Инглиз ва Ўзбек тилларида инфинитив конструкцияларининг ишлатилиши - Английский язык - Дипломные работы

Информация о документе

Цена	9000UZS
Размер	69.7KB
Покупки	0
Дата загрузки	26 Сентябрь 2019
Расширение	docx
Раздел	Дипломные работы
Предмет	Английский язык

Инглиз ва Ўзбек тилларида инфинитив конструкцияларининг ишлатилиши

Купить

ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РЕСПУБЛИКАСИ ОЛИЙ ВА ЎРТА МАХСУС ТАЪЛИМ ВАЗИРЛИГИ МИРЗО УЛУҒБЕК НОМИДАГИ ЎЗБЕКИСТОН МИЛЛИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТИ ХОРИЖИЙ ФИЛОЛОГИЯ ФАКУЛТЕТИ Инглиз филологияси кафедраси Мавзу: Инглиз ва Ў збек тилларида инфинитив конструкцияларининг ишлатилиши БИТИРУВ МАЛАКАВИЙ ИШИ

Department of English philology Theme: THE USAGE OF INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE GRADUATION PAPER Тема: Употребление инфинитивных конструкций в английском и узбекском языках КЛАССИФИКАЦИОННАЯ РАБОТА

MUNDARIJA KIRISH …………………………………………………………………………3 BOB I. INGLIZ TILIDA INFINITIV KONSTRUKSIYASINING FE’L SHAXSSIZ SHAKLLARI SIFATIDA QO’LLANISHI 1.1. Infinitiv va gerundiyning matnlarda qo’llanishi bo’yicha o’xshash va farqli xususiyatlari…………………………………………………….6 1.2. Harakat nomi fe’li konstruksiyalarining o’zbek va ingliz tillarida qiyosiy tahlili………………………………………………………………..…17 BOB II. INGLIZ VA O’ZBEK TILLARIDA INFINITIV KONSTRUKSIYALARINING ISHLATILISHI 2.1. Infinitiv munosabatlarining sintaktik maydoni ……………………...21 2.2. Infinitiv konstruksiyalarning ingliz va o’zbek badiiy matnlarida qo’llanilishi va ularning kontekstual mazmunlari …………………..40 XULOSA…………………………………………………………………………43 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………….46 FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI………………………..48

KIRISH Ma'lumki, O'zbekistonimizning mustaqil davlatga aylanishi natijasida vatanimiz dunyoga yuz tutdi. Xorijiy mamlakatlar bilan savdo, iqtisodiy, siyosiy va madaniy aloqalar yo'lga qo'yildi. Diplomatik aloqalar ham o'rnatildi, BMT a'zosi bo'ldik, qadriyatlarimiz tiklandi va tiklanmoqda, jahon integratsiyasi jarayonlarida faol qatnashayapmiz. Buning natijasida yurtimizda xorijiy tillarga bo'lgan qiziqish mislsiz oshdi. Shu munosabat bilan prezidentimiz I. A. Karimov bunday deydi: “Tabiiy savol tug’iladi: bunday mafkuraviy ta’sirlar salbiy oqibatlarga olib kelmasligi uchun nima qiish kerak? Buning yo’li- odamlarimiz, avvalambor, yoshlarimizning iymon-e’tiqodini musathkamlash , irodasini baquvvatlash, ularni o’z mustaqil fikriga ega bo’lgan barkamol insonlar

barcha vositalarni aniqlashga va ularni o'rganishga, umumlashtirishga bag'ishlangan alohida ilmiy ishning yo'qligidadir. Tadqiqot obyekti: Ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi yoki ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilingan yoki aksincha badiiy asarlardagi mikromatnlar; Tadqiqot predmeti: Infinitiv konstruksiyalarining leksik va Grammatik xususiyatlari hamda Ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi yoki ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilingan yoki aksincha badiiy asarlardagi mikromatnlarda qo’llanilgan infinitiv konstruksiyalari; Tadqiqotning maqsadi va vazifalari: 1. Infinitiv konstruksiyasining ingliz tilidagi leksik va grammatik xususiyatlari va funksiyalarining aniqlanishi; 2. O’zbek va ingliz tilida infinitiv konstuksiyalarining qo’llanilishini qiyoslab tahlil qilish; 3. Ingliz va o’

Ilmiy ishning tuzilishi. Ushbu bitiruv malakaviy ishi kirish, ikki bob (I bob. Ingliz tilida infinitiv konstruksiyasining fe’l shaxssiz shakllari sifatida qo’llanishi , II bob. Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida infinitiv konstruksiyalarining ishlatilishi), xulosa, summary va foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxatidan tashkil topgan. Kirish qismida mavzuning dolzarbligi yangiligi, obyekti va predmeti, maqsad va vazifalari o’rin egallagan. Birinchi bobda fe’lning shaxssiz formalari hisoblangan infinitiv va gerundiy ya’ni harakat nomining turli xususiyatlari, o’xshashlik va farqli tomonlari ifodalangan. Ikkinchi bobda esa, infinitivning sintaktik maydoni, infinitiv konstruksiyalari va uning matnlarda qo’llanishi amaliy jihatdan tadqiq etilgan.

BOB I. INGLIZ TILIDA INFINITIV KONSTRUKSIYASINING FE’L SHAXSSIZ SHAKLLARI SIFATIDA QO’LLANISHI 1.1 Infinitiv va gerundiyning matnlarda qo’llanishi bo’yicha o’xshash va farqli xususiyatlari Infinitiv va gerundiyning matnlarda qo’llanishi bo’yicha o’xshash va farqli xususiyatlari. H ar bir tildagi so’zlar nutq bo’laklari deb atalgan sinflarga ajratiladi. Har bir nutq bo’lagi o’z xususiyatlariga ega hisoblanadi. Nutq bo’laklari bir- biridan anglatadigan ma’nosiga, yasalish shakliga va bajaradigan vazifasiga ko’ra farq qiladi. Nutq bo’laklaridan biri fe’ldir. Mazmuniga ko’ra fe’l ish-harakatni ifodalovchi so’z sifatida tasvirlanishi mumkin. “Ish-harakat” so’zi bu yerda faoliyatni (yurmoq, gapirmoq, o’ynamoq, o’qimoq), jarayonni (uxlamoq, kutmoq, yashamoq), holatni (bo’lmoq, yoqtirmoq, bilmoq),

Fe’lning noaniq shakllari esa boshqa turli xil vazifalarga ega. Bu fe’llar shuningdek yuqorida aytib o’tilganidek fe’lning shaxssiz shakllari deb ham ataladi. Fe’lning noaniq yoki shaxssiz shakllari fe’lning aniq shakllaridan farq qilib shaxsni, sonni yoki maylni ifodalamaydi. Shuning uchun ham ular gapda kesim bo’lib kela olmaydi. Ular fe’lning aniq shakllari singari zamon va nisbat tafovutlariga ega, ammo ularning zamon tafovutlari fe’lning aniq shakllaridagi zamon tafovutlaridan farq qiladi. Ingliz tilida fe’lning uchta shaxssiz shakllari bor. Ular: sifatdosh, gerundiy(harakat nomi) va infinitivdir. Rus tilida ham fe’lning uch noaniq shakli mavjud, ammo ular ingliz tilidagi fe’lning noaniq shakllariga to’liq o’xshamaydi. Ingliz tilidagi fe’lning shaxssiz shakllari quyidagi xususiyatlarg

b) It’s no use talking about it. = It is no use to talk about it. c) It isn’t worth while going there. = It isn’t worth while to go there. Gerund ot-kesim tarkibida keladi: Her greatest pleasure was travelling. Uning eng yoqtirgan narsasi sayohat qilish edi. Ot-kesim tarkibida gerund bilan bir qatorda in ﬁ nitiv ham ishlatilishi mumkin: Her greatest pleasure was to travel. Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin gerund ham, inﬁnitiv ham ishlatilishi mumkin: to begin, to start - boshlamoq to prefer - afzal bilmoq to continue - davom ettirmoq to hate - yoqtirmaslik to like - yoqtirmoq to intend - qasd qilmoq to dislike - yoqtirmaslik I can (can’t) afford - qila olmayman I like bathing (= to bathe) in a river better than in the sea . Men dengizda cho‘milishdan ko‘ra daryoda cho‘milishni yaxshi ko‘raman. We

It continued raining (=to rain) . Yomg‘ir yog‘ishni davom ettirdi. We do not intend placing (=to place ) orders for such machines. Biz bunday mashinalarga buyurtma bermoqchi emasmiz Inﬁnitive otning ko‘pgina xususiyatlarini saqlab qolgan va otga o‘xshab gapda quyidagi vazifalarda keladi: 1. Ega bo‘lib keladi: To skate is pleasant. 2. Ot-kesim tarkibida keladi: Your duty was to inform me about it immediately. 3. Fe’l kesim tarkibida keladi: She began to translate the article . 4. To‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi: I asked him to help me . 5. Aniqlovchi bo‘lib keladi: He expressed a desire to help me. Infinitivning otlik xususiyatlari u bajargan sintaktik funksiyalarda ifodalanadi: 2 a) Infinitiv gapda ot kabi ega vazifasida kelishi mumkin: To go on like this was dangerous (Galsworthy). To change i

His ambition was some day to build a house on them (Th. Drei ser). It was rediculous at his age to put on student's uniform (I. Turgenev). His first impulse was to write but four words in reply «Go to the devil!» (Th. Dreiser). Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night (Hardy). v) Infinitiv to’ldiruvchi vazifasini bajarib kela oladi: I have never learnt to read or write (Collins). I hate to be late (V. Malamud) And you should have seen, how the two gentlemen leaned forward and looked at each other, and forgot to smoke in their surprise and interest (L. S. Stevenson). He had asked to be buried beside Anna Pavlovna and «Malaska» (Nest). Infinitivning fe'llik xususiyati quyidagilar: 1) O’timli fe'llarning infinitiv formasi vositasiz to’ldi ruvchi olishi mumkin 3 : He had

2. Bu ta'qib Otabekdagi haligi o'zgarishni payqabmi yoki tasodifiymi edi, bu to'g’rida bir mulohaza aytish , albatta mumkin emas. 3. Otam sizlardek yaqin do'stlariga salom aytishni menga omonat topshirgan edilar. 4. Homidning zaruratsiz ayb tekshirishi majliska yotroq tuyilgan bo'lsa kerak bir- birlariga qarashib oldilar. 5. Bu o'rinsiz tekshirish majlisni bir oz sukutga yubordi-da, so'ngra Akram xoji savolida davom etti. 6. Ehtimolki, uning topgan davlati o'g’rilik orqasidadir, kishining davlatiga qarab hukm yurutish qiyin. 7. Hatni o'qub sizning dahshatlanishingiz emas, quvonishingiz , dushmaningizni yuz tuban qilgani uchun haq taologa shukur aytishingiz kerakdir! 8. Kumushning bu daqiqadag’i holini qalam bilan chizib ko'rsatish albatta mumkin emas

O’tkan kunlar romanida infinitive konstruksiyalarining qo’llanilishini tahlil qilish natijasida quyidagi xulosalarga kelindi: O’tkan kunlar asarida uchraydigan infinitive konstruksiyalari uchun ko’makchisi, tushum kelishigida, jo’nalish kelishigida va boshqa barcha kelishiklarda turlanib keladi. Wilkie Collins ning “The Woman in White” asarida foydalanilgan fe’lning shaxssiz shakllariga oid misollar 5 - 1. It was one of the two evenings in every week which I was accustomed to spend with my mother and my sister. 2. Events which I have yet to relate make it necessary to mention in this place that my father had been dead some years at the period… 3. I succeeded to his connection, and had every reason to feel grateful for the prospect that awaited me at my starting in life. 4. I did my best to

Infinitiv hamma fe'llar qatori daraja, zamon va as pekt kategoriyalariga ega; o’timli fe’llarning infinitive formalari shuningdek nisbat kategoriyasiga ham ega hisoblanadi. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida infinitive quyidagi shakllarga ega : Zamon Aniq nisbat Majhul nisbat Noaniq(indefinite) To write To be written Davom(continuous) To be writing - Tugallangan(perfect) To have written To have been written Tugallangan davom (perfect continuous) To have been writing - Infinitivlar boshqa hamma fe’llarning zamon tafovutlari singari aniq bo’lmay, nisbiyligi bilan ajralib turadi. 1. Noaniq infinitiv fe’lning aniq shakli tomonidan ifodalangan ish-harakatni bir vaqtning o’zida u bilan birgalikda ifodalab keladi. Shuning uchun u hozirgi, o’tgan yoki kelasi zamon ga tegishli bo’lishi mumkin: I am glad

3. Tugallangan infinitiv. Infinitivdagi tugallangallik shakli uning boshqa tugallanmagan shakllari bilan qarama - qarshi qo’yishga asoslangan. Masalan: to read - to have read; to write - to have written Infinitivning tugallanganlikka ega bo’lmagan shakllari ifodalagan ish-harakat shaxsli fe'l ifodalagan ish-harakat bilan bir paytda sodir bo’ladi. Ma salan: At the last moment ail Celia said good-bye. It was hard to leave her (P. Abrahams). «I suppose Monsier Lemm», Marya Dmitrievna said, «you have come to give Liza her music lesson»? (I. Turgenev). Who is it you wish to see ? he asked. (Th. Dreiser) «He wants to be picked up», Pauline said (B. Malamud). Infinitivning tugallangallik shakli ifodalagan ish-harakat aniq fe'l ifodalagan ish-harakatdan avval sodir bo’ladi. Masalan: “I’m g

I had meant to go there. He had meant to marry me . (Eliot) Bir qancha ingliz garamatikasini o’rganuvchi olimlar ikkinchi konstruksiyadan foydalanishni afzal deb bilishadi. Biroq, bu yerda eng muhim e’tibor qaratilishi lozim bo’lgan narsa g’oyaning bajarilmaganligi hisoblanadi ya’ni bildirilgan g’oya yoki fikr bajarilmaydi: I meant to go there , but never did . 4. Tugallangan davom zamon infinitivi aniq fe’l tomonidan ifodalangan ish- harakatdan oldin ma’lum bir vaqt davomida davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. Bu shakl faqatgina zamon shakli bo’libgina qolmay balki, aspekt shakli ham hisoblanadi: For about ten days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat, cake and bread and jam. (Jerome) Infinitivda nisbat kategoriyasi. “O’timli fe'llarning infinitiv shakllari aniq, v

to "have read - to have been read He loved the changing panorama of the street - to see and to be seen as he dined (Th. Dreiser). ... he could not keep from de siring her- to consume and to be consumed (V. Malamud). Infinitivda aspekt kategoriyasi Ingliz tilidagi infinitiv umumiy va davomli aspektdagi formalarga ega. Masalan: to read- to be reading, to have read-to have been reading. Umumiy aspektdagi infinitiv shaxsli fe'l bilan bir vaqtda bo’lgan ish-harakatni ko’rsatadi. Shaxsli fe'l hozirgi, o’tgan va kelasi zamonga tegishli ish-xarakatni ifodalashi mumkin. Ma salan: Let's go up here and have something to eat (Th. Dreiser). The best thing he could do was to get out of here (P. Abrahams). Davomli aspektdagi infinitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat ham shaxsli fe'l ifodalanga

1 . 2 HARAKAT NOMI FE’LI KONSTRUKSIYALARINING O’ZBEK VA INGLIZ TILLARIDA QIYOSIY TAHLILI Gerund fe’lning fe’llik va otlik xususiyatiga ega bo‘lgan shaklidir.Gerund da inﬁnitiv ga qaraganda otlik xususiyati ko‘proq. O‘zbek tilida gerund ga harakat nomi to‘g‘ri keladi. Gerundning vazifalari 1. Gerund ko‘pincha predloglar bilan kelib, gapda vositali to‘ldiruvchi, aniqlovchi va ot-kesim tarkibida keladi. Predloglar faqat ot oldida ishlatilganligi sababli, har qanday predlogdan keyin fe’l otga yaqin bo‘lgan shakl — gerundga aylanadi. 2. Gerund predlogsiz ega, vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi, fe’l kesim va ot-kesim tarkibida kelishi mumkin. Gerund otlik xususiyatiga ega bo‘lganligi uchun gapda otga o‘xshab quyidagi vazifalarda keladi: 1) ega bo‘lib keladi: Reading is her favouraite occupation. O‘qish — u

Gerund otga o‘xshab o‘zidan oldin predlog olishi mumkin, egalik olmoshi yoki qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan kelishi mumkin: Tom left without ﬁ nishing his dinner . Tom ovqatini yeb bo‘lmasdan chiqib ketdi. We insisted on their chartering a vessel at once. Biz ulardan zudlik bilan kema yollashlarini talab qildik. We objected to the buyer’s paying only part of the invoice amount. Biz xaridorlarning yuk haqining faqat bir qismini to‘lashiga e’tiroz bildirdik. 3. Gerund fe’li quyidagi xususiyatlarga ega: a) gerund vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi olishi mumkin: I remember reading this book. Men bu kitobni o‘qiganimni eslayman. b) gerund ravish bilan aniqlanishi mumkin: He likes reading aloud. U ovoz chiqarib o‘qishni yoqtiradi. ODDIY NISBATDAGI GERUND (ACTIVE GERUND) VA MAJHUL NISBATDAGI GERUND (PASSI

Lekin ko‘pincha gerund ifodalagan ish-harakat ma’lum shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bo‘ladi: Tom left without ﬁ nishing his dinner. ( ﬁ nishing Tomga – egaga qarashli ). Tom ovqatini yeb bo‘lmasdan chiqib ketdi. Thank you for coming ( coming to‘ldiruvchi you ga qarashli ). Kelganingiz uchun rahmat. 2. Gerund ifodalagan ish-harakat u qarashli bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyum tomonidan bajarilsa, Active Gerund ishlatiladi: He likes inviting his friends to his house. U do‘stlarini uyiga taklif qilishni yoqtiradi. I remember having shown her the letter. Men unga xatni ko‘rsatganimni eslayman. He entered the room without noticing Kate. U xonaga Keytni payqamay kirib keldi. Gerundiy ifodalayotgan ish-harakat u qarashli bo‘lgan shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bo‘lmasdan, boshqa shaxs yoki buyum tomonidan sodir

U o‘zini payqatmasdan xonaga kirdi. (Uning xonaga kirganini payqashmadi.) 4. Ba’zan to need, to want, to require kerak ma’nosida kelgan fe’llardan keyin va worth arziydigan sifatidan keyin Active Gerund Passive Gerund ma’nosida ishlatiladi: My shoes need repairing (being repaired emas ). Men tu ﬂ igimni ta’mirlatishim kerak. This dress wants washing (being washed emas) . Bu kuylakni yuvish kerak. These bags require drying ( being dried emas ). Bu xaltalarni quritish kerak. The book is worth reading (being read emas ). Bu kitobni o‘qisa arziydi. Gerund bilan bir qatorda in ﬁ nitiv ham oldidan kelgan otga aniqlovchi bo‘lib kelishi mumkin: The charterers have the right of loading (= the right to load ) the steamer at night time. Yollovchilar paroxodga tungi paytda mol yuklash huquqiga egadirl

BOB II. INGLIZ VA O’ZBEK TILLARIDA INFINITIV KONSTRUKSIYALARINING ISHLATILISHI 2.1 Infinitiv munosabatlari sintaktik maydoni Tilshunos ma'no ifodalovchi til birliklari bilan ish ko'rar ekan, u albatta "kategoriya" tushunchasi bilan ish ko'radi. Kategoriya atamasi aslida grekcha so'z bo'lib (Kategoriya) fikr, gap ma'nolarini anglatgan. Hozir esa «guruh» 8 yoki dunyoni bilishdagi va dunyoni aks ettirishdagi mavhum tushuncha tushuniladi. Tilshunoslikda esa kategoriya atamasi til elementlarini (birliklarini) biror ma'no asosida tuzilgan guruhchasi deb tushuniladi. Agar tildagi barcha elementlarni (birliklarni) biror umumiy ma'no yoki tushuncha asosida guruhlarga bo'linsa, makrokategoriya 9 hosil bo'ladi. Agar tildagi ma'lum elementlarnigina b

Ammo ular gapning sintaktik qurilmasida ifodalanib, tilda ega va kesim grammatik tushunchalariga aylanadi. Daniyalik mashhur tilshunos O. Yespersen tushuncha kategoriyasi deganda mavjud tillardagi tasodifiy dalillarga bog'liq bo'lmagan tildan tashqari tushunchalarni ko'zda tutadi. Yespersen tushuncha kategoriyalari va tal kategoriyalari (grammatik kategoriyalari) o'rtasidagi farqni nemischa "das Weib"(ayol) so'zi misolida yaqqol ko'rsatadi. Bu so'z ayol, xotin jinsini ko'rsatsada, sredniy rodga taalluqlidir. Tushuncha kategoriyasi tafakkur doirasiga taalluqli bo'lganligi va uning strukturasi mutlaqo o'rganilmaganligi uchun, tilshunoslar tushuncha kategoriyasi nazariyasi asosida yangi nazariyalar yaratdilar. Bularga yuqorida ko'rsatilgan g

 hozirgi zamon maydoni;  o’tgan zamon maydoni;  kelasi zamon maydoni. Vertikal holatda mikromaydonlarning qismlari (bo'limlari) yotadi. Ular xam makromaydonning, xam mikromaydonning qismlaridir. Maydonning vertikal tuzilishi qismlarning xususiyati, maydonchalar soni va ularning bir-birlariga nisbatan joylashishiga bog'liq. Ko'pchilik grammatik-leksik maydonlarda dominanta bo'ladi. Dominanta maydonning shunday qismiki, u o'sha ma'noni ifodalash uchun maxsus forma. U o'sha ma'noni boshqa formalarga nisbatan aniqroq ifodalaydi va izchil ravishda ishlatiladi. Dominanta morfologiyaga, sintaksisga yoki leksikaga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin. Har bir mikromaydonda dominanta bo'lishi mumkin, hatto dominantasiz maydon ham bo'lishi mumkin. Dominanta atrofid

Funksional-semantik kategoriya (maydon) nazariyasi rus tilshunosi A.V. Bondarko tomonidan yaratilgan. A.V. Bondarko makrokategoriyani avvalgi ishlarida "funksional semantik kategoriya" 12 deb atasa keyingi ishlarida uni "funksional semantik maydon" deb ham ataydi. 1. Guruhni xarakterlovchi maxsus belgilarning to'planishi (markazda) - siyraklashishi (periferiyada). 2. Aloqalar va munosabatlarning jamlashuvi, o'sha lingvistik elementning guruh elementlarini bog'layotgan chiziqlarning kesib o'tish nuqtasida joylashishi, eng ko'p oppozitsiyalarda qatnashishi (markazda) - aloqalar to'rini siyraklashishi, kuchsizlanishi, ozmi-ko'pmi izolyatsiyaga tushib qolishi (periferiyada). Funksional yukning maksimal darajada yuqori bo'lishi (markazda) - bunday

tillarni qiyoslash uchun yaratilgan, ammo u bir tilni o'rganishda ham ishlatilishi mumkin. J. Bo'ronov goho bu atama o'rnida "tipologik maydon" atamasini ham ishlatadi. “Tipologik kategoriya tipologik ma'no va tipologik formaga ega. Tipologik ma'no - bu morfologik, leksik va sintaktik birliklarning o'zaro munosabati natijasida hosil kilingan umumiy abstrakt lingvistik ma'nodir.” 13 Tipologik ma'no turli yarusli bo'lib, uni ifoda etishda tilning turli yaruslari bevosita ishtirok etadi. U ikki yoki bir necha tillar sistemasi asosida tuziladi. Tipologik ma'no grammatik va leksik ma'nolarni o'z ichiga oladi va qiyoslanayotgan tillar uchun umumiy ma'no hisoblanadi. Tipologik forma tipologik ma'noni ifodalovchi turli yarus birliklar

Grammatik-leksik maydon, funksional-semantik maydon, tipologik kategoriya nazariyalari bir-birlariga juda o'xshash bo'lgan bir-birini to'ldiruvchi nazariyalardir. Ularni bir ob'ektni har xil tomondan olingan rasmlarga o'xshatish mumkin. “Ingliz va o'zbek tillaridagi infinitiv munosabatlari sintaktik maydoning qismlarini sodda gaplar, qo'shma gaplar, va murakkab sintaktik butunliklar hosil qiladi.” 15 Infinitiv munosabatlari sintaktik maydonini yadro (markaz) va prefireyaga ega. Qolgan sintaktik vositalar preferiyani tashkil qiladi. Maydon yadrosini aniqlashda sintaktik birliklar qurilmasining quydagi belgilardan kelib chiqildi. Yadroni hosil qiluvchi sintaktik birlik infinitiv munosabatini tiniq, ya'ni boshqa sintaktik munosabatlardan xoli bo'lgan xolda

It was difficult to know what to do (Stevenson). It's not very hard to get now, put in Hanson, «If you look right? (Dreiser). 2) Infinitiv qo’shma ot kesimning ot kesmi vazifasida: All they would do was to give me a loaded pistol lest we were attacked (Stevenson). The first duty of a good leader is to carry out orders. (B. Malamud). 3) Infinitiv qo’shma modal fe'l kesimning qismi vazifasida: I think I can find something for you to do (Th. Dreiser). I am told I am not to prosecute you (Stevenson). 4) Infinitiv to’ldiruvchi vazifasida: ...And Grey took his pipe out of his mouth and fairly forgot to put it back again. I hate to be late (B. Malamud). Don't forget to post the letter. 5) Infinitiv qo’shma to’ldiruvchining qismi vazifasida: I saw him come. «Not at all» said Hurst wood

His head was close to his mother's bosom, and while he blew she raised her hand, moved it as though to lay it on his head then pulled it away again (P.Abrahams). . ..And the doctor as if to hear the better had taken off his powdered wig and sat there (Steven son). The remaining individual took up a paper as if to read (Th. Dreiser). v) Infinitiv ketma-ket kelayotgan ish-harakatni ifodalovchi hol vazifasida: Hunter lay beside his loophole stunned: Joyce by his shot though his head never move again (Stevenson). He went never to return. 8) Infinitiv kirish so’zi vazifasida: Well, to make a long story short, we got a few hand on board made a gold cruise home ... (Stevenson). In fact sir I believe 1 ha ve the thing in my breast and, to tell you the truth. I should like to get it put in sefe

7. Infinitive oldiga not yuklamasini qo’yish bilan infinitivning bo’lishsiz shakli yasaladi: not to ask, not to be asked. Mustaqil infinitivli birikma “Ingliz tilida bosh kelishikdagi ot va infinitivdan iborat birikma uchraydi. Bunday birikmalar mustaqil infinitivli birikma deyiladi.” 16 Bu birikmadagi ot infinitiv ifodalagan ish harakatning bajaruvchisi yoki shu ish harakat ta’siridagi shaxs yoki buyumdir. Bunday birikmalar odatda, gapning oxirida keladi va vergul bilan ajratiladi. Mustaqil infinitivli birikmalar yuridik matnlarda va tijorat hujjatlarida uchraydi: The sellers offered the buyers 5000 tons of gas oil, delivery to be made in October. The buyers requested the sellers to keep them informed of the position of the vessel, the communications to be addressed to their agents. Sotuv

Aytishlaricha ular xitoy tilini juda yaxshi biladilar. Aytishlaricha ular xitoy tilini juda yaxshi biladilar. Infinitivli nominativlarda infinitivning har xil turlari ishlatilishi mumkin. 1. Gapning kesimdagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda sodir bo’ladigan ish- harakatni ifodalash uchun simple infinitive ishlatiladi: He is said to live in London. (Aytishlaricha u Londonda yashaydi) He was said to know several oriental languages. (Aytishlaricha u bir nechta sharq tillarini bilgan) 2. Gapning kesimdagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda uzoq davom etadigan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun continuous infinitive ishlatiladi: He is said to be writing a new play . (Aytishlaricha u yangi pyesa yozayotgan ekan) The water seems to be boiling. (Suv qaynayotganga o’xshaydi) 3. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan

1. Gapning kesimi to say gapirmoq, to state aytib o’tmoq, to report xabar bermoq, announce e’lon qilmoq, to believe hisoblamoq, to expect umid qilmoq, to know ma’lum qilmoq, bilmoq, to understand bilmoq ma’nosida, to concider hisoblamoq, to see ko’rmoq, to hear eshitmoq va boshqa fe’llarning majhul nisbatdagi shakli bilan ifodalanganda infinitivli nominativ ishlatiladi: - He is said to live in Boston. (= It is said that he lives in Boston.) - Aytishlaricha u Bostonda yashaydi. - This plant is known to produce tractors.(= It is known that they are on their way to Samarkand) - Ularni Samarqandga ketayaptilar deb hisoblaydilar. 2. Gapning kesimi to seem, to appear o’xshamoq,ko’rinmoq, to prove ma’lum bo’lmoq, to happen, to chance voqe’ (sodir) bo’lmoq fe’llarining oddiy nisbatdagi shakli bila

My eyes tuned in stinctively in that directions and I saw a figure leap with great ra - pidity, behind the trunk of a pine. (Stevenson) «I notice the papers praise it», said Ames. (Ibid) Florence felt the satire to be both un generous and unfair. (Voynich) At the same time, observing Gray to be unarmed, 1 handed him my cutlass (Stevenson). 2) to want, to like, to wish, to desire, to intend, to choose, to prefer, to mean kabi istak-xoxish ma'nosini ifodalovchi fe'llar dan keyin: Carrie wants us to go to the theatre, she said, looking upon her husband (Th. Dreiser). You wish us to keep this matter dark (Ste venson). Would you like us to drink through the carnpas?» (B. Malamud). 3) to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to imagine, to find, to trust kabi aqliy faoliyatni bildiruv

What made you go there (Th. Dreiser) ... but sometimes he would call for glasses round, and force all the trembling company to listen to his stories or bear a chorus to his singing (R. L. Ste venson). «The man has come home-where would you have him go?» (I. Turgenev). Infinitivli subjanktiv konstruktsiya (The Subjective with the Infinitive Construction). Infinitivli subyektiv konstruktsiyaning birinchi elementi nominativ kelishikdagi kishilik olmoshi yoki umumiy kelishikdagi ot bilan, ikkinchi elementi esa infinitiv bilan ifodalanadi. Gapning kesimi infinitivli subyektiv konstruktsiyaning elementlarini bir- biridan ajratib turadi va bu elementlar turli funksiyani bajarib keladilar. Konstruktsiyaning birinchi ele menti gapda ega funksiyasini, ikkinchi elementi esa qo’shma fe'l bo’lgan k

An order was also issued not to receive former guests. (I. Turgenev). 4) to seem, to appear, to happen, to prove, to turn out kabi aniq nisbatdagi fe'llardan keyin: « I seem to be getting very bad » (Th. Dreiser). The ship proved to be a good ship (Stevenson). «What I want to know», she said, is why have you come so far? Was it some special reason, or just the job happened to be here?» (B.Malamud). 5) to be likely, to be sure, to be certain kabi so’z birikmalaridan keyin: ... before the week was out he was sure to think better of it (R. L. Stevenson). If we keep near to the bridge we shall be sure to see him well (Voynich). «Oh, I'm not likly to get killed (Vo ynich). 6) to say, to report fe'llaridan keyin: Tile clergy man explained that, as for as he was aware, it had quite d

For you to go there just now would be to walk into a trap with your eyes open. (E. L. Voynich). It would be impossible for her to live with him (Th. Dreiser). 2) Qo’shma ot kesimning ot qismi vazifasida: « I is for you to speak», says Mr. Trelawney grandly. (R. b. Stevenson). It was for him to brush the doubt away and clear the path if he could. (Th. Dreiser). 3) Qo’shma to’ldiruvchi vazifasida: He pictured both of them in the hall waiting for his class to let out before the bell rang. (B. Malamud). But lie waited (or her to come to grips with him. (B. Malamud). I could see it was in vain for me to contend in speed with such an adversary. (R. b. Ste venson). 4) Qo’shma aniqlovchi vazifasida: There was no time left for him to answer in. (Stevenson) I think 1 can find something for you to do

Infinitivning to yuklamasisiz qo’llanishi. Ingliz tilida to yuklamasi infinitivning belgisi hisoblanadi, biroq u ko’pincha to yuklamasisiz ham qo’llanilishi mumkin. Masalan: 1) ought fe'lidan boshqa modal fe'llardan keyin: «Speak up: we can't hear!» (Voynich). ...but he must have been watching me closely. (Stevenson). 2) yordamchi fe'llardan keyin: «Do you know how to stick cups?» he returned . (Th. Dreiser). «I am glad of that. Will it do us any good, mother? » (T. Hardy). What time do you get up to get breakfast?» asked Carrie. (Dreiser). 3) to see, to hear, to feel, to notice, to watch kabi sezish va his etishni ifodalovchi fe'llardan keyin: 4) to make, to have kauzativ fe'llardan keyin: And they made me sit down at table beside them, poured me out a glass of win

Fikrning voqelikka munosabatini aniq tasdiq va taxmin yo’li bilan bildirib, kirish so’z vazifasida keluvchi so’zlar modal so’z lar deyiladi. a) kirish so’z: Probably «The young man exclimed, laughing. (H. James). b) bir so’zdan tashkil topgan gap: ... Well, then, what's he doing with an echo to him, I should like to know? That ain't in nature, surely? (R. L. Stevenson). Modal so’zlarning semantik klassifikatsiya. Modal so’zlar anglatadigan ma'nolariga kura bir-biridan ma'lum ottenkalari bilan farq qiladi. Shu sababli ularni quyidagi uchta semantik gruppaga bo’linadi: 1) fikr ning realligini tasdiqlovchi modal so’zlar; 2) taxmin, gumon, shubhalanishni bildiruvchi modal so’zlar. -infinitiv munosabatini ifodalovchi vositalar infinitiv maydonini hosil qilishini asoslab berish;

Attempt – urinmoq fail – muvaffaqiyatsizlika uchramoq Beg – yalinmoq forget – unutmoq Care – qiziqmoq hesitate – ikkilanmoq Claim – da’vo qilmoq hope – umid qilmoq Consent – rozi bo’lmoq intend – niyat qilmoq Learn – o’rganmoq threaten – qo’rqitmoq Seem – bo’lib ko’rinmoq try – urinmoq Strive – harakat qilmoq volunteer – yordamini taklif qilmoq Struggle – kurashmoq wait – kutmoq Swear – ont ichmoq want – istamoq Tend – intilmoq wish – istamoq, xohlamoq 3. Quyidagi orqasidan ot yok olmosh kelgan fe’llardan keyin har doim infinitiv to yuklamasi bilan keladi: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, dare, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn. She allowed me to use her car. – U menga

We are ready to leave now . - Biz hozir jo’nashga tayyormiz. It is difficult to pass this test . - Bu testdan o’tish qiyin. 5. To stop, to remember, to forget, to try fe’llaridan keyin infinitive ham, gerundiy ham ishlatilishi mumkin, faqat ma’no ozroq o’zgaradi: John stopped studying. - Jon o’qishni to’xtadi. John stopped to study. - Jon o’qish uchun to’xtadi. I remembered to lock the door before I left but I forgot to shut the windows. – Men uydan chiqayotganimda eshikni qulflash esimga keldi, lekin derazani yopishni unutibman. I clearly remember locking the door before I left. – Uydan chiqqanimda eshikni qulflaganim aniq esimda. 6. begin, continue, hate, like, love, start, can’t stand fe’llardan keyin infinitiv ham, gerundiy ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin ma’noda o’zgarish bo’lmaydi: I

The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction ning ingliz badiiy asarlarida qo’llanilishiga doir misollar ushbu ilmiy izlanishning mazmunini yana chuqurroq anglashga yordam beradi. Uilyam Tekkereyning “Behudalik dunyosi” (Vanity Fair) asaridan olingan parchada The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction qo’llanilishini ko’rishimiz mumkin. “He (little Rawdon, Rebecca’s son) was a fine open – faced boy, with blue eyes and waving flaxen hair, sturdy in limb, but generous and soft in heart : fondly attaching himself to all who were good to him – to the pony – to Lord Southdown, who gave him the horse (he used to blush and glow all over when he saw that kind young nobleman) – to the groom who had charge of the pony – to Molly, the cook, who crammed him with ghost stories at night, and with

and who could have no inducement to flatter, that I am quite remarkable in that way. Yes, -yes; they always speak of it with rapture». «I can easily imagine it. But about this interview. You know it is the custom, now, to interview any man who has become notorious». «Indeed! I had not heard of it before. It must be very interesting. He must have been dead ....>> Since being a non-in_ectional language, English resorts to other linguistic solutions in order to convey the subjunctive character of the information. It is encoded in periphrastic forms, mainly in modal verbs. May + infnitive This construction resembles optative subjunctive and expresses a wish encoded in present time : may angels protect you; may he say the truth. Purpose, possibility or concession are also expressed with may + i

Infinitivning passiv shakli qo’llanilgan va unda muallif o’zining fikrini shu konstruksiya orqali qo’llagan. “ I pivoted again and scored from a distance of twenty feet. 'See, Jenny, you can dish it out, but you can't take it!'I would like to have seen the expression on her face, but strategy forbade my looking back’’. “Men yana qaytdim va oramizdagi yigirma metrlar masofani bosib o’tdim. -Qara Jenni sen ularni tarqatishing mumkin, lekin uni ololmaysan! Men uning yuzida ifodani korishni xohlagandim, lekin strategiya orqaga qaytishimni ta’qiqlar edi” 20 Ushbu o’rinda infinitivdagi perfekt ka tegoriyasi perfekt bo’lmagan formalar bilan perfekt formalarni qarama - qarshi qo’yishga asoslangan. “A fellow asked him to give it one last: but he walked on without even answering the fell

Ko’p jihatdan olib qaralganda, infinitiv va gerundiy bir qator o’xshashliklarga ega bo’lib, ma’lum bir so’zlar doirasi bilan birikib keladi. Infinitiv konstrukturalarini tahlil etish orqali quyidagilar aniqlandi: For predlogli infini tiv konstruktsiya infinitivli obyektiv va subyektiv konstruktsiyalar kabi ikki elementdan iborat bo’lib, birinchi element for predlogini olgan umumiy kelishikdagi ot yoki obyektiv kelishikdagi olmosh bilan, ikkinchi element infinitiv bilan ifodalanadi. Ingliz tilida bosh kelishikdagi ot va infinitivdan iborat birikma uchraydi. Bunday birikmalar mustaqil infinitivli birikma deyiladi. Bu birikmadagi ot infinitiv ifodalagan ish harakatning bajaruvchisi yoki shu ish harakat ta’siridagi shaxs yoki buyumdir. Bunday birikmalar odatda, gapning oxirida keladi va vergul

infinitive konstruksiyalari uchun ko’makchisi, tushum kelishigida, jo’nalish kelishigida va boshqa barcha kelishiklarda turlanib keladi. “The Woman in White” asaridagi infinitive konstruktuksiyalarini tahlil qilganimizda, obyektiv infinitive konstruksiyaning ingliz tilida ko’p uchrashini kuzatdik va bu ko’pincha to yuklamasi bilan qo’llanilgan. Kommunikativ birliklar hisoblanadigan gaplar va matnlar til birliklarining birikishi yordamida hosil bo'ladi. Bu birliklar bir-birlari bilan birikkanda, ikki xil munosabat hosil bo'ladi: sintaktik aloqa va sintaktik munosabat. Sintaktik munosabat bog'lanayotgan til birliklari o'rtasida hosil bo'luvchi mavhum sintaktik ma'nodir. Ingliz tilida qirqqa yaqin sintaktik munosabatlar borligi aniqlangan. Tilda bir sintaktik qurilmada

SUMMARY In conclusion it should be noted that the Predicative Constructions are the constructions consisting of two elements: a nominal (noun or pronoun) and verbal (Participle, Gerund or Infinitive). The verbal element stands in predicate relation to the nominate element, that is to say in a relation similar to that between the subject and the predicate of the sentence. In most cases predicative constructions form syntactic units, serving as one part of the sentence.

In English there are three groups of predicative constructions. These are the constructions with Participle, Gerund, and Infinitive. Participial, Gerundial and Infinitive constructions are highly varied. The structure of some of them is foreign to the Uzbek language, although their meaning can be fully conveyed in Uzbek with the help of forms, characteristic of Uzbek. The constructions are translated into Uzbek by objective, attributive, adverbial or other subordinate clauses. The Predicative Constructions with the Infinitive are divided into four types: 1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction; 2. The Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction; 3. The For-to-Infinitive Construction; 4. The Absolute Infinitive. 1. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction is a constr

subject, predicative, attribute, complex, object, adverbial modifier (of result, purpose). 4. The Absolute Construction with the Infinitive is formed by the subject of the Infinitive which in all adverbial functions is the same person or thing as denoted by the subject of the sentence. The Absolute Construction with the Infinitive is introduced by the preposition “with”. The Infinitive is used with the particle “to”. The Absolute Construction with the Infinitive has the function of adverbial modifier of attending circumstances in the sentence. The Infinitive Absolute Construction is infrequent and found only in literary style. That’s why it is considered that in Modern English there are only three Predicative Constructions. It should be noted that the Predicative Constructions with the Inf

5. Ғ уломов А., Ас қ арова М. Ҳ озирги ў збек адабий тили. Синтаксис. Т., 1961. 6. Ғаппоров М., Қосимова Р. Инглиз тили грамматикаси.Т.:2008. 7. Хошимов У.Б ў ронов Ж. Инглиз тили грамматикасиниг норматив курси. Т.: Ўқ итувчи, 1995 8. Ахмонова О.С. Словарь л ингвистических терминов. М ., 2000 9. Бархударов Л.С. Структура простого предложения в совремённом английском языке. М., 1966 10. Бархударов Л.С., Штелинг Д.А. Грамматика английского языка. М.: Высшая школа, 1965. 11. Беловопьская Л.А. Синтаксис словосочетания и простого предложения. Тогангрог, 2001. 12. Бондарко. А.В. Структура простого предложения в совремённом английском языке. М., 1966 13. Б ў ранов Дж. . Сравнительная типология английского и тюрских языков. М.: Высшая школа, 1983. 14. Бурлакова В.В. Синтаксические структуры соврем

23. Radford A.Syntax. A Minimalist Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 24. Robert B. English Morphology. Cambridge University Press, 2002. 25. William Makepeace Thackeray .Vanity Fair.London Press, 2003. FOYDALANILGAN LUG’ATLAR RO’YXATI 1. Hornby The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Lnd.1999. 2. Hornby, Albert, Sydney. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. New York: Cambridge University Press.2005. 3. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow: Pearson/Longman. 2009. 4. Proctor, Paul (Ed) 1995. Cambridge International Dictionary of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. FOYDALANILGAN WEB-SAYTLAR 1. http://www.wikipedia.com/English/infinitive and functions.htm. 2. http://english language.com 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

Купить