Ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi nutq fe’llarining leksik - semantik strukturalari - Английский язык

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Ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi nutq fe’llarining leksik - semantik strukturalari

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Mundarija: Kirish 1-bob: Tadqiqotning nazariy asoslari 1.1. So’z tilning eng kichik birligi sifatida.......................................................6 1.2. So’zning semantik tuzilishi......................................................................11 1.3. Sinonimiyaning ba’zi masalalari..............................................................15 2-bob: Ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi nutq. fe’llarining qiyosiy taxlili 2.1. O’zbek tilidagi nutq fe’llarining leksik-semantik variantlari..........................................................................................................30 2.1.1. O’zbek tilidagi nutq fe’llarining o'zaro sinonimik aloqalari..................................................................................................... 2.1.2. O’zbek tili

KIRISH O’zbekiston Respublikasi mustakillikka erishgandan so'ng fan va ta’lim soxasiga alohida e’tibor qaratilishi tadqiqotchilar oldiga tilshunoslikning nazariy va amaliy soxalarida ma’sulyatli vazifalarni quydi. Bunday vazifalardan biri chet tillarni o'rganish va o'rgatishdir. O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A.Karimovning ta’biri bilan aytganda "Bugun jaxon xamjamiyatidan o’ziga munosib o’rin egallashga intilayotgan mamlakatimiz uchun, chet ellik sheriklarimiz bilan hamjihdtlikda o’z buyuk kelajagini qurayotgan xalqimiz uchun xorijiy tillarning mukammal bilishning axamiyatini baholashning xojati yuqdir". (Barkamol avlod,-O’zbekiston taraqqiyotining poydevori, Toshkent,1998,-86.). 2010 yil Prezidentimiz I.A.Karimov tomonidan "Barkamol avlod yili" deb e’lo

Ilmiy mavzuning ishlanganlik darajasi. O'zbek tilidagi sinonimlar mavzusi bo'yicha ushbu mavzu Sayda Isamuxamedova, Bosim Tuychiboyev tomonidan ishlab chikilgan. S.Isamuhamedova sinonimlarning vujudga kelish yo'llari, sinonimik qator va ularning ishlatilishiga ko'ra turlari, semantik - stilistik xususiyatlari masalasini yoritgan. B. Tuychiboyev sintaktik sinonimlar va ularning tildagi xususiyatlari masalasini kurib chiqqan. Shu ikki fan nomzodlari tomonidan o'zbek tilining o’zi ichida sinonimlar taxlil qilingan, lekin boshqa tillar bilan solishirib o’rganilmagan. Bizning ishimiz esa ingliz va o'zbek tillaridagi nutq, fe’llarining leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirib o’rganishga qaratilgan. Ilmiy yangilik. Quyidagi ilmiy tadqiqot ilk marotaba ingliz va o’zbek

4. Ingliz tili izohli lug’atlarida ingliz tilidagi nutq; fe’llarining semantik strukturalari ancha batafsil, ko'proq, leksik -semantik variantlar orqali ifoda etilgan, o'zbek tilining izoli lug’atida nutq; fe’llarining semantik strukturalari ancha umumlashtirilgan xilda berilib, kamroq, leksik - semantik variantlar orqali berilgan. Ilmiy ish tuzilishi va mazmuni. Ilmiy ish kirish, ikki bob, xulosa va foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxatidan tashkil topgan. Kirish qismida ilmiy ishning mavzusi haqida qisqacha ma’lumot berilib, uning maqsadi va vazifalari aniqlab berildi. Nazariy va amaliy jihatlari ochib ko’rsatildi, ilmiy ish ximoyasiga qo’yilgan asosiy fikrlar belgilab o’tildi va shu ,ar bir bob borasida qiskacha ma’lumot berildi. Birinchi bob asosan uch bo’limdan iborat bulib, ular

I BOB: Tadqiqotning nazariy asoslari 1.1. So’z tilning eng kichik birligi sifatida Mohiyatiga ko’ra belgilarga asoslangan inson tili real dunyoni o’rganish hamda o’zlashtirishda o’ta muxim o’rin tutadi. Buyumlar, xodisalar va ularning aro munosabatlariga oid predmetlar voqeligi bilan birga birinchisining ba’zida gartirilgan, buzib kursatilgan aksi bo’lmish obrazlar, tushunchalar, g’oyalar olami - ya’ni ideal voke’lik ham mavjud. Til yordamida belgilar orqali ifodalash faqat insonga xos, uning homo sapiens sifatidagi predmetlar olamini ideallashtirish shakli bo’lib, u uning aks ettirish hamda kommunikativ faoliyati vositasidir. Ijtimoiy-tarixiy rivojlanish, real olamni uzlashtirish jarayenida inson predmetlar va xodisalarni o’rganadi, ular orasida muayyan aloqalar va o’zaro bog’liqlik paydo

munosabatlaridagi nomutanosiblik xar bir so’zni sinonim yoki omonimga aylantirishi mumkin. Qullanayotgan so’z belgisi elementlarining differensial moxiyati leksik mahumlikka inklyuziv, tabaqali tus bersa, leksikaning asosiy tuzilish prinsiplariga esa - sintagmatika, paradikmatikada giponomik munosabatlar tamoyillarini va semantik mutanosiblik tamoyillarini beradi. So’z belgisini anglatgan, shuningdek, u bildirgan tushunchalarda mutlaq, va nisbiy meyorlar mavjudligi o’z o’zgartirish uchun ulkan imkoniyatlar yaratadi: a) so’z belgisi anglatgan ma’noga ko’ra - leksik-semantik variantlar; b) so’z belgisini bildirgan ma’noga ko’ra - fonetik, fonomorfologik variantlar; v) so’zning qo’llanish soxasiga ko’ra - stilistik variantlar, dialektal variantlar; g) kelib chiqish manbasiga ko’ra so’zlarning

YE.D. Polivanov so’zni "ma’no jixatidan shu kadar mustakll va nutk,ning mantik,an tugallangan bulagi ediki, u talaffuz etilayotgan jumla tarkibidagi yakkalanish imkoniyatiga ega bulgan yagona birlik. Masalan, dialogda savol s>faganda, javob berganda..." deb ta’rif beradi. Ushbu bosh mezondan tashkari YE.D. Polivanov yana turli tillarda farkdi bulgan kushimcha (fonetik va morfologik) mezonlarni kursatib utadi. Suzga matnning ikki oralik urtasida cheklangan bulagi degan qarash (G.Glison) tobora keng, aynikra amaliy lingvistikada k,ullanilmokda. Birok; uz-uzidan ma’lumki, ushbu fikr faqat yozma nutkni tadkits etishgagina yaraydi, uni ogzaki nutkda qo’llashning iloji yuk;: ogzaki nutkdagi pauzalar yozuvdagi oraliklarga aslo muvofik; kelmaydi. Glison tovushli til uchun til tushunchasini

shuncha leksik shaklga ega buladi» . Keyinchalik so’zning leksik ma’no tiplari xususidagi uning ma’lum makolasi ushbu fikrni yanada rivojlantirdi. 1.2. Suzning semantik tuz il ish i Ingliz tilining semantik sistemasi uziga xosligini xamda ingliz so’zlarining semantik xususiyatlarini aniklash uchun semantik darajada so’zning semantik tuzilishi tushunchasini asosiy tushuncha sifatida okilona belgilab olish lozim. Semantik tuzilishni murakkab uyushma sifatida karalgan kontekstli leksik ma’nodan farkdi ularok kuplab uzaro ichki tobelik va oppozitsiyalariga ega tizim deb karash mumkin. Kuplikning uz elementlariga munosabati murakkab uyushmaning uz tarkibiy kismlariga bulgan 12 munosabatidan tubdan fark kiladi. Kuplikning elementlari anik, muayyan bulishi mumkin, birok, kuplik mavxumdir. Birlikd

Suzning semantik tuzilishini taxdil kilib chikish uchun biz uning zamonaviy xolati uzgarisheiz deb faraz kilamiz, birok so’zning semantik chegaralari uzgaruvchan, tilning semantik tizimi esa uzluksiz rivojlanishsa bulganligi sababli bu fikr notugridir. Semantik tuzilish ta’rifi: so’zning semantik tuzilishi deganda kuyida uning bulishi mumkin bulgan kuplab leksik-semantik variantlari tushuniladi. Shunday biroz gayriodatiy ta’rifni qo’llash zarur tuyuladi, chunki bunda e’tibor ma’no turining so’zning grammatik ta’rifi bilan 13 alokasiga karatiladi. Semantik tizimning so’zga xos bulgan kuplab ma’nolar yigindisi deb emas, balki so’z uchun qo’llanilishi mumkin bulgan kuplab leksik- semantik variantlar deb belgilanganligiga xam dikkatni karatmok, muxim. Shunday kilib, so’z semantikasini urgana b

«Grammatikaning vok,yelik bilan alokasi faqat leksika orkali amalga oshadi». A.A.Reformatskiyning fikriga kura grammatik mavxumlik 14 muayyan munosabatlarda emas, balki leksemalar urtasidagi munosabatlarni ifodalashi bilan ajralib turadi. B.N.Golovin bu x,ilda oppozitsiya juft bulmay, mavxumlik darajasiga kura ma’nolarning uch turini farkdash kerakligini isbotlab beradi. Leksik ma’no individual bulib, vokelikni til orkali aks ettirish va umumlashtirishning birinchi boskichidir. Vokelikka munosabat turlicha, bevosita yoki bilvosita bulishi mumkin. Leksik ma’no mazkur so’z morfologik elementlarining yigindisi va uning boshka so’zlar bilan individual nisbatlari yigindisi ork,ali mustaxkamlanadi. Suz yasovchi ma’no, leksik ma’noga nisbatan guruxdi ma’nodir. U so’z yasovchi va yasalayotgan asos

15 suffikslar, turlicha ichki fleksiya, supplektivlik va nol fleksiyasi yordamida ifodalanishi mumkin. Grammatik ma’nolar so’zning turli kurinishlari orasidagi munosabatlarning oddiy sxemasi ork;ali ifodalanib, vokelikka oid faktlarning til ork;ali aks ettirish va umumlashtirishning uchinchi bosk;ichiga, xdmda tilning uziga xos faktlarning til orkali umumlashtirishning ikkinchi boskichiga xos buladi (leksika va so’z yasalishi). Ularning vokelikka munosabati albatta bilvosita bulgani sababli ushbu ma’nolar leksik ma’no kabi erkin bulmaydi. 1.3. Sinonimiyaning ba’zi masalalari Sinonim tushunchasi xdr kanday ilmiy tushuncha kabi, avvalambor, anik, va muayyan, uni ifodalab kelgan atama esa - bir manoli bulmogi shart. Buning uchun sinonimga ta’rif beruvchi mantikiy predikat tarkibiga kirgan tus

16 ifodalovchi sifatida, ya’ni kup manoli, kontekstdan tashkaridagi so’z, "leksema", so’zga xos kuplab leksik manolar yigindisi/ "litso"- xam insonning beti, u xam shaxe, xam biror narsaning uziga xos xususiyati, masalan, "litso predpriyatiya"/. «Suz ma’nosi» atamasi leksemaning umumiy semantikasi, unga tegishli barcha manolar yigindisi sifatida, yoki so’zning leksik manolaridan biri /kiskacha - "semema"/ sifatida u kushimcha tavsiflarsiz bir tushuncha /xis-xayajon-uslubiy buyogiga ega bulmagan/, yoki ana shunday tavsifga ega bulgan tushuncha deb, tushunilishi mumkin. Agar biz mantikiy tarif predikatida "so’z" va "so’z manosi" kabi noanik, tushuncha va bir manoli bulmagan atamalar urniga bir manoli atamalardan foydalansak, sinonim tushunchasi

Biz «sinonimlar» tushunchasiga kupgina mualliflar kabi tushuncha jixatidan bir- biriga yakin sememalarni kiritsak, "sinonimlar" tushunchasi yana noaniklashadi, chunki mano jixatidan yakinlik tushunchasining uzi noanikdir. (va uzgacha bulishi xam mumkin emas). Ditya va rebyonok sememalari tushuncha sifatida bir-biriga yakin, rebyonok va malchik sememalari xususida xam xuddi shu fikrni aytish mumkin, birok; birinchi juftlikni kupchilik sinonimlar deb tan olsa, ikkinchisini esa bunday etirof etmaydilar, chunki malchik - rodga oid tushuncha bulgan rebyonokka. nisbatan (devochka > xam bor) turga oid tushunchadir. Birok, ditya tushunchasining uzi x,am shunga kura rebyonok sememasi bilan moye kelmaydi/ ditya - xam i butunlay chak,alok. aslida bu semema xam rodga oid rebyonokka nisbatan tu

Fikrimizcha, bunday sememalarni sinonimlar tarkibiga kiritmagan ma’kul, chunki tobelik yoki xdjmlar uykashligi xrlatida tushunchalar bir-biridan ancha yirok, bulishi mumkin (masalan, tobelikda -lyudi /odamlar/ va injeneri /muxandislar/; xdjmlar uykashligida -injeneri /muxandislar/ va franso’zi /franso’zlar/). Xuddi ana shu tipga xos mantiliy munosabatda bulgan nisbatan yak,inrok tushunchalarni ajratib olish uchun esa, biz kurib chikkdnimizdek, uzil-kesil xolis mezonlar mavjud emas. Shunday kilib, fak^at bir xil tushunchalarni ifodalab, biror bir kontekstda bir-birini jumlaning buyum-manti;iy mazmuniga zarar yetkazmagan xolda almashtirishi mumkin bulgan sememalarnigina sinonim deb x,isoblash mumkin. Staratelniy va userdniy, nesomnenniy va bessporniy; tashitsya va plestis (insonning yurishig

K.T.sememalari mulokrt maksadida ular orasidagi mavjud tushuncha mazmunidagi kichikrok farkding axamiyati bulmagan xrlatlarda sinonim urnida ishlatilishi mumkin. Masalan, bizni yengilrok, dardga chalingan paytimizda kurgani, shu bilan birga balki biror ish bilan kirgan odamni atash uchun gost yoki posetitel sememasidan foydalanish mumkin (ma’mur krshiga xizmat takrzosi bilan kirgan shaxsni gost deb va tugilgan kunga taklif etilgan dustimizni posetitel deb aytilmaydi). Ikkinchi tarafdan, semema - sinonimlar ba’zan nutkda K.T. sememalari urnida kelib, bu xrl xrdisani yoritishdagi fark,, ushbu xodisaning turlicha vaziyatlarda turli xil emasligini ta’kidlamokchi bulganimizda ruy beradi. Bunda xis-xayajon, uslub va tushunchaning burttirib kursatilayotgan belgisidagi fark, kengayib, umuman tushu

yoki K.T. sememasi ekanligini maxsus x,isob-kitobsiz, taxminan anikdab olish mumkin. Fakat kuyidagi fikrni e’tiborga olish kerak. Gap shundaki, tilga oid ichki xis-tuygu (intuitsiya)dan statistika tad^i^otlarida x,am foydalanish mumkin (yetarli darajada til madaniyatiga ega bulganda). Bizning tilga oid faktlarni "sezish" k,obiliyatimiz u yoki bu til faktining muayyan kontekstlar, vaziyatlar va qo’llanilishi mikdorini bilishga, ya’ni oxir-okibatda taxminiy x^isob-kitobga asoslangan. Agar biz maxsus xisob-kitob kilmay turib, zastupnik va pokrovitel - K.T. sememalari, zashitnik va zastupnik esa sinonimlar, deb aytsak, buning sababi biz ulardan birinchilari nutkda tushuncha jixdtidan bir xil bulmagan, ikkinchilari esa - ana shu jix,atdan bir xil so’z sifatida qo’llanilishining yodimizd

urganilishi, umumlashmalarning shubx,asizligi amalda bu xilda sinonimiya lugatlarini tuzish amaliyotida sinovdan utishi shart. Afsuski, nazariya va amaliyot urtasidagi uzilish leksikologiya va umuman semasiologiya uchun xosdir. Sinonimlarga berilgan deyarli barcha tariflar ushbu tushuncha keng yoki eng tor manoda olinishidan katiy nazar, kuyidagi fikrni anglatadi: "Sinonimlar - bir xil tushunchani anglatgan, ma’nosiga kura bir-biriga yashn yoki aynan bulgan, birots ma’nosining ba’zi belgilari 22 yoki stilistik buyogi, yo bulmasa %ar shkala belgisiga kura farklangan so’zlardir ". Albatta istalgan toifaga berilgan xar kanday ta’rif doimo umumiy, sxematik tusga ega buladi. Yukrrida sinonimga berilgan ta’rif eng tulik, ekanligiga karamay, u nazariy jixatdan deyarli foyda bermaydi va on

23 Sinonimlarning shaklan va mazmunan aynanligi, sinonim toifalarini farklash mezonlari, semantik minimum (juft), turli ran bulaklarida, turli semantik guruxdarda dominantalarni aniklash, ajratib olish imkoniyati va shart-sharoitlari va kupgina boshka masalalar tilning asosiy birligi - so’zning tadkik, etilganligiga boglikdir. Mazmun-moxiyatiga kura polisemiya xrdisasiga uxshash bulgan sinonimiya muammolarini ishlab chikish, so’zning leksik ma’nolarini, demak, so’zlarning leksik alokalarining kelib chikishi va turlarini anglash bilan boglikdir. Suzlar leksik alokalarining murakkabligi va kirraliligi avvalambor til belgisining kelib chikishiga boglik,. Suz belgisi, sof konvensional, faqat farkdash xususiyatiga ega mexanik belgilaridan farkdi ularok, xam farklash, x,am uygunlashtirish vazifa

24 chegaralanishiga boglikdir. Demak, sinonomiyaning asosiy masalalarini ishlab chikish asosiy semantik toifalar - leksik ma’no va so’zning ma’no tuzilishini anglash bilan bevosita shart kilib kuyiladi. Suzning leksik ma’nosini umumiy maksadiga kura aniklash so’zning tushuncha yoki xrdisa bilan kiyoslanganligiga kelib takaladi. A.I.Simirnitskiyning «so’zning xrdisa bilan alokasigina leksik ma’no deb atalishi mumkin emas, bunda barcha so’zlar bir xil ma’noga ega bulib krlar edi», degan so’zlari juda tugri. Sossyurdan keyingi lingvistikaning ba’zi yunalishlari uchun xos bulgan ma’noni «anglatuvchi» va «anglanuvchi nisbati sifatida tushunish umuman semasiologik tadkikrtlar uchun, xususan ma’no strukturasini aniklash va belgilab olish uchun biron bir axamiyat kasb etmaydi. Yolgiz atamalar uzga

25 utish kabi samarasizdir. Shu tufayli bir-birini istisno kdluvchi «struktural» va «referensial» manolarni k,arama-k,arshi kuyish emas, balki, aksincha, ularni taxdil kilish, so’z belgisining tildagi manosini shakillantiradigan barcha omillarni xdsobga olish uning sinonimik alokalari moxiyatini anglash imkonini beradi. Suz manosining bunday ta’rifi so’zning virtual va aktual manosi urtasidagi mavjud bulib kuringan karama-karshilikni yengib utishga kumaklashadi, chunki bunda so’zning barcha mumkin bulgan leksik alokalari - xam ekstralingvistik, shu bilan birga xususan tilga oid, xam paradigmatik, xdm sintagmatik alokalari xisobga olinadi. Leksik ma’noga, so’zni semantik jix,atdan uzgartirish mox,iyatiga bunday ta’rif berish bir tomondan so’zdagi leksik va grammatik jixdtlar urtasida anik^

26 Sinonimiya muammolarini tadkik. etishda gapning turli bulaklari bulgan, ya’ni ot, fe’l va sifatga oid so’zlar sinonimiyasini anik chegaralab olish zarur. «Polisemiya» va «sinonimiya» tushunchalari semasiologiya x;ali lingvistika fani saftida shakllanib ulgurmasidanok, paydo bulgan edi va ular faqat ot so’z turkumiga nisbatan qo’llash maksadida ishlab chikilgan. Buni tushunsa buladi, chunki buyum, xodisa tugrisidagi tushunchani asos kilib olgan otlarning leksik ma’nosi konseptual tariflashga moyilrok, bulib, lugatda ot ushbu tushunchaning umumiy ta’rifi ostida berilgan. Izoxli lugatlarda otlarning tushnchasiga ta’rif keltiriladi, fe’l va sifatlar uchun esa sinonim so’zlar beriladi, xolos. Leksik ma’nosining turiga kura ot va fe’lning kontekstga tobelik darajasi turlicha, shu sababli ot s

- chuvstvo - gnev, lyubov, nenavist va x,.k.; - mebel - stul, stol, krovat va x,.k. Mantikiy buyum manosi jixatidan umumlashganlik darajasi turlicha so’zlarni turlararo munosabatlarga tenglashtirish xdm mumkin. Semantik jixatlari bir-biriga muvofsh bunday so’zlarning semantik konteksti, uygunlashuv modeli (kiyosiy azolarning xar ikkovida xam) mutlak. bir xil buladi. "A" tipiga xos bulgan lugaviy birliklar, masalan, mafkuraviy lugatlardagi kabi, konseptual guruxlarni, "B" tipidagi birliklar esa tilda buyum yoki mavzuga oid deb nom olgan guruxlarni tashkil etadi. Shu tufayli, semantikasiga kura sinonimiya katorini barpo etishi mumkin bulgan so’zlardan yaxlit, sinonim bulmagan guruxdarga tuziladi, mazkur sinonimiya k,atorini semantik jixatdan birlashtira oladigan ana shu umumi

Masalan, ingliz tilida kuyidagi sinonimlar katorini ajratib kursatish mumkin; to exist, to be, to live, to subsist. Ularning mazmunan farkdanganligi tufayli alokalarining kup tabak,aliligini kuyidagi jadvalda kursatish mumkin: 1. to exist = to be- (VI- yuksak darajada umumlashtiruv, subyekt munosabatlari); 2. to exist=to live- (VI, VI- nisbatan muayyan ma’nolar, obyekt-subyekt munosabatlari); to live= to subsist: 3. to exist=to occur- (VI- subyekt munosabatlari); to occur = to happen 4. to exist= to remain-QJl- subyekt munosabatlari) to remain-to stay Shunday kilib to remain - to stay - to exist fe’li kurib chikilgan sinonimik kdtorda yetakchi bulib, subsist, happen, stay fe’llari bilan fakdt ularga moye to live, to occure, to remain sinonim fe’llar ork,aligina kiyoslash mumkin. Shundan ke

Leksikaning nomlovchi tizimiga oid, barkarar, kridaga xilof ravishda qo’llashdan muxrfazalangan sinonimlarni belgilab olish uchun mazkur so’zlarning mazmunan tuzilishini anshdtab olish, ularning asosiy nomlash moxiyatini ajratib olish zarur. Sinonimlarning asosiy tushuncha va tiplarini anikdash, xususan polisemantik so’zlarning so’z ichidagi ma’nosini chegaralovchi xolis mezonlar va shakllarni topishga boglik,. Sinonim so’zlarni belgilab olishda nafaqat so’zning mantik,iy buyum mazmuniy xususiyatlari, balki mazkur ma’noning til tizimida amalga oshishining grammatik va semantik sharoitlari xam xisobga olinishi lozim. Sinonimlar, sinonim juftliklar va yetakchi so’zlarni ajratib olish masalasi kuyidagilardan kelib chikdan x,oldagina k,uyilishi mumkin: a) leksikaning tizim xususiyatiga egaligi

1a. X,ikoya kilib, gapirib, so’zlab bermok. Ertasiga Urmonjon bu vokea va uzining muloxazalarini Ibroximga aytdi. 2. Talaffuz kilmok. Muylovi maisa bulib krlgan kap-katta yigitning «r»ni ayta olmasligi Elmurodga galati tuyuldi. (P.Tursun, «Ukituvchi») 3. Atamok, xisoblamok. «K^imorboz deb kimni aytasiz?» - ogzidagi oshi bilan guldiradi K^ambar. (Oybek) 4. Taklif etmok» gapirmok Tuyga aytmok,. X,asharga aytmok;. Aytmagan kunok - kunmagan tayok.. (Makrl). «Max,alladan x,am uch-turt kishi aytdim, oshni kuprok, kilish kerak.» (ADodiriy, «Utgan kunlar») 5. Buyruk-surok mayli formasida so’zlovchining izxrr kilingan fikriga kushilganligini, SHU fikrni ma’qo’llanayotganligi yoki ta’kidlayotganligini ifodalaydi. «Men eng yaxshi kaymokdi Margilonda yedim... xushbuyligini ayting.» (A.Kaxxrr, «Ikki yo

2. Atamok, nomlamots. Meni «Kimsan - Ax,mad polvon» deydilar.» Kungiz x,am uz bolasini oppogim der, kirpi xam uz bolasini yumshogim der. (Makrl). «- Kdni, xush masalan, choynakning krpkrgini ruscha nima deydi? Samovarning jumragini nima deydi?» (ADaxdor, «Ayb kimda»). 3. Xisoblamok;, sanamok. «Sizni tajribakor bogbon deydilar» -Abdushukurni ba’zilar «daxriy» deydi.» (Oybek, «Kutlug k,on»). «800 sumni so’z bilan biz pul demaymiz. Chindan xam pul emas» (Oybek, «Kutlug krn»). 4. deb uylamok, faraz kilmok, mulo^aza, andisha silmots. «Shunday xam deylik. Boring, ertaga samolyot uchmaydi, deylik. Xayr, shunday xam deylik. - Shovkin solmang, birov eshitsa nima deydi?» (A.Kadxrr, «Oltin Yulduz»). «Xujayin urtaga tushsa, u vakt ish sillik, bulib chiksa kerak, deyman.» (Oybek, «Kutlug kon»). 4.a. —

- Ilgarilari urib yengar edim, endi uray desam, krchib tomga chikib ketadi.» (ADaxdor, «Ayb kimda»), «Kanadan xam kura sigir uning achchigini keltirdi: kanani teray desa, kunmaydi. -boshini silkiydi. pishkiradi.» (A.bQaxxpp, «Adabiyot muallimi»). gapirmok. 1. Ogzaki ravishda fikr, muloxaza bayon etmok., so’zlamok, aytmok.. «Uynab gapirsang xam, uylab gapir.» (Makrl). «Yaxshi topib gapirar, yomon krpib gapirar.» (Makrl). « - Safarov kuldi va ertaga kilinadigan ishlar tugrisida gapirdi.» (ADaxxor, «K^ushchinor chirokdari»). 2. a) nutk. so’zlamok. «Mana majlis ochik;. Kim gapiradi?» (ADaxxor, «Kampirlar sim krkdi.»). «Shu ikki fikr atrofida munozara juda kizib 33 ketdi. Gapirmagan, tortishmagan odam krlmadi.» (A.Kdxxrr, «Kushchinor chirokdari»). b) ogzingga karab gapir. «Uilab, nima deyayotga

rejalari xakida so’zlamok. «Oz so’zla, kup tingla.» (Makrl). «Kup bilgan oz so’zlar, oz so’zlasa x,am soz so’zlar.» (Mak,ol). «- Shokir ota yana uzining kuli kiskaligidan, ruzgor tangligidan goyat kuyinib so’zlardi.» (Oybek, «Kutlug kon.»). «Usta Olim kulidan piyolasini kult etib bushatdi-da, ustakori bilan achchiglanish sababini so’zlab berdi.» (A.Krdiriy, «Utgan kunlar»). «Gulomjon kishlokda bulgan vokealarni okizmay, tomizmay so’zlab berdi.» (M.Ismoiliy, «Fargona tong otguncha»). 34 1 a.) Suzlab chikmok - boshdan oyok aytib bermots. «Bu orada Xasanali boshdan oyok; xikoyasini so’zlab chikdi.» (ADodiriy, «Utgan kunlar»). 2. Nutk kilmok, gapirmok. Ma’ruzachi bir soat so’zladi. Radio ork,ali so’zlamok,. so’zlamok 1. Suzlamok. fl. birg. n. 2. Gapirishmok, gaplashmok» Notikdar 10 minutdan so

$Sin: Suzlamok 1) Ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmots, so’zlamots, aytmots. M: Gulomjon kdshlokda bulgan vok,yealarni okdomay-tomizmay so’zlab berdi. II. Gapirmok 1) Ogzaki ravishda fikr bayoi etmots, so’zlamok^ aytmots. M: Uynab gapirsang kdm uylab gapir. Yaxshi topib gapirar yomon krpib gapirar. 35 Sinonim: Suzlamok \\) Ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmok, so’zlamots, aytmots. M: Oz so’zla, kup tingla. Kup bilgan oz so’zlar, oz so’zlasa xam soz so’zlar. III. Gapirmok 1) nuts so’zlamots. M: Mana majlis ochik,, kim gapiradi? Sinonim: Suzlamok 1a) nuts silmok, gapirmots. M: Dokladchi bir soat so’zladi. P. Gapirmok,- aytmots I. Gapirmok 1) Ogzaki ravishda fikr, muloxaza bayoi etmots, so’zlamots, aytmots. M: Yaxshi topib gapirar yomon k,opib gapirar. Sinonim: Aytmok 1) fikrni matssadni ogzaki bayon$

III. Gapirmok; V Ogzaki ravishda fikr, muloxaza bayon etmots, so’zlamots, aytmots. M: Ovkdt paytida kishlokda bulib uttan xodisalar ^akdda gapirib berdi. Sinonim: Aytmok 2) xikoya silib, gapirib, so’zlab bermots. M: Ertasiga Urmonjon bu vok,yea va uzining mulox,azalarini Ibroximga aytdi. IV. Gapirmok 1) Ogzaki ravishda fikr, muloxaza bayon etmots, so’zlamots, aytmots. M: Uynab gapirmang xdm, uylab gapir. Sinonim: Aytmok 1) fikrni matssadni ogzaki bayon silmots. M: Aytishga til bormaydi. P. Suzlamok - aytmok 36 1. Suzlamok 1) Ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmots, gapirmots Shokir ota yana uzining kuli kiskaligidan ruzgor tangligidan goyat kuyinib so’zlardi. Sinonim: Aytmok 1) uz fikrini ogzaki bayon etmots, tushuntirmots, gapirmots Aytishga til bormaydi. Aytishlariga Karaganda. 2. Suzlamok I)

I. Aytmok 1) uz fikrini ogzaki bayon silmots, tushuitirmots, gapirmots. Uz fikrini aytmok, rostini aytmok. Sinonim: Demok 1) Ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmots, aytmots, gapirmok, Men senga nima degan edim. Bu xdkda kitoblarda nima deyilgan. P. Aytmok 4) atamots, shsoblamots. «1^shorboz deb kimni aytasiz?» - ogzidagi oshi bilan guldiradi, K^ambar. Sinonim: Demok 2) -atamots, nomlamots. Meni "Kimsan - Axmad polvon" deydilar. Kungiz xdm bolasini oppogim der, kirpi xdm uz bolasini yumshogim der. III. Aytmok 6) Suzlovchining izu,or siliigan fikriga sushilganligi, shu fikrni ma’qo’llaganligi yoki ta’kidlaganligini ifodalaydi. Men eng 37 yaxshi kaymokni Margilonda yedim. Xushbuyligini ayting. Shunday barno, shunday soxdbjamol. Buning ustiga chevarligini aytmaysizmi? Sinonim

Biz uzbek tilidagi nutk; fe’llarini uzbek tilining izoxdi lugatidan ma’nolarini yozib chikdik. Xdr bir nutk, fe’li kup ma’noli fe’l bulib uzining leksik - semantik variantlariga ega ekanligi anikdandi. Masalan: "aytmots" fe’lining 7 ta leksik - semantik varianti, "demots" fe’lining 6 ta leksik - semantik varianti, "gapirmots" fe’lining 2 ta leksik - semantik varianti, "gaplashmots" fe’lining 1 ta leksik - semantik varianti, "so’zlamots" fe’lining 3 ta leksik- semantik varianti, "so’zlaishots" fe’lining 3 ta leksik- semantik variantlari tanlab olindi. 38 Biz shu nutk. fe’llari orasida bir-biriga uzaro sinonim bulgan leksik semantik variantlarini anikdadik. Nutk fe’llarini ichidan sinonimlarini topishda "gapirmots" fe’lidan kelib chikdi

leksik semantik varianti - ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmots, gapirmots bilan sinonim ekanini kuramiz. Gapirmots 1) -Ogzaki ravishda fikr bayoi etmots, so’zlamots, aytmots; Uynab gapirsang *am uylab gapir. Yaxshi topib gapirar, yomon krpib gapirar. Sinonim: Suzlamok, 1) -Ogzaki ravishda fikr bayoi etmots; gapirmots: Oz so’zla, kup tingla. Kup bilgan oz so’zlar, oz so’zlasa ^am soz so’zlar. Gapirmots fe’lining birinchi leksik - semantik varianti so’zlamok. fe’lining birinchi leksik semantik - varianti bilan uzaro sinonimligi yukrrida keltirilgan misollarda kurinib turibdi. Yukrridagi misollardagi gapirmots fe’lining urniga so’zlamots fe’lini kuysak, gapning mazmuni uzgarmaydi. 39 Gapirmots fe’lining — nuts so’zlamots ma’nosidagi leksik- semantik varianti so’zlamots fe’lining ikkinchi leksik

Gapirmots 2) -gapirish, so’zlash sobiliyatiga ega bulmots, tilga kirmots: Bola katta bulib koldi, gapiradi. Sinonim emas: Suzlamots 1) - ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmots, gapirmots: Ertangi kun rejalari xakida so’zlamok;. Suzlamots 1a) - so’zlab chitsmots - boshdan oyots aytib bermots: Bu orada Xasanali boshdan oyok xikoyasini so’zlab chikdi. Suzlamots 2) nuts kilmots, gapirmots: Endi gapirmots fe’li bilan aytmok. fe’llarining leksik semantik variantlarini solishtirib chikamiz. Gapirmok; fe’li bilan aytmok; fe’llarining leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirganimizda gapirmots fe’lining birinchi leksik-semantik varianti - ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmots, so’zlamok, aytmots, aytmok, fe’lining birinchi leksik - semantik varianti - fikrni, matssadni 40 bayon silmots, tushuntirmots, gapi

Gapirmots fe’lining birinchi leksik - semantik varianti - ogzaki rivishda fikr bayon etmots, so’zlamots, aytmots - aytmots fe’lining ikkinchi leksik - semantik varianti bilan uzaro sinonimligi kuyidagi misolimizda aks etadi: Gapirmots 1- ogzaki ravishda fikr, mulouaza bayon etmots, so’zlamots, aytmots: Ovkdt paytida Xadicha kishlokda bulib utgan xdmma xodisalar xdkida gapirib berdi. Sinonim: Aytmok 2- shkoya silib, so’zlab bermots: Ertasiga Urmonjon bu vokea va uzining muloxazalarini Ibroximga aytdi. Yuk,orida biz gapirmots fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan aytmots fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirdik. Gapirmok, fe’lining birinchi leksik - semantik varianti - ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmok,, so’zlamok,, aytmok,; Aytmok, fe’lining birinchi leksik -semantik varia

Gapirmok; 1- ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmots, so’zlamok., aytmok: Uynab gapirsang xam, uylab gapir. Yaxshi topib gapirar, yomon krpib gapirar. Gapirmok 2- gapirish, so’zlash kobiliyatiga ega bulmots, tilga kirmots: Masalan: Bola katta bulib krldi, gapiradi. Sinonim emas: Aytmok 3) - Talaffuz silmots. Muylovi maisa bulib kolgan kap-katta yigitning "r"ni ayta olmasligi Elmurodga galati tuyildi. Aytmok 4) - atamots, %isoblamots: "^imorboz deb kimni aytasiz?" -ogzidagi oshi bilan guldiradi K^ambar. Aytmok 5) - Taklif etmots: Tuyga aytmok,. X,asharga aytmok,. Aytmagan yerga borma, aytilgan joydan kolma. Aytmok 6) - Buyrus-surots mayli formasida so’zlovchining izuor silingan fikriga kushilganligini, shu fikrni maqo’llaganligi yoki ta’kidlaganligini ifodalaydi: Men eng yaxshi kd

Demok 1 - Ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmots, aytmots, gapirmots: Men senga nima degan edim. Bu xdkda kitoblarda nima deyilgan? Demok 1 a. -Biror ovoz, tovush, un chikarmots: «Mushuk miyov dedi, tepalikdagi bakaterakdan gur etib kutarilgan bir tup karga «ka-kug» degancha xar tomonga uchib ketdi.» Demok 2) - atamots, nomlamots: Meni kimsan - «Axmad polvon» deydilar. Demok 3) - uisoblamok, sanamots. Sizni tajribakor bogbon deydilar - Abdushukurni ba’zilar «daxriy» deydi. 43 Demok 4) . . . deb uylamots. faraz silmots, mulo^aza, andisha silmots: Shunday xam deylik. Boring ertaga samolyot uchmaydi deylik. Demok 4 a) - Nima deysiz. 1) Kanday maslaxat berasiz? Kanday fikr bildirasiz? K^anday deb uylaysiz? Balki gami, xasrati ozayar, nima deysiz? 2) Nima xam kilar edingiz, kulingizda

Yuk,orida biz gapirmok fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlarini so’zlamots, aytmots, demots fe’llarining leksik - semantik variantlari bilan solishtirib chikdik. Gapirmok fe’li uchta leksik - semantik variantga ega bulsa, shundan fakdtgina birinchi leksik - semantik variantlari - so’zlamots fe’lining birinchi va ikkinchi leksik -semantik variantlari bilan sinonim bula oldi. Krlgan leksik - semantik variantlar esa sinonim emas. Gapirmok fe’lining birinchi leksik - semantik varianti aytmots fe’lining birinchi va ikkinchi leksik - semantik varianti bilan sinonim bula oldi. Dolgan leksik - semantik variantlari esa uzaro sinonim emas. Gapirmok fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlari demots fe’lining leksik -semantik variantlari bilan uzaro sinonimik alokaga ega. 44 Endi krlgan nutk, fe’llarini

silib, gapirib, so’zlab bermots bilan uzaro sinonimligi kuyidagi misollarda uz aksini topgan. Suzlamok 1) - Ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmok gapirmots: Usta Olim kulidagi piyolasini kult etib bushatdi-da, Usta kori bilan achchiglanish sababini so’zlab berdi. Sinonim: Aytmok 2) - uikoya silib, gapirib, so’zlab bermots: Ertasiga Urmonjon bu vokea va uzining muloxazalarinni Ibroximga aytdi. Suzlamok fe’lining 1a) leksik - semantik varianti - boshdan oyots gapirib bermots, so’zlab chikmok, aytmok fe’lining ikkinchi leksik -semantik varianti - u^ikoya kilib, gapirib, so’zlab chikmots bilan sinonimligini k,uyidagi misollar bilan keltiramiz: Suzlamok 1 a) - boshdan oyots gapirib bermots, so’zlab bermots: Bu orada Xasanali boshdan oyok, xikoyasini so’zlab chikdi. 45 Sinonim: Aytmok 2 -uikoya kilib

kilingan fikriga kushilganligini, shu fikrni ma’qo’llanayotganligini yoki ta’kidlanayotganligini ifodalaydi, yettinchi leksik - semantik varianti -ba’zi otlar bilan ku shma fe’l yasamaydi - ya’ni salom aytmots ma’nolarni ifodalovchi leksik - semantik varianti bilan sinonim emasligini kuyida beriladigan misollarda keltiramiz: Suzlamok 1) - nuts silmots, gapirmots: Ma’ruzachi bir soat so’zladi. Radio orkali so’zlamok,. Sinonim emas: Aytmots 2) -X.IKOYA silib, gapirib, so’zlab bermots: Ertasiga Urmonjon bu vok,yea va uzining mulo^azalarini Ibroximga aytdi. Aytmok 3) - Talaffuz silmots: Muylovi maisa bulib krlgan kap-katta yigitni «r»ni ayta olmasligi Elmurodga galati tuyildi. Aytmok 4) — atamots, uisoblamots: «K^imorboz deb kimni aytasiz?» -ogzidagi oshi bilan guldiradi K^ambar. Aytmok; 5) -

variantlari demok fe’lining leksik -semantik variantlari bilan umuman sinonim emasligini kuzatishimiz mumkin. Buni kuyidagi misollarda kurishimiz mumkin: Suzlamok 1- ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmok, gapirmots: Ertangi kun rejalari xakdda so’zlamok,. Oz so’zla, kup tingla. Suzlamok 1 a) - so’zlab chitsmots - boshdan oyots aytib bermots: Bu orada Xasanali boshdan - oyok, xikoyasini so’zlab chikdi. Suzlamok 2 - Nuts silmok, gapirmots: Ma’ruzachi bir soat so’zladi. Radio ork,ali so’zlamok,. Sinonim emas. Demok 1- Ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmots, aytmots, gapirmots: Men senga nima degan edim. Demok 1 a) - Biror ovoz, toyeush, un chitsarmots: «Mushuk miyov dedi - tepalikdagi bakdterakdan gur etib kutarilgan bir tup kdrga «k,a-kug» degancha xdr tomonga uchib ketdi.» 47 Demok 2 -

Demok 5. - tanlamots, tanlab, saylab olmots: YO meni de, yo uni de -Men sening tenging emasman, Omonim bor, seni demasman. Demok 5 a. - istamots, xoxlamots: Nima desang, albatta muxdyyo kilaman. Demok 6. (Shart mayli f-da) Biror ish-xarakatni bajarishga urinmots: Gilamni kutaray desam, juda ogir ekan. Yukorida keltirilgan misollardan kurinib turibdiki, so’zlamok fe’lining uchchala leksik - semantik variantlari demok fe’lining xamma leksik - semantik variantlari bilan umuman sinonim bula olmaydi. Yuk,orida keltirilgan leksik - semantik variantlar bir-biriga ma’no jixatidan mutlakr yakin emas. Aytmok fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlari bilan demok fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirganimizda kuyidagi xulosaga keldik. Ular kuyidagi leksik - semantik variantlarda sinonimdir

Sinonim: Demots 1) - Ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmok, aytmok, gapirmok: Men senga nima degan edim. Aytmots 7) - Ba’zi otlar bilan sushma fe’l yasaydi: Salom aytmok;, uzr aytmok,. Sinonim: Demok 1) - Ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmots, aytmots, gapirmots: «Uglingiz sizga salom dedi, - Nuri uz ichida xursindi va - u yaxshi yigit-a, sanga yokddimi?» - dedi. Yukrrida keltirilgan misollarga kura, aytmots fe’lining birinchi leksik - semantik varianti - uz fikrini ogzaki bayon etmots, tushuntirmots, gapirmots, demots fe’lining birinchi leksik - semantik varianti bilan uzaro sinonim ekanligini kurdik. Aytmots fe’lining turtinchi leksik -semantik varianti - atamots, nomlamots bilan; aytmots fe’lining oltinchi leksik - semantik varianti — so’zlovchining izxor kilingan f

istamots, xouryumots, oltinchi leksik - semantik varianti — biror ish xarakatni bajarishga urinmots bilan solishtirganimizda ular umuman sinonim emasligiga ishonch x,osil kildik. Buni misollar bilan isbotlaymiz: Aytmok 2) -xikoya silib, gapirib, so’zlab bermots: Ertasiga Urmonjon bu vokea va uzining mulox,azalarini Ibroximga aytdi. Aytmok 3) - Talaffuz silmots: Muylovi maisa bulib k,olgan kap-katta yigitning «r»ni ayta olmasligi Elmurodga galati tuyuldi. Aytmok, 5) - Taklif etmots: Tuyga aytmok;. X,asharga aytmok,. Sinonim emas: Demok 3) -xisoblamots, sanamots: Sizni tajribakor bogbon deydilar - Abdushukurni ba’zilar «faxriy» deydi. Demok 4) .. .deb uylamots, faraz silmots, mulouaza, andisha silmots: Shunday x,am deylik. Demok 4 a.) Nima deysiz: 1. K,anday maslshat berasiz? Krnday fikr bil

Gaplashmok fe’lining ikkinchi leksik - semantik varianti - biror masalada bitishmots, kelishmots - so’zlashmok fe’lining uchinchi leksik -semantik varianti bilan sinonim ekanligini kurish mumkin. Gapirishmok 2) - Biror masalada bitishmots, kelishmots: Men u bilan gapirishib kuydim. Suzlashmok 3) - Biror masala uatsida uzaro muzokara olib bormots: Otpuska tugrisida direktor bilan so’zlashib kuydim. Gapirishmok fe’lining kalgan leksik - semantik variantlari so’zlashmok, fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlari bilan sinonim emas. Buni kuyidagi misollar orkali keltiramiz: Gaplashmok 1- gapirishmok: Siddshrkon kungli gash bulib, Boltaboy bilan gaplashgani keldi, lekin nima tugrisida gaplashmokchi ekanligini uzi xam anik; bilmas edi. 51 Gapirishmok 1- gapirmok: Usmonjon ovkatdan keyin onasi keti

Endi gapirishmok fe’lni krlgan fe’llar - aytmok, demok, so’zlamok fe’llarining leksik - semantik varianti bilan solishtiramiz. Gapirishmok fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlari bilan aytmok, demok, so’zlamok fe’llarining leksik - semantik variantlari bilan solishtirganimizda bu fe’llarning leksik - semantik variantlari bir-biri bilan uzaro sinonim emasligini kuzatdik, chunki ular ma’no ji^atidan bir - biriga yak,in emas va bir -birini tuldira olmaydi. 2.2. Ingliz tilidagi nuts fe’llarining leksik-semantik variantlari Bu paragrafda biz ingliz tilidagi nutk, fe’llari (to say, to speak, to talk, to tell)HHHr bir-biri bilan uzaro sinonimik alok,alarini belgilaymiz. Buning uchun biz ?^ar bir nutk, fe’lining leksik-semantik variantlarini anikdab chikdik. Ular k,uyidagi kurinishga ega: 52 SayVT

SayYI 1. to say words, talk: Please, say so, if you hate my asking you questions, I said. ("The moon and sixpence", S. Maugham) 2. to express an opinion: I dare say you'd like me to go I said to Colonel, getting up. ("The moon and sixpence", S. Maugham) Speak VT 1. to say or utter (a word or words): No one spoke a word to him. 2. to express in words or speech, to speak nonsense: Speak the truth. On an occasion of this kind it becomes more than a moral duty to speak one's mind. 3. to use (language): Do you speak French? 4. Figurative: a) to indicate by expression: His face spoke hope, b) to reveal; indicate, make known: The loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind. 5. to speak to or with, converse with, address: Lancelot ever spoke him pleasantly. 6. to communicate with

3. Figurative: to express an idea, feeling or the like, communicate: Actions speak louder than words. 4. to tell, express: Her eyes speak of suffering. 5. to communicate in written or printed words: The daily press speaks to millions of people. 6. to make sounds: The violins spoke at the nod of the conductor. The cannons spoke* 7. (of dogs) to bark when told: Speak for the candy, Fido. TalkVT 1. to use in speaking (a kind of speech or language), to talk sense: Can you speak French? 2. to bring, put, drive, or influence, by talk, persuade: We talked him into joining the club. 3. to speak about, discuss: Talk VI 1. to use words, speak: Baby is learning to talk. 2. to exchange words, converse: At the official meeting between the two governments officials talked about food supply and water pur

7. to communicate with voices; make sounds that resemble speech: The birds were talking loudly. 8. to give an informal speech: What on earth are you talking about? It eases me to talk. ("The moon and sixpence", S.Maugham) 9. to reveal secret information, inform: The prisoner talked to the police. Tell VT 1. to put in word, find away of expressing, say, utter, express: Tell the truth. I couldn't tell if she loved him. ("The moon and sixpence", S. Maugham) 2. to give an account of, narrate, relate, report: Tell us a story. And you'll tell the story, Dirk, said his wife. 3. to make known in words, communicate: He said much but told little. Well, tell us the news, she said. ("The moon and sixpence", S. Maugham) 4. to inform, let know: They told us the way to the

9. to understand the difference between, distinguish, discriminate: He can't tell one twin from another. 10. to count one by one, count off, count over: The nun tells her beads. 11. to count (votes or voters). 12. Archaic. To reckon up the number of. count up: He couldn't tell twenty in English. 13. Archaic. To declare formally or state publicly, announce, proclaim, publish: Tell it not in Gath. 14. Absolute. To reveal. Tell VI 1. to act as talebearer, report secrets, blab, tattle: Promise not to tell. 2. to be affective, count for something, have an effect or force: Even blow told. 3. British Dialect: to talk idly without acting. 2.2.1. Ingliz tilidagi nuts fe’larining leksik-semantik variantlarining uzaro sinonimii alokalari Yukrrida keltirilgan to speak, to say, to talk, to tell

fe’llarini xdm leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirdik. Masalan, talk - tell, talk -say, tell - say kurinishiga ega. Speak - talk 1. speak 2 vt - to tell or to express in words or speech: To speak nonsense. Speak the truth. Synonym: talk 8 vi - to give an informal speech: They talked to each other. 2. speak 3 vt - to use / language/: Do you speak French? Synonym: talk 1 vt - to use in speaking/ speak a kind of language/: Can you talk French? 3. speak 4 b vt - to reveal, indicate, make known: The loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind. Synonym: talk 9 vi - to reveal secret information, inform: The prisoner talked to the police. 4. speak 5 vt - to speak to or with, converse with, address: Lancelot ever spoke him pleasantly. Synonym: talk 2 vi — to exchange word, converse: 5. speak 6 vt -

57 Synonym: say 2 vt - to put into words, declare, express, state: Say what you think. We hear it said that men go down before your spear. 3. speak 1 vi - to say, talk, converse: to speak with a stranger, to speak about smth. A person with a cold often has trouble speaking distinctly. Synonym: Say 1 vi - to say words, talk: So he says. Please say so, if you hate my asking you questions, I said. Speak - tell 1. speak 1 vt - to say or utter/ a word or words: No one spoke a word to him. Synonym: tell 1 vt - to put in words, find a way of expressing, say, utter, express: Tell the truth. I can't tell you how much I liked it. 2. speak 2 vt - to tell or express in words or speech: To speak nonsense, Speak the truth. Synonym: tell 1 vt - to put in words, find a way of expressing, say, utter, e

58 2. talk 9 vi - to reveal secret information, inform: The prisoner talked to the police. Synonym: tell 4 vt - to inform, let know: They told us the way at the station. 3. talk 9 vi - to reveal secret information, to inform: The prisoner talked to the police. Synonym: tell 5 vt - to disclose, reveal /a secret/: Promise not to tell this. Tell - say 1. tell 1 vt - to put in words, to find a way of expressing, say, utter, express: Tell the truth; I can't tell you how much I liked it. Synonym: Say 2 vt - to put into words, declare, express, state : Say what you think. We hear it said that men go down before you spear. 2. tell 10 vt - to count one by one, count off, count over: The nun tells beads. Synonym: say 3 vt - to recite, repeat, to say grace: Say your prayers. 3. tell 13 vt - to de

59 2.2.2. Ingliz tilidagi nuts fe’llarining leksik- semantik variantlarining uzaro sinonimik alotsalari klasifikatsiyasi Speak fe’li bilan talk fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirganda speak fe’lining 2 - leksik - semantik varianti - speak 2 vt -to tell or to express in words or speech. Talk 8 vi talk vi - to give an informal speech - bilan sinonim ekanligini kuramiz. Masalan: speak 2 vt - to tell or to express in words or speech: Speak the truth. Synonym: talk 8 vi - to give an informal speech: They talked to each other. Speak fe’lining 3 - leksik - semantik varianti - to use language- talk - fe’lining 1- leksik -semantik varianti- to use in speaking; - /speak a kind of language / bilan sinonim ekanligini kuzatishimiz mumkin. Buni kuyidagi misollar bilan isbotlay olamiz: S

60 Speak 5vt - to speak to or with, address: Lancelot ever spoke him pleasantly. Synonym: talk 2 vi - to exchange words, converse: Speak 6 vt fe’linig leksik - semantik varianti talk fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan sinonim. Shu fikrni k,uyida keltirilgan misol bilan isbotlaymiz: Speak 6 vt - to communicate with /a passing vessel/ at sea, hail: Synonym: talk 5 vt - to spread ideas by other means than speech, communicate: To talk by sign. Biz yuk,orida to speak fe’li bilan to talk fe’lining leksik - semantik variantlarini bir-biri bilan uzaro sinonomik variantlarini misollar bilan keltirdik. Yukrrida keltirilgan misollardan kurinib turibdiki, speak fe’li bilan talk fe’li bir - biri bilan uzaro sinonimdir. Keltirilgan misollarda speak fe’lining urniga talk fe’lini kuysak ma’no uzga

61 Speak 5 vi — to communicate in written or printed words: The daily press speaks to millions of people. Speak 6 vi - to make sounds: The violens sj3oke at the nod of the conductor. Speak 7 vi / of dogs / to bark when told: Speak for the candy, Fido. Speak 7 vt - archaic to show to be, characterize: His conduct speaks him honorable. Sinonim emas: Talk 1 vi - to use words, speak: Baby is learning to talk. Talk 3 vi - to consult, confer: To talk with one's doctor. Talk 4 vi - to spread rumors, gossip, blab: She talked behind their backs. Talk 6 vi - to speak idly, chatter away, prate: Talk 7 vi - to communicate with voices, make sounds that resemble speech: The birds were talking loudly. Talk 2 vt - to speak about, discuss: To talk politics, to talk business. Yukrrida keltirilgan misoll

62 Synonym: Say 1 vt - to speak: What did you say? Speak 2 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti - to tell or to express in words or speech say 2 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan uzaro sinonimligini kuyidagi misollar orkali keltiramiz: Speak 2 vt - to tell or express in words or speech: Speak the truth. Synonym: say 2 vt - to put into words, declare, express, state: Say what you think. We hear it said that men go down before your spear. Speak I vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti to say words, talk, converse say Ivi - fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan uzaro sinonimdir. Kuyidagi misol fikrimizni isbotlashga xizmat kiladi: Speak lvi - to say words, talk, converse: A person with a cold often has a trouble speaking distinctly. Synonym: say 1 vi - to say words, talk:

63 Speak 6 vt - to communicate with /a passing vessel/ at sea, hail: Speak 7 vt - to show to be, characterize [archaic]: His conduct speaks him honorable. Speak 2 vi - a) to make a speech: Some lecturers speak without notes. b) to deliver, as an argument or a plea, to speak against a bill congress: Speak softly and carry a big stick. Sinonim emas: Say 3 vt - to recite, repeat, to say grace: Say your prayers. Say 4 vt - to take as an estimate, suppose or guess: The bookcase contains, I would say, about 100 books. Say 5 vt - to express an opinion: Can anyone really say he is wrong? Say 6 vt - to utter, to pronounce: Say this words, please. Say 7 vt - to indicate or show: The clock says ten. Yukrrida keltirilgan misollardan kuzatish mumkinki, say va speak fe’llarining leksik - semantik varian

$64 Speak 2 vt fe’lining leksik semantik variantga - to tell or express in words or speed tell I vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianta bilan sinonim. Buni kuyidagi misollarda kuzatishimiz mumkin: Speak 2 vt - to tell or express in words or speech: Speak the truth. Speak 4 b) vt - fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti to reveal, indicate, make know tell 4 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan sinonimligini kuyidagi misollarda kurishimiz mumkin: Speak 4 b) vt - to reveal, indicate, make known: The loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind. Synonym: tell 4\\b — to inform, let know: They told us the way at the station. Speak 4 vi fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti tell I vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan sinonimik alokaga ega. Buning uchun kuyidagi misolni keltiramiz: Speak 4$

65 Speak 6 vt - to communicate with /a passing vessel/ at sea, hail: Speak 7 vt - to show, to be characterize: His conduct speaks him honorable. Speak 1 vi - to say words, talk, converse: A person with a cold often has a trouble speaking distinctly. Speak 2 vi - a) to make a speech: Some lecturers speak without notes. ‘) to deliver, as an argument or a plea: Speak softly and carry a big stick.. Speak 3 vi - to express an idea, feeling or the like, communicate: Actions speak louder than words. Speak 4 vi - to tell, express: Her eyes speak of suffering. Speak 5 vi - to communicate in written or printed words: The daily press speaks to millions of people. Speak 6 vi - to make sounds: The violins spoke at the nod of the conductor. Speak 7 vi - /of dogs/to bark when told: Speak for the candy, F

66 Tell 10 vt - to count one by one, count off count over: The nun tells her beads. Tell 11 vt - to count /votes or voters/: Tell 12 vt - to reckon up the numbers of count up: He couldn't tell twenty in English Tell 13 vt - to declare formally or state publicly, announce, proclaim, publish: Tell it not in Gath. Tell 14 vt - to reveal: Tell 1 vi - to act as talebearer, report secrets, blab, rattle: Promise not to tell. Tell 2 vi - to be effective, count for something, have an effective or force: Even blow told. Tell 3 vi -to talk without acting: Yukrrida keltirilgan misollardan shu xulosaga keldikki, speak va tell fe’llarining ushbu leksik - semantik variantlari bir - biri bilan uzaro sinonimii alokdga kirisha olmaydi. Ularning ma’nolari bir - biri bilan yakin emas, bir-birini urnini tu

67 Synonym: tell 3 vi - to talk idly without acting: Talk 9 vi fe’llarining leksik - semantik varianti tell 4 vt fe’lining leksik -semantik varianti bilan sinonimligini kuyidagi misollar ork,ali keltiramiz: Talk 9 vi - to reveal secret information, inform: The prisoner talked to the police. Synonym: tell 4 vt - to inform, let know: They told the way at the station. Talk 9 vi fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti tell 5 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan to reveal a secret ma’nosida sinonim. Buning uchun kuyidagi misollarni keltiramiz: Talk 9 vi - to reveal secret information, inform: The prisoner talked to the police. Synonym: tell 5 vt - to disclose /private matters/, reveal /a secret/: Promise not to tell this. Ushbu keltirilgan misollarda talk va tell fe’llarining bir - biri b

68 Talk 4 vi - to spread rumors, gossip, blab: She talked behind their backs. Talk 5 vi - to spread ideas by other means than speech, communicate: To talk by sign. Talk 7 vi - to communicate with voices, make sounds that resemble speech: The birds were talking loudly. Talk 8 vi - to give an informal speech: The lecturer at the international workshop on global economic issues talked on internal problems of Chili Republic. Sinonim emas: Tell 1 vt - to put in words, find away of expressing, say, utter, express: Tell the truth. I couldn't tell if she loved him. ("The moon and sixpence"). Tell 2 vt - to give an account of narrate, relate, report: Tell us a story. And you'll tell the story , Dirk, said his wife. Tell 3 vt - to make known in words, communicate: He said much but to

Tell 9 vt - to understand the difference between, distinguish, discriminate: He can't tell one twin from another. Tell 10 vt - to count one by one, count off, count over: The nun tells her beads. 69 Tell 11 vt - to count/votes or voters/: Tell 12 vt - to reckon up the number of, count up. He couldn't tell twenty in English. Tell 13 vt -to declare formally or state publicy, annaunce, proclaim, publish: Tell it not in Gath Tell 14 vt - to reveal. Tell 1 vi - to act as talebearer, report secrets, blab, tattle: Promise not to tell. Tell 2 vi - to be affective, count for something, have an effect or force: Even blow told. Yukrrida keltirilgan misollardan shunday xulosa kilish mumkinki, ushbu keltirilgan leksik - semantik variantlar bir - biri bilan sinonim bula olmaydi, chunki ular ma’n

Yukorida keltirilgan misoldan kurish mumkinki, shu berilgan leksik - semantik variantlar bir - biri bilan uzaro sinonimik alokaga kirisha oladi. Ular ma’no jixdtidan bir - biri bilan yakin, bir-birini tuldiradi, agar urnini almashtirsak ran ma’nosiga ta’sir kilmaydi. Endi talk fe’li bilan say fe’lining bir - biri bilan sinonim bulmagan leksik - semantik variantlarini kurib chikdmiz: 70 Talk 1 vt - to use in speaking /a kind of speech or language/, to talk sense: Can you speak French? Talk 2 vt - to bring, put, drive or influence, by talk, persuade: We talked him into joining the club. Talk 3 vt - to speak about, discuss: To talk politics, to talk business. Talk 1 vi - to use words, speak: Baby is learning to talk. Talk 2 vi - to exchange words, converse: Talk 3 vi - to consult, confer: to

Talk 9 vi - to reveal secret information, inform: The prisoner talked to the police. Sinonim emas: Say 1 vt - to speak: What did you say? Mother has taught me always to say "please" and "thank you". And Enid could not say on tender word. Say 2 vt - to put into words, declare, express, state: Say what you think. We hear it said that men go down before your spear. Say 3 vt - to recite, repeat, to say your grace: Say your prayers. Say 4 vt - to take as an estimate, suppose or guess: The bookcase contains, I would say, about 100 books. 71 Say 5 vt - to express an opinion: It is hard to say which dress is prettier. Can anyone really say he is wrong? Say 6 vt - to utter, to pronounce: Say these words, please. Say 7 vt - to indicate or show: The clock says ten. Say 1 vi - to say w

Tell 1 vt fe’lining leksik — semantik varianti to put in words, find a way of expressing, say, utter, express; say 2 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti to put into words, declare, express, state bilan sinonimligini anikladik: Tell 1 vt - to put in words, find a way of expressing, say, utter, expess: I couldn't tell if she loved him. Synonym: say 2 vt - to put into words, declare, express, state: Say what you think. Tell 13 vt fe’lning leksik - semantik varianti Say 2 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan sinonim ekanligini kuyidagi misol isbot kilamiz: Tell 13 vt - to declare formally or state publicly, announce, proclaim, publish: Tell it not in Gath. 72 Synonym: Say 2vt - to put into words, declare, express, state: Say what you think. We hear it said that men go down bef

Tell 2 vt - to give an account of, narrate, relate, report: Tell us a story. And you'll tell the story, Dirk, said his wife. Tell 3 vt - to make known in words, communicate: He said much but told little. Well, tell us the news, she said. Tell 4 vt - to inform, let know: They told us the way to the station. Tell 5 vt - to disclose /private matters/, reveal /a secret/: Promise not to tell this. Tell 6 vt - to order /a person to do something/, say to, direct command: Tell him that our home cries out for him. He told me to get out. Tell 7 vt - to say with assurance, be positive about: Now she told me exactly what I should say. Tell 8 vt - to recognize well enough, to identify, discern: He couldn't tell which house it was. Tell 9 vt - to understand the difference between, distinguish, d

Tell 2 vi - to be affective, count for something, have an effect or force: Even blow told. Tell 3 vi - to talk idly without acting. Sinonim emas: Say 1 vt - to speak: What did you say? Mother has taught me always to say "please" and "thank you". And Enid could not say on tender word. Say 2 vt - to put into words, declare, express, state: Say what you think. We hear it said that men go down before your spear. Say 3 vt - to recite, repeat; to say your grace: Say your prayers. Say 4 vt - to take as an estimate, suppose or guess: The bookcase contains, I would say, about 100 books. Say 5 vt - to express an opinion: It is hard to say which dress is prettier. Can anyone really say he is wrong? Say 6 vt - to utter, to pronounce: Say these words, please. Say 7 vt - to indicate or s

sinonimii alokalari Speak 1 vi -to say words, talk, converse, to speak with a stranger, to speak something: A person with a cold often has trouble speaking distinctly. We speak a hundred times for every one we write. Synonym: gapirmok 1 - ogzaki ravishda fikr bayon etmok, so’zlamots, aytmots: Yaxshi topib gapirar, yomon k;opib gapirar. Sarvarov kuldi va ertaga kilinadigan ishlar tugrisida gapirdi. Speak 2 vi - a) to make a speech: Who is going to speach at the meeting? Some lecturers speak without notes. Synonym: Gapirmok 1 a - nuts so’zlamots: Mana majlis ochik;. Kim gapiradi? Synonym: Suzlamots 2 -nuts silmots, gapirmots: Ma’ruzachi bir soat so’zladi. Speak 5 vi - to communicate in written or printed words: The daily press speaks to millions of people. Synonym: Demok 1 - ogzaki yoki yozm

Speak 1 vt - to say or utter /a word or words/: No one spoke a word to him. Synonym: Demok 1 - ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmots: Men senga nima degan edim. Speak 5 vt - to speak to or with: Synonym: Suzlashmok, 2 - gapirmok, gaplashmots: Nima va kaysi tugrilarda so’zlashdi. Gaplashmok; 1 - Aynan gapirishmots: Siddikjon, kungli gash bulib, Boltaboy bilan gaplashgani keldi, lekin nima tugrisida gaplashishini uzi ^am anik bilmas edi. Say 6 vt - to utter, to pronounce: Can you say this word? Synonym: Aytmok 3 - talaffuz silmots: Muylovi maisa bulib k;olgan kap katta yigitning "r"ni ayta olmasligi Elmurodga galati tuyildi. Say 2 vi - to express an opinion: She kept on saying, "Send him away!" I dare say you'd like me to go, I said to the Colonel, getting up.

Synonym: Demots; 1 a - biror ovoz, un chitsarmots: Tepalikdagi bakaterakdan gur etib kutarilgan bir tuda karga "kd-kug" degancha xar tomonga uchib ketdi. Talk 8 vi - to give an informal speech: What on earth are you talking about? It eases me to talk. Tell 1 vt -put into the words, say, utter, express: Synonym: Aytmok; 1 - fikrni, matssadni ogzaki bayon silmots, tushuntirmots, gapirmots, demots: Rostini aytmok, Uz fikrini ayt mok. Tell 2 vt - give an accoun of, narrate, relate, report: Well, tell us your news, she said. Synonym: Aytmok 2 - xikoya silib, gapirib, so’zlab bermots: Ertasiga Urmonjon bu vokea va uzining mulox,azalarini Ibroximga aytdi. Krlgan variantlari sinonim emas. 2.4. Ingliz va uzbek tillaridagi nuts fe’llari leksik-semantik variantlarining uzaro sinonimii alokala

77 Speak 2 a) vi fe’lining leksik varianti to make a speech, gapirmots fe’lining 7 a) - nuts so’zlamots va so’zlamots fe’lining 2 - leksik — semantik varianti — nuts silmots, gapirmots bilan sinonimlik aloksini kuyidagi misollarda keltiramiz: Speak 2 a) to make a speech: Who is going to speak at the meeting? Synonym: Gapirmok I - a) nuts so’zlamots: Mana majlis ochik,. Kim gapiradi? Synonym: Nuts silmots, gapirmots: Ma’ruzachi bir soat so’zladi. Speak 5 vi fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti demots fe’lining birinchi leksik -semantik varianti bilan sinonim ekanligi kuyidagi misolda uz aksini toptan: Speak 5 vi - to communicate in written or printed words: The daily press speaks to millions of people. Synonym: Demots 1 - ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmots: Bu xdkda kitoblarda

78 Synonym: Demots; 1 - ogzaki yoki yozma ravishda biror fikr bildirmots, aytmots, gapirmots: Men senga nima degan edim. Speak 5 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti so’zlashmots fe’lining ikkinchi leksik - semantik varianti va gaplashmots fe’lining gapirishmots ma’nosini anglatuvchi leksik - semantik variantlari bilan sinonimdir. Buni kuyidagi misol orkali keltiramiz: Speak 5 vt - to speak to or with: Lancelot ever spoke him pleasantly. Synonym: Suzlashmok 2 — gapirishmots, gaplashmots: Nima va kdysi tugrilarda so’zlashdi. Synonym: Gapirmok- Aynan gapirishmots: Siddshrkon kungli gash bulib, Boltaboy bilan gaplashgani keldi, lekin nima tugrisida gaplashmokchi bulganini uzi ^am anik bilmas edi. Say 6 vt - to utter; to pronounce fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti aytmots fe’lining uchin

79 Synonym: Gapirmok; 2 - gapirish, so’zlash sobiliyatiga ega bulmots, tilga kirmots: Bola katta bulib krldi, gapiradi. Talk 7 vi fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti demok, fe’lining 1 a) leksik - semantik varianti bilan sinonimligini kuyidagi misolda kurishimiz mumkin: Talk 7 vi - to communicate with voices, make sounds that resemble speech: The birds were talking loudly. Synonym: Demok 1 a) - biror ovoz, un, tovush chitsarmots; Tepalikdagi bakaterakdan gur etib kutarilgan bir tup karga "ka-kug" degancha ^ar tomonga uchib ketdi. Tell 1 vt fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti aytmots fe’lining leksik - semantik varianti bilan uzaro sinonimligi kuyidagi misollarda uz aksini topgan: Tell 1 vt -put into words, say, utter, express: Tell the truth. Synonym: Aytmots 1 - fikrini, matssad

80 Uzbek tilidagi nutk; fe’llari va ingliz tilidagi nutk; fe’llarining boshka k,olgan leksik - semantik variantlari bir - biri bilan uzaro sinonimik alokdga ega emas. Ular ma’no jixdtidan bir-biridan uzok, bir-birini )fnini tuldira olmaydi.

81 UMUMIY XULOSA Ushbu takdim etilayotgan magistrlik ilmiy ishida biz uzbek tilidagi aytmots, demots, gapirmots, gaplashmots, so’zlamots va so’zlashmots kabi nutk; fe’llarining semantik strukturasini tashkil kiluvchi leksik - semantik variantlarini ingliz tilidagi shu ma’noga ega fe’llar bilan chogishtirib urganib chikdik. Bu shuni kursatdiki, kup ma’noli bulgan bu nutk, fe’llari bir - birlari bilan bir, ikki va uch ma’nolarda sinonimik alokaga egalar. Bizning materialimiz xdm polisemantik - leksik birliklar x,yech kachon ^amma ma’nolarda bir - birlariga sinonim bula olmaydi, degan fikrni tasdiklaydi. Ingliz tilidagi to speak, to say, to talk, to tell kabi nutk; fe’llari ^am kup ma’noli bulib, ular *am fakdt ma’lum bir leksik - semantik variantlarida bir - birlariga sinonimdirlar. Ingliz v

82 Sinonim: Gapirmok; la)- nuts so’zlamots: Mana majlis ochik; kim gapiradi? Sinonim: Suzlamots 2 - nuts silmots, gapirmots: Ma’ruzachi bir soat so’zladi. Yana shu narsani aytib utish joizki, ikki tildagi nutv; fe’llarining leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirganimizda, fe’llarning ba’zi bir leksik - semantik variantlari ikki tilda bir xil berilgan. Boshkacha aytadigan bulsak, uzbek tilida keltirilgan ma’noning ingliz tilida xam xuddi shunday tarjimasi keltiriladi: Tell 1 vt - to put into words, say, utter, express: Tell the truth. Sinonim: Aytmots 1 - fikrni, matssadni ogzaki bayon silmots, tushuntirmots, gapirmots, demots: Rostini aytmok. Albatta uzbek tilidagi nutk, fe’llari bilan ingliz tilidagi nutk, fe’llarining leksik - semantik variantlarini solishtirganimizda uziga yarasha mu

83 5 Uzbek tilining izoxli lugatida nutk, fe’llarining semantik strukturasi kamrok; leksik - semantik variantlari ork,ali ifodalangan bulib, umumlashtirilgan xolda berilgan. Masalan, speak fe’lining to use a language (speak a kind of language ) leksik-semantik varianti uzbek tilidagi gapirmots fe’lining semantik strukturasida ayrim leksik-semantik variant sifatida uz aksini topmagan, lekin tilda biz gapirmots fe’lining igu leksik - semantik variantini xam ogzaki, xam yozma nutkda kup qo’llaymiz. Ingliz va uzbek tillari lugatlarini nutk, fe’llari materialida takrslab urganish shuni kursatdiki, nutk, fe’llari deyarli xdmmasi kup ma’noli bulib, ingliz tili izoxli lugatida ularning semantik strukturasi anik, berilgan va uzbek tili izoxli lugatiga nisbatan kuprok, leksik -semantik variantlar or

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Ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi nutq fe’llarining leksik - semantik strukturalari

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