarib hozirgi, o’tgan va kelasi zamonlarda tuslanadi. Your tongue needs a rest too. We needed the dictionary badly. I’ll need your advice. Do you need this book now? Does he need my help? Need asosiy fe’l bo’lib keladi va jonli egadan keyin kelganda uning orqasidan kelgan fe’l infinitive formasida ishlatiladi: Jonli ega + need + to +V My father needs to drive alone in the evening. Need asosiy fe’l sifatida jonsiz egadan keyin kelsa, undan keyin yoki gerund yoki majhul infinitive ishlatiladi: Jonsiz ega+ need + Ving / to be +P.P The air conditioner needs repairing. Your composition needs to be rewritten. That sofa needs cleaning again. You need your head examining. Ms. Jones can do

“Need” modal fe’li inkor yuklamasi bilan qo’llaniladi va “zaruriyati yo’q, hojati yo’q” kabi ma’noni ifodalaydi. Masalan: We needn’t go into that room now. – Bizning hozir u xonaga kirishimizni hojati yo’q. Inkorlik ma’nosini nafaqat “not” yuklamasi modal fe’lga qo’shilishidan, balki boshqa so’zlar orqali, masalan, inkor olmoshi “no” va “hardly” bilan ham kelishi va inkor ma’noni bildirishi mumkin. I need hardly tell you that. Inkorsiz ritorik so’roq gaplarda koyish, ta’na qilish kabi ma’nolarni ifodalaydi. Need you be so inflexible? “Need” fe’li “must” fe’li kabi shakl o’zgarmas modal fe’ldir va u to’ldiruvchi ergash gapli qo’shma gaplarda ishlatilganda, bosh gap o’tgan zamonda bo’lsa ham “need” modal fe’li o’zgarmas bo’lib qolaveradi. “Need” modal fe’li perfektli infinitive bilan qo’lla

He needs a new coat. Unga yangi pal’to kerak. Sheila needs a really good grade on the final exam to pass the class. “Need” modal fe’li biror ish-harakatning bajarilishi zarurligini bildiradi, va “kerak, zarur” deb tarjima qilinadi. Bu modal fe ’ llar faqat hozirgi noaniq zamonda so ’ roq va bo ’ lishsizlik shakllarida ishlatiladi . 1 Need he come here? U bu yerga kelishi zarurmi? You needn’t come so early. Siz buncha erta kelishingizni hojati yo’q. “Must” modal fe’li bilan boshlangan so’roq gaplarning javobi odatda “needn’t” yordamida beriladi. Must I go there at once?- No, you needn’t. Men u yerga hoziroq borishim shartmi? –Yo’q, shart emas. Need not yoki do not need to formalarida majburiylik ma’nolari yo’q, must not qilmaslik kerakligi haqida qat’iy taqiq ma’noga ega. You needn’t tell J

“Need’ fe’li mustaqil fe’l bo’lib, uning hamma zamon shakllari bor, - hozirgi, o’tgan va kelasi zamon shakllari mavjud. Hozirgi noaniq zamonda III shaxs birlikda “s” qo’shimchasini oladi. She needs a dictionary to do her homework in English. The city council needs to adopt an effective transport strategy within the next five years. O’tgan zamonda “ed” qo’shimchasini oladi, kelasi zamonda ‘will’, “shall” kabi yordamchi fe’llari bilan qo’llaniladi va infinitive “to”ga bog’lanadi. Hozirgi zamonda so’roq va inkor gaplarda “to do” yordamchi fe’lidan, o’tgan zamonda esa “did” fe’lidan foydalanamiz. The country badly needed to increase its overall standart of living and attempted to achieve its targets- those of free education and healthcare- within eight years. Because they don’t realy need a la

Bu boshqa modal fe’llar kabi o’zgarmasdir, o’tgan, kelasi zamonda “need” modal fe’li mustaqil fe’l bo’lib ham kelishi mumkin va mustaqil fe’l bo’lib kelganda infinitive “to” ga ergashadi 1 . Hozirgi zamonda so’roq va inkor gaplarda “do” yordamchi fe’li bilan keladi. Bo’lishli darak gaplarda esa III shaxs birlikda “need” fe’liga “s” qo’shimcha qo’shiladi. Lekin hozirgi davomiy zamonda ishlatila olmaydi. “Need” modal fe’lining faqat bir formasi bor va buni “need’ fe’li bilan aralashtirmasligimiz kerak. Bu mustaqil fe’l bo’lganda noaniq fe’l formasiga, analitik formasiga ega bo’ladi va so’roq, inkor gaplarda yordamchi fe’llarni olib o’zidan keyin vositasiz to’ldiruvchini qabul qiladi. Do you need me today? Bugun menga ishingiz bormi? (Bugun sizga kerakmanmi?) You will need a raincoat and rub

Qachonki ‘need’ fe’li perfektli zamonda ishlatilsa, unda ish-harakat o’tgan zamonda hoxishsiz bajarilgan bo’ladi, asosan inkor gaplarda inkor formada uchraydi. We need not have been in such a hurry after all. Bunchalik tashvishlanishimizga umuman hojat yo’q ekan. “Need” fe’li mustaqil fe’l ma’nosida kelganda boshqa oddiy fe’llarga o’xshab uchinchi shaxsda tuslanadi, ‘to do’ yordamchi fe’li bilan so’roq va inkor gaplarda keladi va bunda infinitive ‘to’ ga ergashadi, mustaqil fe’l bo’lib keladi. Everybody needs to rest sometimes. Do we need to reserve seats on the train? Do you need to say more to your friends? You do not need to trouble about such trifles. Qachonki ‘need’ fe’li to’ldiruvchiga ergashsa, bu hoxishni bildiradi. Bunda bu asosan mustaqil o’timli fe’l hisoblanadi. Our little son

Va ko’pgina lug’atlarda ‘need’so’zining modal fe’l, mustaqil fe’l, ot, sifat, ravish bo’lib kelishi va ma’nolari haqida yozishgan. 1 ‘Need’ so’zining ot bo’lib kelishi va uning turli ma’nolari: 1) A case of instance in which some necessity or wants exist, a requirement, to meet the needs of the occasion. – talab ma’nosida 2) Urgent want, as of something requirement – zaruriyat, muhtojlik 3) Necessity arising from the circumstances of case- vaziyatdan hosil bo’lgan zaruriyat 4) As situation or time of difficulty, exigency – mushkul, og’ir ahvol 5) A condition marked by the lack of something, requsite –kamchilik, yetishmovchilik 6) Destitution, extreme poverty-kamg’allik, muhtojlik Mustaqil fe’l bo’lib kelishi va uning ma’nolari: 1. to have need of require, to need money- keraklik, zaruriyat

Sizga yordam zarur emasmi? He felt the need of money. –U pulga muhtojlik sezdi.The house is in need of repairs. –Uy ta’mirga muhtoj. There was a need for caution. –Ehtiyotkorlikka zarurat tug’ildi. Is there any need to hurry? - Shoshilishga zarurat bormi?; to have need to do something – biror ish qilishga zarurat tug’ilmoq, to’g’ri kelmoq; He had need to remember – U eslashiga to’g’ri keldi. 2. ko’plik formada uchrab ‘ehtiyoj, talab’ ma’nosida keladi; to meet the needs – talabni qondirmoq, daily needs- kundalik ehtiyojlar; spiritual needs- ma’naviy- ruhiy ehtiyoj; to each according to his needs – har kimni ehtiyojiga yarasha 3. qashshoqlik, muhtojlik; to live / to be/ in need –muhtojlikda yashamoq; 4. yetishmovchilik, taqchillik; for need of –yetishmovchilik sababli, taqchilligi sababli 5.

1. muhtoj bo’lmoq; The farmers need rain. He needs rest. They need one another. This is the book I’ve been needing a long time. – Bu men anchadan beri izlab yurgan kitob. 2. 1) talab qilmoq; You only needed to ask. – Sen faqat so’rashing kerak edi. The dress needs washing / to be washed. – Ko’ylakni yuvish kerak; He needs to be carefull; that needs no saying –izoh talab qilmaydi- These facts need no comment. The letter needs no reply; to need a lot of asking- birdan rozi bo’lmaslik, He needed no second invitation - U taklifni darrov qabul qildi. He didn’t need to be told twice. – Unga ikkinchi marta aytish shart bo’lmadi. It needed the horror of war to open their eyes – Faqat urush vahimasigina ularning ko’zini ochdi. 2) tanqidiy ma’noda saboq, dars berib qo’ymoq; He needs a lesson; What h

1) muhtoj, qashshoq, yo’qchilikda yashaydigan 2) nochor, ahvolga nisbatan 3) grammatik ma’noda esa otlashib keladi va gadoy, qashshoq, daydi ma’nolarida keladi. ‘Need’ so’zining ravish bo’lib kelishi. Needs so’zi ravish bo’lib kelganda ‘must’ modal fe’li bilan birga kelib kinoya, tanqidiy ma’noda ishlatilar ekan; must needs, needs must – albatta, He must needs go away when I want him. – U menga kerak bo’lganda u albatta yo’q bo’lishi kerak. *needs must when the devil drives – против рожна не попрёщь 1.2. “Need” so’zining ot bo’lib kelishi va uning leksik- semantik ma’nolari. 1. to be /to stand/ in need of something , to feel the need of something, to have need of something- biror narsaga muhtojlik sezmoq; to have need to do something – biror ish qilishga zarurat tug’ilmoq, to’g’ri kelmoq;

jadallarga, harbiy yurishlarda ishtirok etib, har bir kun, har bir soatda o’z qimmatli hayotingizni xavf ostida qoldirasiz? Yo’q, yo’q, yo’q, sizning tillangizdan loaqal bir dollar ham olmayman, bechora Amerika bunga muhtoj. Ushbu misolda ‘need’ so’zi ot so’z turkumiga tegishli bo’lib, to have fe’li bilan kelganda ‘need’ so’zi to’ldiruvchi vazifasida bo’ladi, chunki o’timli fe’llar o’zidan keyin to’g’ridan – to’g’ri to’ldiruvchini qabul qilishi kerak, va agarda fe’l ish- harakatni bildirsa, ular majhul nisbatga o’ta oladi, ish- harakatni ifodalamagan fe’llar majhul nisbatga o’ta olmaydi. I have no need for papers, I have papers, all right, he said. (E.H.”F.A”, p- 176) Catherine had no nee to feel any better she was very happy. (E.H.”F.A”, p- 185) I have already observed that they are subje

- Ceaser, - said Miss Paiton,- hand the gentleman. He must need it after his ride. (F.C.p- 325) - Sezar, dedi Peyton xonim,- unga biror quvvat beradigan ichimlik keltiring. Yo’l mashaqqatidan keyin, balki bu asqotib qolar. I will need to eat again and the water is love in the bottle. (E.H. p -35) She brought them from counter have you ever needed for a sword? (E.H.p -104) In need of love and stronger and bigger than country and race. (P.A. p 301) In need of sympathy and understanding and brotherless. (P.A. p 295) There is no need for a great group of friends. Ko’p do’stning to’dasiga hojat ham yo’q.(M.B.p 95) He had then made his discovery, then found that existence had no needs but a little food and shelter. Keyinchalik u kashfiyotini qildi, keyin angladiki ozroq ovqat va boshpanadan bosh

He should ask the other husbands in with their own drinks no need to spend extra nmoney at the bar. (G.G.p -156) Besides the want above mentioned, there is also a crying need for bravery,….. (O.Henry. Sky Light, p -58) Yuqorida ta’kidlangan hoxishdan tashqari jasurlik uchun yig’lash ehtiyoji ham bor edi. And then suddenly drawn by the sympathetic look of the other, she poured fourth the story of her need. (O.H.p – 81) No need to look, grunted Kaufman, who had everything in his hand. Qarashga hojati yo’q, dedi Kaufman, uning qo’lida hamma narsa bor edi. (O.H. p- 89) But as he looked widely about, as though in some desperate need he saw me and came running toward me. (E. Marshal. “Lost Colony”. p-22) He went to sea, we had no high need of it, and he would may hap.(E. M. p- 25) U dengizga bor

I had no time to lose I also found some room in the great cabin of which ….I had need enough of to separate me for what was before me. (D.D. p- 31) ….. I satisfy myself to eat them enough I killed several, but I had no need to be venturous,..… (D.D. p- 70) But the captain Mr. Thomas, an honest worthy man observing, I was ready to faint, took me into his cabin, gave me a cardial, to comfort me and made me turn in up on his own bed, advising me to take a little rest of which I had great need. ( J. S. G.T. p- 139) Oh, there can be no just grounds to doubt it, I knew – Dunwoodie, you would never desert us like the house of our greatest need. (F.C. p-84) Why desertations consist of more than quitting your colors, though, that is certainly the worst kindly, a man may desert his country in the h

The young man nodded. There is no need, he said in the soft British dialect. You have also slain a fair lady to your great shame and, no doubt you will be in great need of misery yourself very soon. Whean she so that he would not listen to have she prayed God to send him as much need of help as she had and that he might feel it before he died. The good women had need of much management to make both ends meet and keep up a decent appearance. (D.H. p-41) I felt a need of some sort of support under my loss, and a a. “Need” so’zining fe’l vazifasida ishlatilishi. 1. muhtoj bo’lmoq; The farmers need rain. He needs rest. They need one another. This is the book I’ve been needing a long time. – Bu men anchadan beri izlab yurgan kitob. 2. 1) talab qilmoq; You only needed to ask. – Sen faqat so’rash

‘Need’ so’zi bu misolda mustaqil fe’l bo’lib, o’timli fe’l hisoblanadi va o’zidan keyin to’ldiruvchi qabul qiladi. It needed great mental effort to keep his hand from going up to his face. (P.A.238) To keep him well dressed and not in want of the things as student needed. The folk will need wheels for carts. (E.M. “L.Colony” p-16) Guruhga aravalar uchun g’ildiraklar kerak bo’ladi. I need a victory over you- and surely I can’t still beat you there. (E.M. “L.C” p-18) We need colonies there. Bizga jangchilar kerak u yreda. (E.M. “L.Colony” p-19) Waiting for summer and smoother seas, because our ship needed new rigging. Yozni va sokin dengizni kutayotgan edik, chunki kemamizga yangi yelkan zarur edi. (E.M. “L.Colony” p-58) My supper would be cold leavings and the other, no field to work needed

Juda sog’ingan edik, lekin kiyik nayzalariga muhtojligimiz yo’q edi. (E.M.p- 241) Whatever we do, we need his help. Biz nima qilmaylik, uni yordamiga muhtojmiz. Because industrial cities needed a network to link them with sources of supply, many roads and railroads in the USA were built in the 1880s. A man who loves his trade, and would serve his brothers, can learn all needs. Kimki o’z kasbini sevadigan, birodarlariga xizmat qilgan kishi bo’lsa, u hamma qiyinchilikalarni o’rgana oladi. We have heard all we need to hear, said Doctor Jones. Biz eshitishimiz kerak bo’lgan barchasini eshitdik, dedi Doktor Jons. (E.M.p- 306) For you bundless spare clothes will be needed. Tugunlarning bo’lmasligi uchun ortiqcha kiyimlar kerak bo’ladi. (E.M.p- 309) He wants me more than you do, and needs me more

Where is the Doctor? –I asked the woman. – He is lying down sleeping. He will be here when he is needed. Doktor kelmadimi? –so’radim men uning hamshirasidan. – Keldi. Pastda uxlab yotibdi, kerak bo’lgan paytda bu yerga chiqadi. .(E.H.p-323) Don’t brag, darling, don’t brag, please. You are so sweet and you don’t have to brag. I won’t talk a word. Now, you are bragging, darling, you know, you don’t need to brag. .(E.H.p-75) Maqtanma, jonim, maqtanma, xo’pmi? O’zing shunday yaxshisanki, senga maqtanchoqlikning hojati yo’q. .(E.H.p-111) I don’t mind him, I would not mind him if he was not so conceited and didn’t bore me. He bores me. You are so sweet to say so, darling, but you don’t need to. (E.H.p-128) Bilganini qilmaydimi - shuni ayt. Lekin judayam shuhratparast, uning aftiga qarasam zeriki

Don’t snore, said Keogh, -I’ll do your work, you need a carp of assisstants anyhow. Xurrak otma, dedi Kiof, men seni ishingni qilaman, har holda bir qancha yordamchilarga muhtojsan. (O.N.p-57) If the fish decides to stay another night, I will need to eat again the water is low in the bottle. (E.H.p-35) Baliq bu kecha ham yuzaga chiqmasa, men yana tatib olishim kerak bo’ladi va suv ham idishda kam qoldi. Your father got a hand bill on yellow paper telling how they need folks to work. Otangizning qo’lida qog’ozda to’lovlar bor, bu xalqning qnchalik darajada ishlashi kereklaigini bildiradi. (John Sterbeck, p- 117) They need to sleep; Ruthie and Winfield hardly got any real rest either. Rut va Vinfild uxlab yaxshi dam olishlari kerak. (J.S.p-134) Because you don’t know what kind of men they ne

I do not think that I need to see it all. Men buni ko’rishim kerak, deb o’ylamayman. (Ch.D.“American notes,p- 32) I do not think we need to be able labour this. Biz bu ishni qila olishimizga aqlim yetmaydi. (J.S.p-145) I am taking immediate action; of course, to fill the vacancies created by this resignation, so that there need be no concern about the security of the United States. Men bo’sh ish o’rnini to’ldirish uchun zaruriy topshiriq olayapman, shuning uchun Qo’shma Shtatlarning xafvsizligiga tegishli so’roqlarga hojat yo’q. They have too many nurses here now. There must be some more patients or they will send us away they have four nurses now. Perhaps there will be some they need that many nurses. It is quite a big hospital. (E. Hemingway. P-75) Bu yerda hamshiralar ko’p. Agar yana ya

I gave them each a package of cigarettes that spilled tabacco and needed to have ends, twisted before you smoked them (E.H.p- 34) Well, I guess we do not need to go over everything, he said, if you say it is all in good shape. (F.C.p-212) Xo’sh, agar siz hammasi joyida desangiz, hamma narsaga to’xtalishimizning hojati yo’q, deb o’ylayman, dedi u. He washed out his undershirt in the bathroom, hung it up to dry in front of the air- conditioner then took a shower himself. He was sweaty and he needed something to do. (F.C.p-230) U vannaxonada ichki lo’ylagini yuvdi, uni quritish uchun kondisioner oldiga ilib qo’ydi, o’zi esa dush qabul qildi. Terlab ketgan, buni uchun uvinishi kerak edi. That’s one condamn thing I don’t need, he said. (F.C.p-156) Bu xudo qarg’agan narsa, buni menga keragi yo’q

The English children needed no further encouragement. (N.S.p- 60) Ingliz bolalari hech qanday yordamga muhtoj emas edilar. They led him to the bathroom and produced all that he needed. (N.S.p-84) Ular uni yuvinish xonasiga boshladilar va unga kerak hammasini ko’rsatdilar. The children needed very little grooming, during the morning they have been playing at duck- pond and were sufficiently dirty………. (N.S.p-116) Bolalarni tozalash (yuvintirish) kerak edi, ular ertalabdan beri o’rdak- hovuzchada o’ynashayotgan va ancha kir edi. (N.S.p-215) Lymen walked Todd and Casey to the door. Stay by the phone, -he said.- I may need you both back here at any moment. (N.S.p-213) Laymen Tod tomonga va Keysi eshik tomonga yurdi. Telefon yonida tur, dedi u.- Menga ikkalang ham yana qayta kerak bolishing mumk

The first thing to do was what Gerard say find out about this Ecomcon business for that he had need someone he could trust. The office he occupied took care of itself for almost 200 years it had needed to guard. (N.H. p-102) Todd believed he must go at least fifteen minutes before it needed an ashtray. (N.H. p-102) What need you do? – Sen nima qilishing kerak? (O.N.p-110) Nothing turned up, oh well, he thought, Scott will tell me when he thinks I need to know about it. – Hech narsa aniq bo’lmadi, yaxshi, Skot men qachon bilishim kerak deb o’ylasa aytadi deb o’yladi u. (N.H.p-39) I worked for marks for the simple reason that I needed them, and I needed them for the very good reason that the scholarship for which I promtly applied was contingent on them. (O.N.p-35) The effect upon me of Darw

The wife said to her husband,” You needn’t have bought butter, we still have some”. (O.N.p-63) “Do you really need this old pipe or can I throw it away?”, he asked him.(E.H.p-9) Did you sleep at all? –I don’t need much sleep, I slept a little yesterday (E.H. p136) II BOB. “ Need “ so’zining turli xil o’rinlarda qo’llanilishi. “Need” fe’lining juda ko’p ma’nolarda ya’ni ot, sifat, ravish, modal fe’l, yuklama ma’nolarida kelishini yuqoridagi bobda misollar orqali ko’rib o’tdik. To be, to stand in need of something 1 ….. 1. for medicine, drugs 2. for sewing, knitting 3. for medical treatment 4. on scientific instrument 5. on record player 6. very thin sharp leaf. A need to do something: We feel there is a need to improve internal communications. There is no need to hurry – we’ve got plenty of

to need to do more work . 3. (takes an infinitive without to ) used as an auxiliary in negative and interrogative sentences to express necessity orobligation, and does not adds - when used with he , she, it, and singular nouns: need he go? . 4. ( intr ) to be essential or necessary to: there needs no reason for this . Need, auxiliary v., pres. sing. 3rd pers. The city council needs to adopt an effective transport strategy within the next five years. Noun: 5. the fact or an instance of feeling the lack of something: He has need of a new coat . 6. a requirement: the need for punishment 7. necessity or obligation resultin

11. used to express obligation or necessity, esp. in interrogative or negative state ments: Need I say more? Idioms : if need be, should the necessity arise. need′er, n. syn: lack, require, be short of 2.1. “Need” so’zining modal fe’l bo’lib kelishi va uning sintaktik-semantik tahlili. ‘Need’ so’zi modal fe’l sifatida biror ish- harakatning bajarilishi zarurligini bildiradi. Bu modal fe’l faqat Hozirgi oddiy zamonning so’roq va bo’lishsiz shakllarida ishlatiladi. I need not trouble you with it, he goes on to say. (B.Shaw. p-190) – Bu bilan sizni bezovta qilishim kerak emas, davom etdi u. Ushbu gapda need fe’li modal fe’l bo’lib kesim vazifasida kelgan. Do you know your way back to back to your hotel? I need not stir. (B.SH.p-193) Mehmonxonaga

But the two of us need not be found to them. I have got the men need. Men kerak bo’lgan kishilarni topdim. Ushbu gapda need so’zi the men so’ziga nisbatan aniqlovchi bo’lib kelgan. He would not go, she need not reply. U bormasdi, u javob berishi shart emas. Ushbu gapda need so’zi modal fe’l bo’lib kesim vazifasida kelgan, o’ziga infinitive to siz fe’lni ergashtirib kelgan. Modal fe’l bo’lgani uchun uchinchi shaxsda tuslanmagan. “Need we go in?, Baines, Philip asked. -You need not be afraid.” Now Peyton, said Francis, it is indeed a brother you that you seek, I am sure need not caution you in his behalf, should you unfortunately find him. (F.C.p-36) If one or two or three canoes put, we need take action. (O.H.p-45) We have heard all we need to hear, said Doctor Jones, a look of amazement on

2.2 “Need” so’zining sifat bo’lib kelishi va uning sintaktik tahlili. 1. needful, needy –kerakli, zarur 2. needless – keraksiz, foydasiz, ortiqcha I answered that was needless, and would take too much time, for there was no more to be done, but let one for the crew put his finger into the ring and take the box out of the sea into the ship and so into the captain’s cabin. (J.S.p- 138) Men bu ish foydasiz ekanini va juda ko’p vaqtni olishini aytdim, …… At the same time I had found some power of my master’s in the great cabin with which filled one of the large battles in the case which was in it into another and thus furnished with everything needful, we sailed out of the port to fish.(D.D.p-15) …… va kerakli hamma narsa bilan ta’minlangan edi, …… Bu gapda ‘ need ’ so’zi sifat bo’lib kelgan v

2.3. “Need” so’zining ravish bo’lib kelishi va uning leksik- semantik ma’nolari Needs, must needs, needs must, needlessly – kerak bo’lganda, kerakli vaqtda Needlessly they altered the course of their families for a few shilling….(B.Sh.p-14) Kerakli vaqtda ular bir necha shilling uchun oilalari tarzini o’zgartirganlar. The foolish boy was frightened out of his wits thinking it must needs be some of his master’s ships sent to pursue us. (G.G. p-56) Ahmoq bola u kerakli vaqtda bizni qo’lga olish uchun jo’natilgan xo’jayinning kemalaridan biri deb qo’rquvdan hushi uchdi. That must needs be that god had appointed all this to befall me. (G.G.p-88) Nothing occurred to my thought to contradict any of these conclusions and therefore it rested up on me with the greater force that it must needs be th

Xulosa ‘Need’ so’zi ham modal ma’no ham asosiy fe’llik ma’nolariga egadir. ‘Need’ modal fe’li bilan tuziladigan so’roq gaplar keng tarqalmagan. U ancha rasmiydir. So’roq gap tuzish uchun ‘need’ fe’li egadan oldinga o’tadi, do/does/did yordamchi fe’llaridan foydalanilmaydi. Do we need to write this down?- emas balki - Need we write this down? Inkor gaplarda esa shart emas, zarurati yo’q, hojati yo’q degan ma’nolarda kelishi keng tarqalgan. We needn’t spend much time on this topic. It’s not going to be in the exam. Bu mavzuga ko’p vaqt sarflashimiz shart emas. U imtihonda qo’yilmaydi. Cans of soup needn’t be kept in the fridge. Sho’rva idishlarini muzlatgichda saqlash shart emas. O’tgan zamonda majburiylik ma’nosida ‘ need ’ fe’lining to’g’ridan- to’g’ri shakli yo’q. Uning o’rniga biz ‘ didn

You needn’t have bought so much food. There are only three of us staying for the weekend. Buncha ko’p oziq- ovqat sotib olishingiz shart emas edi. Dam olish kuni biz faqat uch kishiginamiz. (afsus ko’p oz-iq- ovqat olib kelibsiz) Biz ‘ need ’ so’zidan asosiy fe’l sifatida ham foydalanamiz. ‘Need’ fe’li asosiy fe’l bo’lib kelganda o’zdan keyin to yuklamasini oladi va shaxs- sonda, zamonda moslashadi. ( I, you, we, they need to; she, he, it needs to; I, you, she, he, it, we, they needed to ). ‘Need’ felining ikkala formasidagi ma’nolarini taqqoslab ko’ramiz. ‘need’ modal fe’li ‘need’ asosiy fe’li izoh Need it be so dark in here? (formal) Does it need to be so dark in here? Quyidagi misollarda ‘ need’ modal felining ham, ‘ need + to’ asosiy fe’ining ham ma’nolari bir xil You needn’

Keling endi ‘ need ’ so’ziga chet el olimlarining izohli lug’atlarida keltirgan ta’riflarini ko’rib chiqaylik. Masalan, Amerika Heritajning Ingliz tili lug’atida quyidagicha ta’rif keltirilgan. 1 Need- noun 1. A condition or situation in which something must be supplied in order for a certa in condition to be maintained or adesired state to be achieved: crops in need of water; a child's need for affection. 2. Something required or wanted; a requisite: "Those of us who led the charge for these women's issues ... shared acommon vision in the needs of women" . 3. Necessity; obligation: There is no need for you to go. 4. A condi

Mustaqil fe’l bo’lib kelganda ‘need’ gapning egasi bilan moslashadi, so’roq va inkor gaplarda do bilan yasaladi va to yuklamasini ergashtiradi. He needsto go. Does he need to go so soon? He doesn't need to go. Yordamchi fe’l bo’lib kelganda esa ‘need’ gapning egasi bilan moslashmaydi, do yordamchi fe’lisiz o’zi bilan inkor va so’roq gaplar tuziladi. He needn’t go. Need he go so soon? Yana bir boshqa lug’atda esa quyidagi ma’lumotlarni uchratdik 1 . Need. A . Noun 1. (= necessity ) → ( for, of ) I see no need → Men hech qanday ehtiyoj (zarurat) ko’rmayapman. Without the need to pay so much → staff are always available, in case of need → there is a need for qualified staff → malakali jamoaga ehtiyoj kerak there is every

needs are few → ehtiyojlar bir talay bodily needs → a holiday that caters for every need → hamma ehtiyojni ta’minlaydigan bayram they tended to my every need → ular mening har bir talabimni qondirdilar to supply sb's needs → kimningdir ehtiyojini qondirmoq B. VT. 1. [ person ] → I need a bigger car → menga kattaroq mashina kerak I need two more to make up the series → I need to get some petrol → ozroq yoqilg’I olishim kerak She needs to go to the toilet → u ayollar xonasiga chiqib kelishi kerak He needs to be told everything twice → unga har bir narsani ikki marta aytish kerak T hey don't need to be told all the details → ularga hamma ikir-chikirlarni aytmasa ham bo’ladi Y ou only needed to ask → sen faqangina so’rashing

7. ( impersonal ) it doesn't need to be done now → it doesn't need me to tell him → 8. it needed a war to alter that → need I go? → I need hardly remind you that → need I say that this is untrue? → it need not follow that → I needn't have bothered → Need – negative short form needn't – verb 1. to require. This page needs to be checked again. This page needs checking again. Do you need any help? 2. to be obliged. You need to work hard if you want to succeed. They don't need to come until six o'clock. She needn't have given me such an expensive present. noun 1. something essential, that one must have. Food is one of our basic needs. 2. poverty or other difficulty. Many people are in great need. 3. a r

She satisfied his need for affection. God has no need of men to accomplish His work. There is a demand for jobs. Demand, condition, status - a state at a particular time; a condition or state of dispair; the current status of the arms negotiations. Deficiency, lack, want -the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable; there is a serious lack of insight into the problem; Water is the critical deficiency in desertregions. For want of a nail the shoe was lost. Necessity - the condition of being essential or indispensable need -2. noun: anything that is necessary but lacking; He had sufficient means to meet his simple needs. I

Ethical motive, ethics, morals, morality - motivation based on ideas of right and wrong Mental energy, psychic energy - an actuating force or factor need -4 noun: a state of extreme poverty or destitution Their indigence (= poverty) shocked him. a general state of need exists among the homeless indigence, pauperism, pauperization, overty, penury, poorness, impoverishment - the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions. Mendicancy, mendacity, beggary - the state of being a beggar or mendicant; They were reduced to mendicancy. need -1. verb: require as useful, just, or proper; It takes nerve to do what she did; success

This situation is crying for attention. need – 3. verb: have or feel a need for; always needing friends and money must. Idioms: have got to, have to, must needs. to be without what is needed, required, or essential: lack, require, want. Full Definition of NEED Noun; 1 : a situation in which someone or something must do or have something : something that a person must have : something that is needed in order to live or succeed or be happy : a strong feeling that you must have or do something : necessary duty : obligation 2 a : a lack of something requisite, desirable, or useful b : a physiological or psychological requirement for the well-being of an organism 3: a condition requiring supply or relief 4: la

7. I felt a need to take control of the situation. 8. a need to be loved 9. She has an overwhelming need to be liked and respected. 10. I don't feel the need to defend my decision. Synonyms: absence, lack, needfulness, want Antonyms: nonessential, nonnecessity Full Definition of NEED 1 intransitive verb 1 : to be needful or necessary 2 : to be in want transitive verb : to be in need of : require verbal auxiliary : be under necessity or obligation to ‘you need not answer’, ‘she need only wait’ Examples of NEED 1. I need some advice. What do you think of this dress? 2. I just need a couple of minutes to get ready. 3. Most babies need at least 12 hours of sleep a day. 4. We badly need a vacation. 5. Further research is ur

Antonyms: have, hold Need has the negative forms need not and do not need . The contracted forms needn't and don't need are also used.However, you cannot use all these forms for all meanings of need . This is explained below. 1. used as a transitive verb If you need something, it is necessary for you to have it. These animals need food throughout the winter. He desperately needed money. For this meaning of need , the negative form is do not need . You do not need special tools for this job. I don't need any help, thank you. I didn't need any further encouragement. Be Careful! Don't use a

In questions, you almost always use do and need to . You usually only use need on its own in a few set phrases, suchas 'Need I say more?' and 'Need I remind you?' Do you need to go? Need I remind you that you owe the company money? 4. must not If you tell someone that they don't need to or need not do something, you are say ing that it is not necessary for themto do it. If you want to say that it is necessary for someone not to do something, don't use “need”. Instead you use must or mustn’t. You must not accept it. We mustn't forget the tickets. 5. talking abo

For example, you can say The cooker needs cleaning , rather than The cooker needs to be cleaned. The plan needs improving . We made a list of things that needed doing. Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati 1. Ilmiy adabiyotlar 1. Каримов И . А . Юксак маънавият – енгилмас куч ,- Т ., « Маънавият », 2008. 14- б . 2. I.A.Karimov. “Chet tillarni o’rganish tizimini yanada takomillashtirish chora- tadbirlari to’g’risida”gi PQ-1875–sonli qarori. 2012- yil 10-dekabr. 3. “Xalq so’zi’ gazetasi, 2013 yil 3-5 –aprel, Samarqanddagi xalqaro konferensiyasida so’zlagan nutqidan. 4. Ражабова И . Адабиёт дарсларини интерфаол усулларда ташкил этиш , Тошкент « Т amaddun» 2010. 75-76- б 5 . Филологиянинг долзарб муаммолари. Тошкент, «Турон Замин» нашриёти. -2

13 . Е . А . Натансон . Практическая грамматика английского языка . Стр .- 154. 14. И . М . Берман . Краткая грамматика английского языка. Москва -1965. 15. I.R.Galperin, E.M.Mednikova, “New English-Russian dictionary”. Москва , “ Русский язык ”, 1988 г . Том II, стр . 16-17. 16. V.K.Myuller, English- Russian dictionary, Moscow. 1965. p-501-502 1 7. English- Uzbek dictionary, J.Bo’ronov, K. Rahmonberdiyev, Toshkent- 1977 18. Longman. Dictionary of Contemporary English, Moscow- 1992 19. Hornby A.S. Oxford students’ dictionary of current English, Oxford University press. 20. В . В . Гуревич . Практическая грамматика английского языка. Москва . Флинта - наука . 200 4. Стр .- 1 18 2 1 . American Heritage. Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Ha

2. Badiiy adabiyotlar 1. J. Swift, “Gulliver’s travels”, higher school publishing house. Moscow. 1973. 2. J. Svift, “Gulliverning sayohatlari”, Toshkent, G’. G’ulom nomidagi adabiyot va san’at nashriyoti, 1985. 3. Ernest Hemingway, “A farewell to Arms”, Leningrad, 1971. 4. Ernest Hemingueyning “Alvido qurol”, Ibrohim G’ofurovning ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjimasi. G’. G’ulom nomidagi adabiyot va san’at nashriyoti, 1973. 5. Fenimore Cooper, “The Spy”, progress publishers. Moscow, 1975. 6. F.Kuper, “Josus” ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga Erkin Mirobid tarjimasi, 1979. 7. John Stenbeck, “The grapes of wrath”, publishers progress, Moscow, 1978. 8. George Bernard Shaw, “A fareless champion of the torch”, Moscow, 1977. 9. Gordon Parker, “The darkness of the morning”, Moscow, 1982. 10. Richard

19. Charles Dickens, “American Notes”, foreign language publishing house, Moscow, 1950. 20. Internet sayti: - http//www.britannica.com//EBchecked/topic/407862/need 60

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