Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida gap bo’laklarining tartibini o’rganish - Английский язык - Дипломные работы

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Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida gap bo’laklarining tartibini o’rganish

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Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida gap bo’laklarining tartibini o’rganish

M u n d a r i j a Kirish. ......................................................................................................... I bob. Sintaksis haqida umumiy ma’lumot 1.1. O'zbek tilida gap bo'laklari tartibi ................................................... .......... 1.2.0'zbek tilida gap bo'laklarida inversiya holati........................... II bob. Ingliz tilida so'z tartibining o'rganishi. 2.1.Ingliz tilida so'z tartibi.................................................................... .... 2.2.Ingliz tili gap tuzilishida so'z tartibining o'zgarishi ……………….. Xulosa ….................................................................................................... Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro'yxati ...................................

O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2012 yil 10-dekabrdagi PQ-1875-son “Chet tillarini o‘rganish tizimini yanada takomillashtirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” nomli farmoyishida chet tillarni o‘qitishning barcha bosqichlari uchun zamonaviy o‘quv adabiyotlarini yaratish vazifasi alohida ta’kidlangan. O‘ylaymizki, tadqiqot natijasida erishilgan xulosalardan sifat semasining tarkibli tizimi va grammatik mohiyatini yanada chuqurroq o‘rganishda foydalanish mumkin. Shuningdek, ish natijalari magistrlik dissertatsiyalari, bitiruv malakaviy va kurs ishlarini tayyorlash jarayonida ham foyda keltirishi mumkin. Mustaqillikka erishganligining yigirma to‘rt yilligini tantana qilib, iqtisodiy- ijtimoiy, madaniy – ma’naviy rivojning yangi bosqichiga qadam qo‘ygan O‘zbekiston Respublikasida fan hamd

Zamonaviy pedagogik va axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalangan holda o’qitishning ilg’or uslublarini joriy etish yo’li bilan o’sib kelayotgan yosh avlodni chet tillarga o’qitish, shu tillarda erkin so’zlasha oladigan mutaxassislarni tayyorlash tizimini tubdan takomillashtirish hamda buning negizida, ularning jahon sivilizatsiyasi yutuqlari hamda dunyo axborot resurslaridan keng ko’lamda foydalanishlari, xalqaro hamkorlik va muloqotni rivojlantirishlari uchun shart-sharoit va imkoniyatlar yaratish maqsadida Bitiruv malakaviy ishimning ilmiy asosi, O’zbekiston Respublikasi ‘’Ta’lim to’g’risida’’gi Qonuni , Prezident I. A.Karimovning ta’lim tizimini takomilllashtirishga yo’naltirilgan nutqlari, unda bayon etilgan yondashuvlari, tadqiqot muammosiga oid ilmiy- nazariy pedagogik ad

talaffuz muhim ahamiyatga ega. Agar talaffuz yaxshi bo’lsa gapni tushunish, tushuntirib berish ham yaxshi bo’ladi. Ingliz tilida tilshunoslik fanida nutqni o’rganishda ilmiy izlanishlarga e’tibor berish lozim. Asosiy manba hisoblangan ”grammatika”dagi gapdagi so‘zlar bir-biri bilan o‘zaro bog‘langan ligi , ularning har biri gapda biror grammatik funksiyani – gap bo‘lagi vazifasini bajarib kel ishi ko’rib chiqilgan . Gap bo‘laklari ikkiga – bosh bo‘laklar (ega, kesim) va ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklar (to‘ldiruvchi, aniqlovchi, hol)ga bo‘linishi o’rganib chiqilgan. Ingliz tili fanida gap bo ’ laklarini o‘rganishda juda katta e’tibor berish kerak. Chunki chet tilini o’rganishda ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilishda so’z tartibinining ahamiyati va muammolarini tushuntirish, tarjima qilis

yaxshi tushunib o‘rganishdan iborat. Shu bilan birga gr ammatikada tarjima nazariyasida qiyinchiliklarni va muammolarni bartaraf etishdan iborat. Ishning ilmiyligi. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tili grammatika sida ayrim so‘zlarning sintaktik ta h lili. Hozirgi zamonda ingliz tili grammatikasida so’z tartibining tahlili . Ishning metodik va nazariy asoslari. Ishning metodik va nazariy asoslari sifatida J. Bo’ronov, G’.Salomov, A. Fyodorov, V.Komissarov, V.Vinogradov kabi mashhur olimlarning adabiyotlardan foydalanildi. Bitiruv ishning tarkibi: Bitiruv ishiga kirish, 2 bob, asosiy qism, 6 ta paragraf, xulosa va foydalanilgan adabiyotlardan iborat. Ishning asosiy mazmuni: Kirish qismida bitiruv ishining umumiy tasnifi, dolzarbligi, maqsad va vazifalari, ishning tarkibi, asosiy manbalari haqida ma’lu

Keyingi yillarda yuzaga kelayotgan lingvistik tadqiqotlarda tarjima muammolariga katta e'tibor berilmoqda. Lingvislik tarjimashunoslik bo'yicha yaratilayotgan va amaliyotining juz'iy masalalari bilan bir qatorda ushbu sohaning mohiyati aks ettiradigan umumnazariy muammolar ustida ham bosh qotirilmoqda. Bu hol lingvistik tajribashunoslik taqiqotchilar e'tiborini borgan sari ko'proq o'ziga tortayotganidan dalolat beradi. O'zbekiston chet tillardan mutaxassislik sifatida o'rgatiladigan va o'rgatilayotgan tillarni inobatga olsak, shu vaqtgacha ingliz, fransuz, nemis, va ispan tillaridan o'zbek tiliga tarjima qilishining lingvistik asoslari ishlab chiqilmagan. To'g'ri, bu sohada ma'lum yutuqlarimiz ham bor, lekin bu chet tillardan o'zbek t

ifodalanishi mumkin. Gaplar tuzilishiga ko‘ra sodda va qo‘shma turlarga bo‘linadi. Ular ifoda maqsadiga ko‘ra to’rt xil bo‘ladi: 1. Darak gap. 2. So‘roq gap. 3. Buyruq gap. 4.Istak gap. Darak gapda bo‘lib o‘tgan, bo‘layotgan yoki bo‘lishi kutilayotgan voqea- hodisa haqida xabar beriladi. Shuningdek, bunday gaplar orqali narsa yoki hodisada biror xususiyatning mavjudligi yoki mavjud emasligi tasdiq yoxud inkor yo‘li bilan ifodalanadi .Darak gap xabar ohangi bilan aytiladi. Gapning bosh qismida ohang bir oz ko‘tarilib, keyingi qismida pasaya boradi. Tovush tempi o‘rtacha bo‘ladi. Mantiq urg‘usini olgan so‘z gap tarkibidagi boshqa so‘zlarga nisbatan yuqori ohang bilan aytiladi. Urg‘uli bo‘lak o‘zidan oldingi bo‘lakdan qisqa pauza bilan ajratilib, tezroq talaffuz etiladi. Darak gaplar tarkibid

qiladi. So‘roq gap so‘roq ohangi bilan talaffuz etiladi. So‘roq gapda bevosita so‘roqni bildiruvchi so‘zda ovoz kuchayadi. Bunday gaplar oxiriga so‘roq belgisi qo‘yiladi. O‘zbek tilida so‘roq gap bir necha yo‘llar bilan hosil bo‘ladi: 1. So‘roq olmoshlari yordamida shakllanadi. Bunday holatda so‘roq gap tarkibida kim? nima? qanday? qanaqa? qaysi? qayerda? qayerga? qayerdan? qachon? nega? necha? nechta? qancha? nima uchun? kabi so‘zlari ishtirok etadi. Masalan: Siz nima uchun dars tayyorlamay keldingiz? Siz bugun qaysi matnni tarjima qildingiz? Siz kutubxonaga kim bilan borasiz? Gulbahorning to‘yiga kimlar bordi? 1 2. So‘roq gaplar –mi, -chi, -a, -ya , nahotki so‘roq yuklamalari yordamida hosil bo‘ladi . Masalan: Bu kitobni siz keltirdingizmi? Siz zamonaviy musiqa asarlarini yoqtirasizmi? O

yoki ko‘plik shaklidagi buyruq fe’li bilan ifodalangan bo‘ladi. Shuningdek, ikkinchi shaxsga qaratilgan buyruq gaplarning kesimi shart fe’lining birlik va ko‘plik shakllari bilan ham ifodalanishi mumkin. Masalan: Nodiraxon, o‘rtoqlaringizni ham shu yerga chaqirsangiz. Qizim, bir piyola achchiq choy bersangiz. Farmoyish, buyruq, qaror kabi rasmiy nutqqa xos hujjatlarda qo‘llangan buyruq gapning kesimi majhul nisbatdagi fe’lning uchinchi shaxs buyruq shaklida bo‘ladi. Masalan: O‘z ishiga sovuqqonlik bilan munosabatda bo‘lgani uchun Nodir Qodirov ogohlantirilsin. Bu qaror ikki haftalik muddat ichida chuqur o‘rganib chiqilsin, kabi. Shuningdek, ko‘pchilikka qaratilgan buyruq gaplar ham shunday shaklda bo‘ladi. Masalan: Bu yerda chekilmasin! Iflos qilinmasin! Jimlik saqlansin! Gulzordan yurilma

ishonmaslik, shubha, taajjub, mensimaslik kabi ma’nolar anglashiladi. Undov gaplar anglashilayotgan ma’noga mos his-hayajonga ko‘ra turlicha ohang bilan talaffuz etiladi. Odatda bunday gaplar oxiriga yozuvda undov belgisi qo‘yiladi. Masalan: Qishlog‘imiz shunaqa chiroyliki! Hormang! Barakalla, do‘stim! Gulla, yashna mustaqil O‘zbekiston! 1 GAPDA SO‘Z TARTIBI O‘zbek tilida gap tarkibida so‘zlar tartibi, asosan, erkin. So‘zlarning o‘rin almashishi ularning grammatik holatiga jiddiy ta’sir etmaydi. Biroq bu gap mazmuniga, uslubiy jihatiga ta’si r etadi. Qiyoslaymiz: Men bozorda G‘olibni uchratdim. G‘olibni men bozorda uchratdim. Bozorda G‘olibni men uchratdim. Bu gaplarda o‘zbek tilining o‘ziga xos mantiq urg‘usining qo‘llanish usuli namoyon bo‘lmoqda. Birinchi gapda boshqa birovni emas, ayna

Keldi bahor, gul bahor, Erib bitdi oppoq qor, kabi. Ega va kesim gapning bosh bo‘laklari hisoblanadi. To‘ldiruvchi, aniqlovchi va hol ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklardir. Ega va unga bog‘lanib kelgan ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklar ega tarkibini, kesim va unga bog‘lanib kelgan ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklar kesim tarkibini tashkil etadi. Aniqlovchi aniqlanmishdan oldin keladi: yam-yashil bog‘lar, oppoq paxtalar, to‘g‘ri so‘z, oltin soat kabi. To‘ldiruvchi fe’ldan oldin keladi: kinoni tomosha qilmoq, o‘qituvchi bilan bahslashmoq, she’r o‘qimoq kabi. Hol ham fe’ldan oldin joylashadi: bugun boramiz, tezda qaytamiz, tomosha qilgani keldik kabi. Aniqlovchi ega bilan, to‘ldiruvchi va hol esa kesim bilan bog‘lanib, mantiqiy butunlik hosil qiladi. Masalan: Biz fakultetimiz yosh havaskorlar to‘garagi a’zolarin

o’zgartirmaydi. Masalan: Men sizning yaxshiliklaringizni hech qachon unutmayman. 1 Unutmayman sizning yaxshiliklaringizni men hech qachon. Hech qachon unutmayman sizning yaxshiliklaringizni men. Gap bo’laklari tartibining o’zgarishi grammatik holatda ta’sir etishi mumkin. Chunonchi, agar yig’iq gaplarda tartib o’zgarsa, kesim egaga, ega kesimga aylanadi. Masalan: Bir oy- o’ttiz kun. O’ttiz kun- bir oy. To’ldiruvchi bilan sifatlarning tartibi o’zgarsa aniqlovchili birikma ega va kesim munosabatini ko’rsatadi va yig’iq gapga aylanadi. Aniqlovchi birikma Yig’iq gap Yangi bino Bino yangi(dir) Yosh bola Bola yosh(dir) Keng yo’l Yo’l keng(dir) O’zbek tilida gap bo’laklarining odatdagi tartibi quyidagicha: Ega asosan gap boshida keladi: Men o’qituvchi bo’laman. Ba’zi vaqtida ega payt yoki o’rin h

Masalan: Men ko’zlarimga, quloqlarimga ishonmayman. Axmad teatrga Sobir bilan birga ketdi. Ikki xil to’ldiruvchi ishtirok etgan gaplarga oldin vositali to’ldiruvchi, keyin vositasiz to’ldiruvchi keladi. Masalan: Anvar do’stlariga o’zining yangi she’rini o’qib bermoqchi. Hol, asosan kesim oldida keladi. Masalan: Men atayin sizni shoshib, qidirib keldim. Payt holi ko’pincha gap boshida keladi: Masalan: Bundan ikki yil Toshmatning o’g’li Moskvaga ketgan edi. O’rin holi ham egadan oldin (payt holidan keyin) keladi: Masalan: O’tgan shanba kuni maktabda biz kamolotchilar bilan uchrashuv o’tkazdik. Ravish holi va daraja-miqdor hollari, ko’pincha, kesim oldida keladi. Masalan: Anorxon uyga tun qorong’usida sadaqayrag’ochlar tagi bilan yakka keldi. Yetti o’lchab- bir kes. Sabab va maqsad hollari ba

Kutgil yom g ’ir zeriktirganda, Meni kutgil yoqqanida qor. (K.Simonov) So‘z tartibining o‘zgarishi grammatik holat i ni o‘zgartirishi ham mumkin. Bunda quyidagi holat ko‘zga tashlanadi: Ega va kesimning o‘rni o‘zaro almashsa, ega kesimga, kesim esa egaga aylanadi: Masalan : Yetti kun (ega) – bir hafta (kesim). – Bir hafta (ega) – yetti kun (kesim). Sifatlovchi va sifatlanmishning o‘rni o‘zaro almashsa, sifatlanmish egaga, sifatlovchi kesimga, ya’ni so‘z birikmasi gapga aylanadi: Baland to g ’. – To g ’ baland. Qaratqich-qaralmishda belgisiz qaratqichning o‘rni qaralmish bilan o‘zaro almashsa, qaratqich egaga, qaralmish kesimga aylanadi: Dala chekkasi. – Chekkasi – dala. Intonatsiya sintaktik aloqaning turini, so‘z birikmasining xususiyatini ko‘rsatadi: Bu kitob... Bu – kitob; Ko‘p qavatli/

jihatdan bog‘langan bo‘ladi va shu taxlitda ular ma’lum sintaktik vazifalarni bajarib keladi. So‘zlar gap tarkibida o‘zaro ikki yo‘l bilan bog‘lanadi. 1. Teng bog‘lanish. 2. Tobe bog‘lanish. So‘zlar o‘zaro teng bog‘langanda, ular bir xil so‘roqlarga javob bo‘ladi hamda bir xil sintaktik vazifa bajaradi: O‘rik va shaftoli gulladi . Gapdagi o‘rik va shaftoli so‘zlari va bog‘lovchisi yordamida teng aloqaga kirishgan. So‘zlar o‘zaro tobe bog‘langanda so‘z birikmasi hosil bo‘ladi. Bunday birikuvda avval tobe so‘z, undan keyin hokim so‘z keladi: qiziq kitob, oshxonaga kirdi, kutubxona tomon ketdi, singlimning dugonasi kabi. 1.3. Sintaksis Sintaksis grammatikaning bir qismi bo‘lib, u so‘z birikmasi va gapni tekshiradi, uning asosi gap haqidagi ta’limotdir: gap qurish, so‘zlarni biriktirish qoidal

sanaladi. Gap tuzilishida sintagma ham ajratiladi. Ul ar bir sintagma bir havo chiqarish bilan – bir nafas kuchi bilan aytiladi, so‘ng orada qisqa pauza bo‘lib, boshqa sintagma boshlanadi. Demak, sintagma ikki pauza orasidagi nutqiy elementdir. U eng sodda sintaktik parchadir. Sintagma bir necha so‘zli bo‘la olganidek, bir so‘zli ham bo‘la oladi. Sintagma tobelanish asosida tuziladi: unda bir so‘z yetakchi, boshqalari shunga to’be bo‘ladi. Sintagmaning grammatik strukturasi : aniqlovchi+aniqlanmish (keng ma’noda) shaklida bo‘ladi. 1 Masalan, Paxtazordan quvnoq terimchilarning ashulalari eshitilib turibdi. Bu gapida “ quvnoq terimchilarning ashulalari ” sintagmasida: ashulalar – yetakchi element: hokim, terimchilarning – tobe element: aniqlovchi, quvnoq – tobe element: terimchilar so‘zining

So‘z birikmasi, o‘z tarkibidagi hokim elementning qaysi so‘z turkumiga kirishiga qarab, bir qancha ko‘rinishlarga ega bo‘ladi: otli birikma (bunda hokim so‘z ot yoki ot o‘rnida qo‘llangan so‘z; tobe so‘z ot, sifat, sifatdosh, son, olmosh, ravish, fe’lning noaniq shakli, taqlidlar bo‘lishi mumkin); fe’lli birikma; ravishli birikma. So‘z birikmasi tuzilishi jihatidan ikki turga bo‘linadi: sodda birikmalar, qo‘shma birikmalar. So‘z birikmasining elementlari orasidagi bo g ’lanish – tobelanish uch xil: moslashuv, boshqaruv, bitishuv. Qaratqich bilan qaralmish moslashuv yo‘li bilan bo g ’lanadi: shaxs va sonda moslashadi: bolaning daftari, bizning uyimiz, maktab hovlisi va sh.k. Moslashuv harakat, belgi yo predmetning qaysi predmetga tegishli ekanligini ko‘rsatadi. Boshqaruvda bir so‘z boshqa s

b.)+ot (sifatlanmish). Masalan: moviy bayroq, bu bino, ko‘p kitob kabi. Bitishuvda elementlarning hokim-tobelik holati, asosan, tartib orqali belgilanadi (tobe element+hokim element). Masalan, U tez yurdi gapidagi bitishuv munosabatida, odatda, tobe so‘zni hokim so‘zdan ajratib bo‘lmaydi (oraga u so‘zini kiritib bo‘lmaydi). Demak, bu bitishuvda tartib bosh rolni o‘ynaydi. Ba’zan bitishuvda ham tartib ikkinchi o‘ringa tushib qolishi mumkin. 1 Masalan: Majlis kechqurun bo‘ladi. Kechqurun majlis bo‘ladi. Demak, bitishuv munosabatida tartib va intonatsiya katta rol o‘ynaydi. Bunda tobelik tartibdan, grammatik xususiyatdan, ma’nodan bilinib turadi. Gap fikr bildirish, xabar berish vazifasini bajaradigan, turli his-tuy g ’ularni ifodalaydigan bir so‘z yoki bir necha so‘zlar yi g ’indisi, nutqni

4. Sostaviga ko‘ra: bir bosh bo‘lakli (bir sostavli) gap, ikki bosh bo‘lakli (ikki sostavli) gap. 5. To‘liqligi, yoyiqligiga ko‘ra: to‘liq gap, to‘liqsiz gap; yi g ’iq gap, yoyiq gap. 6. Gapning subyekti bor-yo‘qligiga ko‘ra: ko‘chirma gap, o‘zlashtirma gap. Bir sostavli gaplar: Shaxsi aniq gaplar Shaxsi noaniq gaplar Shaxssiz gaplar Atov (nominativ) gaplar Gapdagi so‘zlarning o‘zaro sintaktik munosabati turli-tuman vositalar orqali shakllanadi. 1. So‘z o‘zgartiruvchi affikslar - kelishik, egalik, shaxs-son affikslari so‘zlarning o‘zaro bo g ’lanishida eng faol vosita hisoblanadi. 2. Yo rdamchi so‘zlar (ko‘makchi, bo g ’lovchi, bo g ’lama). 3. So‘z tartibi – so‘zlarning o‘zaro sintaktik munosabatga kirishuvini ta’minlovchi vositalardan biri. Masalan, oydin kecha, yaxshi bola kabi birikmala

Boshqaruvli bog ‘ lanishda hokim so ‘ z talabiga ko ‘ ra tobe so ‘ z tushum , jo ‘ nalish , o ‘ rin - payt , chiqish kelishigi qo ‘ shimchalarini olib keladi yoki hokim va tobe so ‘ z ko ‘ makchilar yordamida bog ‘ lanadi : akasini chaqirmoq , uyiga ketmoq , shaharda yashamoq , o ‘ qituvchidan so ‘ ramoq , do ‘ sti bilan bormoq , kelajak haqida suhbatlashmoq , haqiqat uchun kurashmoq kabi . Moslashuvli aloqada hokim so‘z bilan tobe so‘z qaratqich kelishigi va egalik qo‘shimchalari yordamida bog‘lanib, o‘zaro shaxs-sonda moslashadi: mening hovlim, sening xonang, uning quvonchi, bizning guruhimiz, sizning vazifangiz, ularning fakulteti kabi. Bitishuvli birikuvda hokim so‘z bilan tobe so‘z o‘zaro hech qanday grammatik vositalarsiz, faqat tartib va ohang asosida bog‘lanadi: katta ko‘cha, tez g

Agar biz birinchi o'ringa vositali to'ldiruvchini qo'ysak va egani uchinchi o'ringa joylashtirsak gapning ma'nosi umuman o'zgaradi. Chunki ega bo'lib gapning boshida joylashtirilgan to'ldiruvchi va to'ldiruvchi bo'lib kelgan kesimdan keyin joylashtirilgan to'ldiruvchi va to'ldiruvchi bo'lib kelgan kesimdan keyin joylashtirilgan ega bo'lib keladi. Masalan: The little boy sent Mrs. Winter wishes a message to the next village on December day. O’zbek tilida so'z tartibidagi bu kabi o'zgarishlar ko'p holatlarda uchraydi. Masalan: Mening opam seni opangni Moskvada ko’rgan. Моя сестра видела твою сестру в Москве. Shuning uchun so ' z tartibi kelishiklarning aniq farqi amaliy jihatdan ega va vositali to ' ldiruvchi o '

Jane took it yesterday. Ba'zan egadan oldin hol yoki undan keyin ham kelishi uchraydi. Masalan: Yesterday my dad bought me a doll. My dad yesterday bought me a doll. My dad bought me a doll yesterday. (my own sent) 1 Predlogsiz vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan oldin keladi. Masalan: He bought me a book. Nick wrote me a letter. Predlogli vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Masalan: He bought a book for me. Undalma, kiritma so'z va kiritma konstruksiyalar gapning boshida. O'rtasida va oxirida kelib, yozuvda vergul bilan ajratiladi. O'g'zaki nutqda esa maxsus intonatsiya bilan ajratiladi. Shuningdek bu so'zlar gap bo'laklari hisoblanmaydi. Masalan: You have, Fred a very pretty girl. Ingliz tilda morfologik vo

shaxs yoki narsaga kesim ifodalangan harakat, belgi yoki holat tegishli bo'ladi. Ega mutlaqo mustaqil bo'lak bo'lib, kesim ham egaga tobe va ko'p hollarda ega bilan shaxs sonda moslashadi. Ega, asosan, quyidagi so'z turkumlari bilan ifodalanadi: l)bosh bo'lakdagi ot bilan: Masalan: Bernard Higginbotham invited him to dinner. The man was unusual, not essentric, but unusual. Society opened its portals to me. 2) Olmoshlar bilan: a) kishilik olmoshlari bilan: Masalan: He arrived at the club at three o'clock. We stood looking out at them through the window. I had a case this morning Chris! You 'll note that I say had. Ega kishilik olmoshlar he, they, you bilan ifodalanganda, ba'zan III shaxs yoki II shaxsni (birlik va ko'plik anglatmasdan balki umumiy bo&

And all well be with you too. Some day I will help you. One, with a long pale face, was sitting in a chair, the other was standing in front of the window. The little ones toddled after their mother. Everytning was still. Another was a yellow wolf of remarkable swiftness. Eslatma: One olmoshi bilan ifodalangan ega bir shaxsga emas, barcha shaxslarga qaratilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan: One would not throw away she past like a drown tooth. 6) Nobody, none notning no one kabi bo'lishsizlik olmoshlari bilan: Masalan: Nobody was absent. No one was at home. Norbody can ride him for a long time. Nothing had been taken from the dead man's pockets. No one was happy... No one know who belonged to the Avenging Angels 7) egalik olmoshlarining absolyut formasi (Absolute Forms of Possisive p

A wonderful thing a memorable thing to want a doctor! To get him would be a remarkable thing. For him to come was impossible. 10) Otlashgan sifatdosh yoki-sifatdosh so'z birikmasi bilan: Masalan: Seated next to him was a young man, Doctor Wallance. 11) . Gerundiy, gerundiy so'z birikmasi yoki oboroti bilan: Masalan: Freesing is a heat evolving process. Sitting here is dangerous. Annett's being French might upset him a little. 7. Ayrim hollarda otlashgan ravish bilan: Masalan: The Worst had happened. Mary didn't know what had happened. Tomorrow is going to be a good day. 1 8. Ergash gap ham ega vazifasiga kelishi mumkin: Masalan: What I want is sea air. What you say is wrong. 9. Kontekstning talabiga ko'ra ega ba'zan boshqa so'z turkumidagi so'zlar, turli so&

Masalan: But the master of the house was not George Meadows. It was his mother 2 . It predmet va shaxsni bildirib, o'zbek tiliga ko'rsatish olmoshi vositasida tarjima qilinadi. Masalan: Who is knocking ? "It is me". It formal ega bo'lib kelganda shaxs, predmetni ifodalamaydi. Formal ega quyidagi turlarga bo'liadi: l.Shaxsiz ega (Impersonal subjet) . It so'zi qo’yidagi holatlarda shaxs anglatmaydigan ega tarzida qo’llanadi. a) ob-havo, tabiat hodisalari ifodalaganda: Masalan: It is snowing even now. It is drizzling now. I fraze hard. It will be dark soon. It was still hot. .It's nippy in the mornings now. b) Vaqt ifodalanganda; Masalan: It was about 9 o'clock but felt like late afternoon. It was late in summer. It was one o'clock when we left. v) tash

Masalan: It is impossible to go. Bu gapda it formal ega, to go esa haqiyqiy ega (real subject) hisoblanadi. Bu turdagi gaplarda haqiyqiy ega, kesimdan keyin kelib, ko'pincha infinitiv, gerundiy bilan yoki infinitiv va gerundiyli so'z birikmalari bilan ifodalanadi. Masalan: It is necessary for him to come tonight. It is no use to cry over spillt milk. It is said that humans are never satisfied, that what you give them one thing and they want sometning more. 3. Emfatik ega. (Emphatic subject) Emfatik ega bo'lib kelgan it so'zi predikativ rolida kelgan so’zning kommunikativ ahamiyatini ko'chaytirish uchun xizmat qiladi. Qiyoslang (compare. ) Masalan: He came to Tashkent only yesterday. It was only yesterday, that he came to Tashkent. Ikkinchi gapdagi it emfatik egadir. U p

Masalan: There were signs of an early winter and with them irritating delays. Masalan: There was no keep for it. There were not more than a dozen attendants on the lectures all together. O'rin holi gapning boshida ham kelishi mumkin. Masalan: For many miles there was no fit camping-place. Gapning kesimi-to be dan boshqa fe'llar bilan ham ifodalana oladi. Masalan: In the central part of the great Noth American Continent there lies a desert. Kesim (The Predicate) Olmosh , birikmalar bilan ham ifodalangan bo'lishi mumkin. Kesim haqiqiy ega bilan shaxs-sonda doimo moslashadi. Masalan: There were signs of an early winter and wish them irritating delays. Masalan:There was no keep for it. There were not more than a dozen attendants on the lectures all together. O'rin holi gapning

keladi. Masalan: You seem a little nervous. You look very young. She sincerely wished him could get throuh the summer. He looked so hopeless. Sostavli ot- kesimda asosiy ma'no uning ot qismidan anglashiladi. Kesimning ot qismi qo’yidagilar bilan ifodalanishi mumkin: l)bosh kelishikdagi ot bilan: Masalan: He was a stranger. He was a singular dwelling a)Ba'zan qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan Masalan: "The book is my friend’s” 2) Sifat bilan: Masalan: He was clever. The eyebrows were still dark. Beauty is alive and everlasting. In size it was small. 3) son bilan: Masalan: I was seventeen , so was she. He was about forty. 4) Kishilik, egalik (possessive), inkor so'roq bo'lishsizlik, o'zlik olmoshlari bilan. Masalan: The names of the leading lady and many members were g

kesimga bo’linadi. Tarkibida modal so'z bo'lgan sostavli fe'l kesimlarda 1 (birinchi o'rinda modal fe'l so'ng infinitiv keladi.) Bunda asosan may (-might), must can (could , to have to, will, ought to, should , would , dare , need modal fe'llari va to be, able to, to be obliged to, to be going to kabi modal mano bildiruvchi iboralar ishlatiladi. Modal fe'llar harakatini bildirmasdan, faqat qo'shimcha ma'noni turli modal munosabatlarni (mumkinlik, taxminiylik, majburiylik, zaruriylik va h.k.) ifodalaydi. Masalan: I must catch the boat train. Your address must only be known to me. She imagined she must have proved to be satisfactory. He can't forgive himself for his careless acceptance She can be trusted. You may come. I would willingly have gone o

No animal likes to be cooped up to long. I tried to keep on at both, but often fell asleep with the pen in my hand. I hated to give up the hope of a University education. She wished to have nothing more to do with him than to receice rent. I wished to emphasize the brutalities and horrors. I wanted to shock people. Bu turdagi zamon, daraja, shaxs , son bilan tuslanadi: Masalan:You are going to city yourself. He lit his pipe, and began to think over the daily problem. At that my heart gave a bound, and began running along the road. I still kept on writing fresh stuff. I kept on dreaming with the hero. Barras continued to measure David wish a coldly inquiring eye. The information seemed to mean nothing to his father. He begins searching vainly from drawer to drawed in the writing table. Sost

ham ega bilan moslashadi. Hozirgi zamonda Singular Plura l I I am a student. I We are students. II You are a student. II You are students. II He is a student. III They are students. O'tgan zamonda Singular Plural 1I was a student. I We were students. II You were a student. II You were students. III He was a student. III They were student. Ega bilan kesim moslashuvining quyidagi ko'rinishlari mavjud. Birlik sonidagi ega uyushib kelsa, kesim ko'plik formada qo’llanadi. Masalan:He and his brother are fond of sports. The summer was ending. The dust and the last wind were tired before they got anywhere. Agar uyushib kelgan ega bir shaxsni, narsani yoki bir birlikni hosil qiluvchi ikkinchi shaxsni, narsani ifodalasa kesim birlikda ishlatiladi. a) The writer and editor- in -chief has

keyingisi (o'ziga yaqin) bilan shaxslarda moslashadi. Masalan: Neither he nor his friends have read the book. Kesim quyidagi hollarda birlikda qo’llanadi. a)agar uyushib kelgan ega infinitiv bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa. Masalan: Now , to go, through, stormy night, wish, wet clothes, and in addition , to be all nourished and to have tasted meat, for week or month, is about, as severe, handship. 2) Where va to be bog'lanmasi o'z ichiga olgan so'roq gaplarda uyushgan eganing birinchisi birlikda bo'lsa. Masalan: Where is his sister and brother? 3) There+ to be oboroti bilan tuzilgan gaplarda birinchi ega birlikdagi bo'lsa: 4.Birlikdagi ega as well as, wish, together with bog'lovchilari bilan bog'lanib kelgan bo'lsa: e.g The teacher as well as the student wa

All is ready. All are ready. Ega people, police, cattle, poultry, jury, cavalry kabi jamlovchi otlar bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa kesim odatda ko'plikda ishlatiladi. Masalan: These people are younger than you . Police were elsewhere. Ega committee, company, familiy, crew , army, goverment, team kabi jamlovchi otlar yordami bilan ifodalanganida , kesim ham birlik , ham ko'plikda kelishi mumkin, ya'ni agar ot orqali nazarda tutilsa , kesim birlikda ko'plik nazarda tutilsa, kesim, ko'plikda qo’llanadi. Ega birdan ortiq otlashgan son bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa, kesim ega bilan moslashib, ko'plikda keladi. Masalan: The two were established at a well-appointed table. Ega qo'shuv oluv, bo'luvni bildiruvchi sonlar birikmasi bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa kesim ega

Masalan: I had read and absorbed Washington lrving's “Alhambra”. The dostor put on his hat. I have seen big ones. To'ldiruvchining ifodalanish yo'llari (The ways of Expressing the object) To'diruvchi predmet ma'nosini bildirib, quyidagilar bilan ifodalanadi. 1. Bosh kelishikdagi ot bilan: Masalan: I shrugged my shoulders. We liked the place very much. 2. Kishilik, egalik, belgilash, o'zlik ko'rsatish gumon olmoshlari bilan. Masalan: Niether Gregory not his wife could help liking her a little. For a moment her glance head rested on me. You should see them on a Saturday night. You get your true perspective I got mine. Masalan: I cannot help feeling that I heard everything. A litte rain never hurt anything. I tried to defend myself but could do nothing. He recollec

6. Otlashgan har qanday nutq elementi bilan. Masalan: He called ’’ Hsst’’ several times. 7. Ergash gap bilan. Masalan: He said he would come To'ldiruvchining turlari Toldiruvchi boshqaruvchi so'z kesimga tobe bo'ladi. To'ldiruvchining hokim so'z kesimga bog'lanishda predlog ishtirok etishi yoki ishtirok etmasligiga ko'ra 2 (ikki) turga bo'linadi: l)Predlogli to'ldiruvchi. Masalan: I realy upon you . He asked about you. 2) Predlogsiz to'ldiruvchi. Masalan: I like books. I'll buy a hat. Ingliz tilida to'ldiruvchining alohida ko'rinishi murakkab to'ldiruvchi (complex object) ham mavjud. Xarakatni bevosita yoki bilvosita o'tishiga ko'ra to'ldiruvchi vositasiz va vositali to'ldiruvchiga bo'linadilar. Vositasiz to'ld

muvofiq bunday birikmalar alohida bo'laklarga bo'linmaydi. 1. Gapning kesimi to live, a happy life, to laugh, a bitter laugh, to smile, a sweet smile kabi birikmalar bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa, to'ldiruvchi boshqacha xususiyatga ega bo'ladi. Bunday gapning kesimi va to'ldiruvchisi bir o'zakli so'zlardan yasalgan bo'lib odatda to'ldiruvchidan oldin aniqlovchi keladi. Vositasiz to'ldiruvchi ichki to'ldiruvchi (The Cognate object) deb ham ataladi. Bunday to'ldiruvchi kesimdan anglashilgan harakatning belgisini ko'rsatadi. Harakatning belgisi to'ldiruvchining aniqlab kelayotgan so'z orqali ifodalanadi. Vositali to'ldiruvchi (The Inderect object) Vositali to'ldiruvchi ish-harakatga bevosita, biror yo'l bilan bog'langa

She puts the sham list into her everlope and hands it to him. 1 To explain, to decide, to suggest , to relate, to announce, to describe to attribute, to communicate, to introduce, to submit, to repeat, to didicate, to disclose, to interpret, to paint out fe'llari bilan qo’llangan vositali to'ldiruvchi har doim to predlogi bilan ishlatiladi. Masalan: He dictated the text to me. He introduced his friend to me. Yuqoridagi fe'llar ishlatilgan gaplarda predlogli vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchi ham oldin, ham keyin kelishi mumkin. Masalan: He repeated his words to him. He repeated to him his words. Murakkab to'ldiruvchi (The Complex object) Murakkab to'ldiruvchi struktura jihatidan ikki komponentdan tashkil topib, ikkinchi komponent birinchisiga predikat

Masalan: I want you to do us a column . I don't want you to come near me. I want you to stand right. 5) buyruq yoki ruxsatni ifodalovchi to order, to allow, to suffer, to have va hokazo fe'llardan keyin. e.g He ordered the books to be taken away. She sulffered Wr. Tranklin to lead her back into the room. I allowed the letter to be sent. I won't have you speak like it, dear Tess! a) murakkab to'ldiruvchi predlogli bo'lishi ham mumkin. Masalan. Masalan: I rely on you to come. I rely on your coming. b) murakkab to'ldiruvchining ikkala component yagona bo'linmas birlikni tashkil etib, gapning bir bo'lagi deb sanaladi. Aniqlovchi (The Attribute) Predmetning belgisini, ,sifatini, miqdorini, qarashliligini va shu kabi xususiyatlarini bildiradigan gap bo'lagi an

Aniqlovchi aniqlanmishdan oldin turgan bo'lsa u odatda belgi bildiruvchi so'zlar-sifat, sifatdosh va belgini ko'rsatuvchi so’zlar olmosh, son, bilan ifodalanadi. Bunday gapda aniqlovchi bilan aniqlanmish yaxlit birlik hosil qiladi. Ya'ni pauzasiz talaffuz etilib, bir intonatsion birlik, sintagmani tashkil qiladi. Ingliz tilida aniqlovchi , aniqlanmish bilan shaxs, son va rodda moslashmaydi. Aniqlovchi-aniqlanmish birikmasi yagona artiklga ega bo'lib u asosan aniqlovchidan oldin ishlatiladi. Masalan: The little tables round us began to fill. In the end canoe she was like a strong man . The large forest is the chief scene of our story. Ba'zan aniqlovchi aniqlanmish bilan artikl orqali ham ajralish mumkin. Bunday hollarda noaniq artikl aniqlanmishdan oldin qo’llanadi.

The pale face of the young woman was raised from the pillow and a week voice pronounced the words. Truthful speech is the wise wan's taken. But soul truths wisely remain unpoken. 2. Sifatdosh bilan: Aniqlovchi I va II sifatdoshlar bilan ifodalanishi va aniqlanmishdan ham oldin ham keyin kelishi mumkin: a) sifatdosh I (PI) bilan Masalan: They had been those surprising scenes. Quayle could see one Gladiator moving dawn on the bomber and the tracers dragging past the bomber, and the bombers bullets passing into Gladiator. b) sifatdosh II (PII) bilan Masalan: Norman-French was the only language used. Masalan: Once Tom and Nick made up their minds to look for hidden treasures. The fresh crowned hero fell without firing a sh ot 3. Egalik , ko'rsatish , so'rog,' birgalik , nisbiy

aniqlanmishdan oldin keladi. Masalan: The winter quiet spread soft over the deserts breadth. In the afternoon they had waited in a Cairo bar. b) aniqovchi qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan ifodalanib, aniqlanmishdan oldin turadi. Masalan: The old man's head was clear and good now. The next moment I heard a woman’s cry of distress. Oliver Twist's ninth birthday found him a pale, thin child, somewhat small for his age. 6. Predlogli birikmalar yordami bilan (bunday holalda aniqlovchi aniqlanmishdan keyin keladi) Masalan: Forests of dark firtrees grew on both sides of the frozen river. Suddenly Anny heard the sound of laugh and shouting. 1 The man in the black coat swore at the cop. The people in the line were smiling. 7.Ravish bilan. Aniqlovchi ravish bilan ifodalanganda ravish harakat

You have only yourself to please. Here is a book for you to read. 9. Aniqlovchi ergash gap bilan ham ifodalanadi. Holning o'rni Hol deyarli har doim vositasiz to'ldiruvchini kesimdan ajratadi. U yo kesimdan oldin yoki vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. e.g Helen heard me patiently to the end. Biz juda yaxshi ayta olamizki "Helen patiently heard me in the end ", lekin holning boshqa hech qanday holatda bu yerda bo'lishi mumkin emas, garchi bu urg'u ma'nosini anglatib kelsa ham, bu holatda u gapning boshida joylashtiriladi. Xattoki, hol vositasiz to'ldiruvchini o'zining fe'lidan ajratadi, agar to'ldiruvchi aniqlovchiga ega bo'lsa, e.g He knew instinctively the principles, of "Pyramiding " and "kiting" . He could read En

material ... a library was a most likely place for her, and he might see her there. Hattoki, o'rin ergash gaplar ba'zan kesim bilan predlogli to'ldiruvchi o'rtasida keladi. e.g He emerged from the theatre with the first of the crowd. O'rin ergash gaplar odatda payt va maqsad ergash gaplardan oldin keladi. e.g. I am going to the country tomorrow. Well, they only kept up there about an hour. Sybel had gone to town to buy a new carpet. For the first floor landing. 3. Tez-tez qaytalanadigan ergash gaplarning o'rni ko'pincha boshqa bir nechta ergash gaplarda qaraganda belgilanadigan bo'ladi. Ularni boshqa bir holatlarda erkin holatda ham uchratish mumkin. Qoidaga ko'ra hozirgi noaniq zamon fe'li kesimlik shaklidan oldin keladi. Ammo "to be” va barcha

what had happened to him, he would be again full quite in posession of his soul. e.g And I am so lonely here sometimes. So'roq gaplarda tez-tez takrorlanib keladigan hol ya'ni ravishlari zudlik bilan egadan keyin keladi. e.g Did you ever have shoes like that? Does he often come to see you? Payt ergash gaplar ba'zan birinchi o'rinni egallaydi. Bu holat odatda inversiyaga sabab bo'lmaydi. e.g Often he had asked her to come and pass judgemenet on his funk. Occasionally a small band of people followed the preachers to their mission . 4. Ko'p hollarda ravishdoshlaming shakllari agar fe'l o'timsiz bo'lsa, vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyingi o'rinda keladi. e.g "You needn't worry about me" Louise said stoutly. Ravish ergash gaplar odatda fe&#3

Agar enough otni aniqlab kelsa, undan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin. e.g I have time enough to do it. b) Hol so bilan ifodalanib so'z boshida keladi. e.g So beautifuly did she sing that the audience burst into applause 1.2. Ingliz tilida gap va so’z tartibining o’zgarishi yani Inversiya holati. So'z tartibida kesimdan so'ng eganing kelishi, so'z tartibining o'zgarishi yoki inversiya deb nomlanadi. Masalan: Haven't you any family? Gapning muayan turlari so’zda so'z tartibining o'zgarishini talab qiladi. Bulardan biri so'roq gaplardir. Bu holat ko'pincha yordamchi va modal fe'llar bilan egadan oldin joylashtirilgan kesimdan va uning qismlarida uchraydi. Masalan: Where did they find her? Can I show you my library? Agar gap to be hamda to have fe&#

Their parents, Mrs. and Mr. White escaped unhurt? So did their of three sons. Oddiy undov gaplarda istak-xohishni ifodalaydi. Masalan: Be it so! So'z tartibi o'zgarishida, so'z yoki so'zlar guruhi, so'z boshi yoki oxirida kelishidan qat’iy nazar aniq va muayyan vaziyatda qo'yiladi va ko'proq natijaga ega bo'ladi. Shu sababli garchi uslubiy tuzilishini talab qilsa ham tez-tez urg'uning bir manbasi bo'lib keladi. Bu holatda inversiya gap tuzilishiga ta'sir o'tkazmaydi, ammo muallifning xohish istagi aniq uslubiy natijalarda beriladi. Agar gap hol bilan berilsa, inversiya ro'y beradi. Bu yerda quyidagi sabablar bilan farqlanishimiz mumkin: a)Hol bilan ifodalangan birikmalar yoki birikmali gaplarda tez-tez davomiy o'zgarishlar uchrab tura

Now was the moment to act. Then across the evening stillness, broke a blood curdling help and Montmorency left the boat. Agar ega olmosh bo'lib kelsa, inversiya holati sodir bo'lmaydi. Masalan: Thus he thaught and crumpled up and sank down upon the wet earth. d) Ravish ergash gaplar ravishlar bilan ifodalanib gap boshida kelsa, inversiyaga sabab bo'lishi yoki bo'lmasligi ham mumkin. Inversiya hodisasida do yordamchi fe'li ishlatilishi mumkin. Agar kesim yo yordamchi fe'lni yoki modal fe'lni ichiga olmasa: Masalan: Silently and patiently did the doctor bear all this. Dimly and darkly had the shadows of a summer's night fallen upon all around, when they again reached in Dingley Dell. Lekin: Masalan: And suddenly the moon appeared, young, and tender, floating

natijada vergul bilan ajratiladi. Masalan: When I looked up, there stood the window, pale,grave, and amazed. The boy inherited his own eyes, large, brilliant and black. Agar to'ldiruvchi kishilik olmoshi yoki atoqli otning sifat o'zgartiruvchilar orqali ifodalanib kelsa, predloglar yoki postpozitsiya joylashgan yo joylashmaganidan qat'iy nazar, ular bog'lovchilar bilan bog'lanmagan bo'ladi Masalan: Clare, restless, went out into the bath. Pale and constrained, he walked into the room and took his seat at the window. 1 Hol deyarli har doim vositasiz to'ldiruvchini kesimdan ajratadi. U yo kesimdan oldin yoki vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Masalan: Helen heard me patiently in the end. Biz juda yaxshi ayta olamizki "Helen patiently heard me in the e

Indeed, anything untoward was now sedulously kept from James. Eslatma: Payt ergash gaplarda day, night, evening, morning kabi payt ravishlaridan oldin soati aniq ko'rsatiladi. Masalan: At nine in the evening Badly White, opened the door to the room and poked his head in. 1 O'rin ergash gaplar odatda yo gapning boshida yoki oxirida turadi. Masalan: Down in the mill yard a Bessemer furnace was blawing flame into the city. George led the guests into the parlaur. There it was all spiritual. Here it was all material and meanly material, a library was a most likely place for her, and he might see her there. Hattoki, o'rin ergash gaplar ba'zan kesim bilan predlogli to'ldiruvchi o'rtasida keladi: Masalan: He emerged from the theatre with the first of the crowd. O'rin e

you always are good about the things that happen to you. As for Charlie, he needed frequently to have a confident. Don't be worried about what may never happen. He can never leave out an irreligious finder. I'd just love to come. But Francis and I can't ever be away together. Take your hands away, Heickleberry. What a mess you are always making. She cared for Ailen more than she had ever cared for any of her children. I never heard of such a thing she exclaimed. It will never be frank it can't be. Hattoki sometimes va generally ravishlari fe'ldan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin. Masalan: Far he sometimes thought that, unless he proclaimed to the word what had happened to him, he would be again full quite in possession of his soul. 1 Masalan: And I got so lonely here som

to'ldiruvchidan keyingi o'rinda keladi. Masalan: "You needn't worry about me" Louise said stoutly. Susane shakes hands iffusively with Sartorius. Ravish ergash gaplar odatda fe'1 kesim bilan predlogli vositali to'ldiruvchi o'rtasida keladi, garchi to'ldiruvchidan keyin aniqlansa ham. Masalan: She leaned lightly against his shoulder. Gwendolen though I asked most distinctly for bread and butter, you have given me cake. Hattoki, ravish ergash gaplar tez-tez ravish orqali ifodalanadi va zudlik bilan kesimdan oldin keladi. Masalan: Bessie was already gone, and had closed the nursery door upon me I slowly descended. Qo'shma zamon shakllarida ravish ergash gap ravish bilan ifodalanadi va odatda oxirgi yordamchi fe'ldan keyin keladi. e.g There ladies we

Masalan: So beautifuly did she sing that her audience burst into applause. Once imfatik so'zi when bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan hardly, scardly ravishlari, than bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan, no sooner ravish yoki no bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan gaplarda inversiyasi sodir bo'ladi. Agar inversiya bo'lsa do dan foydalanishimiz mumkin. Masalan: Only once did he must this match in tennis. I do not care to speak fluently. No sooner had Aunt Juliya received this emblem of departure than a change came over . O'rin ergash gap bo'lmagan here so'zi bilan boshlangan gapda inversiya ro'y beradi, lekin biroz namoyishkorona ta'sirga ega. Masalan: "Here is my card, Sir" replied Mr. Pichwick "Вот моя визитная карточка сэр " ответил

Masalan: Down he fell. 1 Her shirt flies up above her waist, she tries to beat it down , but it is, no use up it flick. Agar to'ldiruvchi yoki hol “not a” yoki “many a” kabi so'z guruhi bilan ifodalansa inversiya sodir bo'ladi. Inversiya holatda do yordamchi fe'lidan foydalanishimiz kerak, egar kesim yordamchi yoki modal fe'llarni o'z ichiga olmasa bu holat ro'y beradi. Masalan: Not a hint, however did she grasp about sending me to school Many a time had he watched him digging I hated that man, many and many a time had my fingers longed to tear him. Agar kesim sifat yoki ot orqali ifodalansa sifat yoki such olmosh bilan boshlangan gaplarda o'zgartirish kiritilsa (bu holatda ega ot yoki gumon olmoshi bo'lsa) inversiya tez—tez sodir bo'ladi. Masalan: V

gaplar shunga o'xshash deb o'ylaysiz. Ya'ni "Graffite" is ugly. Gaplardagi bu holatda ega fe'ldan oldin kelishi kerak . Bu odattiy so'z tartibidir. Ko'pgina oddiy namunalarda so'z tartibini o'zgarishini ega va fe'lni savol ko'rinishida ko'rsatiladi. Masalan: "Is graffite ugly" 1 Ingliz tilida bu turdagi so'z tartibi ko'pincha savol tuzishda qo'llaniladi. Lekin so'z tartibi o'zgartirilgan gapda ega va fe'lning oddiy qatorida emas. Ingliz tilining ECPE grammatika bo'limida so’zlarning tog'ri tartibi qatorini ko'rinishida to'g'ri keladigan bir qancha savollar bo'ladi. Ba'zan inversiyaga kerak bo'ladi, ba’zan esa yo'q. Savollar va gaplar savollarga o'xshash bo'lishi m

gapning asosiy qismida boshqa inversiya bo'lmasligi mumkin. Masalan: Would you beat so line as to tell me where the money is? (Not..." where is the money") Masalan: I wonder if you could tell me when the next train to Houston is dee. 1 (Not… When is next train to Huston is dee. ") Va aniq bo'lmagan savollarga savol so'rashda gaplarda qo'llamaymiz. Inversiyalarning "so", "neither" and "nor " bilan ishlatilishi. Agar "so" "neither" va "nor" qisqa bitim yoki kelishuvlarda ishlatilinsa, ular inversiyaga uchraydi. Masalan:"I'm not into hip hop ". "Neither am I (or nor am I)". "I am fond of flamengo dancing"."So am I". Yoki ular ketma- ketlikda qo'llanilishi mumkin.(Shuningdek inve

keladi, shuningdek bu gaplar oddiy suhbatga o'xshaydi. Mashqlarda bir qancha misollar ayni tarzda qo'llaniladigan boshqa frazalar bilan keltirilgan. Masalan: Seldom does Bob get invited to parties, (seldom = rarely) Never have we seen such a breathtaking view. At no time did the prisoner look as if he might confess. Not only is she a great dancer but she is also an amazing mathematician. Bu istisnosiz qoidalarni ifodalashda qo'llaniladi. Muqobil ravishda inversiyasiz ham ishlatiladi. Masalan: Prisoners will not be allowed to give interviews to the media under any circumstances. Bu haqiqatdan ham qizning buvisi bo'ri bo'lganligini anglab yetmaganligini anglatadi. N.B.ning eslatishicha, agar ravish egadan oldin kelsa , inversiya bo'lishi mumkin emas. Shu yuqoridagi ke

Inversiyaning bog'lovchilar bilan ishlatilishi. Bog'lovchi gaplarni biz ba'zan "if tushirib qoldirib, inversiya bilan qo'llaymiz. Masalan: Should you see Nigee, give him my regars. Were I in your place, I would make a formal complaint. Had I known it was her birthday, I would have bought her a gift. Eslatma: "Should ", "were va "had" fe'llari faqatgina fe'l bo'la olib o'zgaradi. (va "where" . Shuningdek, he, she, it bilan keladi Inversiyalar "as" bilan ishlatiladi. Masalan: Elisabeth was very clever, as was Gerald. She decided to leave early, as did Gerald Bu gaplarda "as" ikkita narsa o'rtasidagi bir xillikni bildiradi. Inversiyaning "so" va "such" bilan ishlatilishi 1 Masalan: So excited w

Xulosa Darhaqiqat , mamlakatimizda xalqimiz ma ’ naviy rivoji uchun barcha shart - sharoitlar yaratilayotgan bir paytda , tilshunoslik fani ham shu maqsad uchun xizmat qilmog ‘ i darkor . Mustaqil rivojlanish yo ‘ lini tanlagan milliy tilshunosligimiz hozirgi paytda , jahon tilshunosligiga xos bo ‘ lgan ilg ‘ or g ‘ oyalarni o ‘ zlashtirgan holda tilning inson ijtimoiy faoliyatida tutgan o ‘ rnini aniqlash , uning kommunikativ mohiyatini hamda antropotsentrik xususiyatlarini tadqiq qilish yo ‘ lidan bormoqda . Shu jumladan , zamonaviy tilshunoslikning muhim yo ‘ nalishlaridan bo ‘ lgan lingvistik qarashlar til birliklaridan nutqiy faoliyat vositasi sifatida foydalanish qonuniyatlari va tamoyillarini aniqlash hamda lisoniy hodisalarning real muloqot sharoitlarida voqealanishi bilan bog ‘ li

tartibinining ahamiyati va muammolarini tushuntirish, tarjima qilish, uning qanday turlari mavjud, lingvistik muammolari nimada ekanligini ko’rsatib berish va tarjimada grammatik muammolari bo’yicha qanday xulosaga kelish, bu muammolarni qanday hal eta olish nazariyalar va tasnif metodlari ingliz tilini o’rganishda asosiy manba hisoblanadi. Demak, ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilishda grammatikaning tutgan muhim o’rnini anglatish va grammatik ko’nikmalarni shakllantirish, ularning bir tildan ikkinchi bir tilga grammatik bilim va ko’nikmalarga asoslanib, mustaqil tarjima qila olish va ishlash malakalarini rivojlantirish va shakllantirish, har bir talabaning o’z mutaxassisligiga oid bo’lgan mavzudagi matnni lug’at yordamida yoki lug’atsiz tarjima qila olishni, davlat tashkilotlari va

tartibi tuslanishi katta hajmdaligi sababli ingliz tilida so ' zlarning deyarli tuslanishi o ' zgaradi va gapdagi joylashish o ' rnini bir - biriga bog ' lab ko ' rsatadi va ingliz tilida belgilangan so ' z tartibi shakli o ' zgarmaydi . Buni namunali misollar bilan yaqqol ko ' rsatiladigan bo ' lsak , biz gap bo ' laklarini , asosan ega va to ' ldiruvchining o ' rnini o ' zgartira olmasligimizni ko ’ rsatilgan . Gapdagi ega , kesim , va ikkinchi darajali gap bo ’ laklarining joylashuvi o ’ rganilgan .

Foydalanilgan ilmiy adabiyotlar ro'yxati. 1) I.A. Karimov "Asosiy vazifamiz vatanimiz taraqqiyoti va mamlakatimiz farovonligini yanada yuksaltrish" 2010 у 77 b. 2) I.A. Karimov "Barkamol avlod orzusi" Sharq nash. 1998 y. 144 b. 3) I.A. Karimov , "Yuksak ma'naviyat yengilmas kuch" Tosh. "M a'naviyat"2008. 4) J. Bo'ronov. O' Hoshimov. X. Ismatullayev. "Ingliz tili gramatikasi" "O'qtuvchi" nashriyoti. 1996 y. 5) "Darak gaplarda so'z tartibi" J. Bo'ronov. O' Hoshimov. X. Ismatullayev. 1974y. 6) Sintaksis (Syntax) J. Bo'ronov. O' Hoshimov. X. Ismatullayev.T. 1974y. 7) G'. Salomov "Tarjima nazaryasiga kirish" ,1976 y. 8) A . В.Фёдоров «Искусство перевода и жизнь литературы» 1983 г. 10)

23) Nematov H.,Sh.U.Rahmatullayev ”Tilshunosligimizda structural tadqiqotlar”,T.2006y

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