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Naughty children in Gafur Gulam’s and Mark Twain’s works

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Naughty children in Gafur Gulam’s and Mark Twain’s works 1

Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………3 Chapter I. Uzbek and American literature and their impact to the world Literature. 1.1. Uzbek literature and its periods………………………………………..8 1.2. American literature and its periods…………………………………..19 Chapter II. The creation of Mark Twain and Gafur Gulam 2 .1 The role of Gafur Gulam in Uzbek literature ………………..29 2.2. Mark Twain is a true father of American literature…………………..35 Chapter III. Mark Twain’s and Gafur Gulam’s contribution in the World Literature 3.1. “Mischievous person” – really immortal novel of Gafur Gulam…..48 3.2. The problem of children in the book of Gafur Gulam “Mischievous person” and “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” of Mark Twain……………………………………………………..54 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..61 Bibliography…………………………………………………

Introduction The actuality of this research is that nowadays the government pays great attention to providing growing generation with opportunities to learn foreign literature. Learning and reading literature helps young people to enlarge world, outlook, improve, critical thinking and deepen their knowledge. Masterpiece of writers and novelists contain a lot of information about historical event, people’s life of the past, their problems and hardships. By reading world literature a person gains experience and insight into people’s behavior and understanding, awareness of existing reality. It happens because authors use and depict scenes from real life, applying philosophical, educative approach to analyzing the problems, revealed in their works. That is why it is very important to study wo

task of education, the task of rising up a new generation who is capable of national renaissance will remain the prerogative of the state and constitute a priority. At present great importance is attached to the study and teaching of foreign languages. The resolution of the President of Uzbekistan “On measures to further improve system of foreign languages teaching” dated from 10 December 2012; the resolution of the Ministers’ Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan “About the Affirmation of the Education Standards on Foreign Languages in Education System” dated from 8 May 2013; The resolution No 4947 of the President of Uzbekistan “Strategies of Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Five Priority Directions for 2017 - 2021 years ” dated from 7 February 2017 are being implemented as

which will be comprehensive for all tearns, especially students, who are interested in Uzbek and American literature. The hypothesis of the work is that this qualification paper provides the readers development of their skills for penetrating into the deep essence of a literature work, for finding objective reasons in the text of its ideal logical, asthetic, educational and emotional impact on and for extracting entire information that deposited in it. The aim of this qualification paper is to analyze American and Uzbek literature and the great Uzbek writer Gafur Gulam’s and American writer Mark Twain’s works. “Mischievous person” and “Tom Sawyer” are unforgettable, interesting works. They are worth of reading. The aim of the work directs us to carry out the following tasks in the paper. -

In this work there were used the following methods of linguistic analysis : word’s definitions analysis, contextual-situation and text analysis for revealing its significant place in the works of Gafur Gulam and Mark Twain. The structure of the work is as following: Introduction, main part with includes three chapters, conclusion and Bibliography. Introduction states the actuality, subject, object, novelty, working hypothesis, methods, theoretical and practical importance of the work. Moreover this part tells us brief test of the content of the work. Main part includes three chapters in itself. Chapter I entitled American and Uzbek literature and their impact to the world literature In the first paragraph we analyzed the Uzbek literature and its periods from the ancient period to modern o

Chapter III entitled Mark Twain and Gafur Gulam’s contribution in the world literature The first paragraph is about the famous work of Gafur Gulam “Mischievous person” where we gave the plot of the novel. The problem of war is given in this book of Gafur Gulam. The life of poor families after the 2 nd War. In the second paragraph we analyzed the masterpiece of Mark Twain “Tom Sawyer”. Being very naughty the main character of the book spent difficult childhood.The author described the life of America after the 2 nd world war. Conclusion is about the result of the work. In Bibliography you can see the list of literatures used to carry out the qualification paper. 7

CHAPTER I UZBEK AND AMERICAN LITERATURE AND THEIR IMPACT TO THE WORLD LITERATURE 1. 1. Uzbek literature and its periods Uzbek literature , the body of written works produced by the Uzbek people of Central Asia , most of whom live in Uzbekistan, with smaller populations in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Although its roots stretch as far back as the 9th century, modern Uzbek literature traces its origins in large part to Chagatai literature , a body of works written in the Turkic literary language of Chagatai. The earliest works of Chagatai literature date from the 14th century but remain easily accessible to readers of the modern Uzbek language . Modern Uzbek has today assumed the role once held by Chagatai, which all but vanished by the early 20th century, of being the referenc

Kutudgu bilig (“Knowledge Which Leads to Happiness”; Eng. trans. The Wisdom of Royal Glory ), written in 1069–70; Mahmud Kashgari’s Diwan lughat al-Turk ( Compendium of the Turkic Dialects ), compiled in 1072–74; and Ahmad Yugnaki’s 12th-century Hibat al-haqaʾiq (“Gift to Truths”), a didactic poem. Among the other Central Asian poets who had a lasting influence on Uzbek literature is Ahmed Yesevi , a 12th-century religious poet who was a follower of the great Sufi leader Yūsuf Hamadhānī. Ahmed Yesevi’s poems—collected as Divan-i hikmet (“Book of Wisdom”)—constituted a new genre of Central Asian Turkic literature: a religious folk poetry. He used a popular vernacular that borrowed little Arabic and Persian and that featured a Turkic syllabic metre . The 13th and 14th centuries saw the emerg

15th centuries. Although his divan has been preserved, very little of his life is known. Even the poet’s original name is unknown; Gadāī is derived from his use of Gadā (“Beggar”) as a tahallus (pen name) in his ghazal s. His divan consists of 229 ghazal s, 5 tuyugh s, 2 qasida s, and 1 mustazād (a poem in which every second hemistich, or half-line, is followed by a short metrical line that has some bearing on the sense of the first hemistich without altering its meaning). The most ancient samples of the Uzbek literature concern to poetic creativity, integral part of culture of the Uzbek people. The large place belongs to fairy tails such as about the animals, magical- fantastic themes and household stories. Among the latter latifa (jokes) genre is developed. The national imagination creat

theme ( a love epic with Biblical-Quranic topic, “Yusuf and Zulaykho” by Durbek in 14-15- centuries). 3 Also the most blooming period of Uzbek literature came on the scene during the period of Amir Temur. Diverse forms of brilliant poetic works achieved the special popularity. Compositions by Fhorasmy were widely popular among the public. Amir Temur himself highly respected Yassavy for his geniality, and built a majestic monument on his grave. Special attention on the part of Amir Temur towards Literature and arts has become a fair tradition to the entire Temur dynasty. Uzbek literature of that period served a significant stage in its historical development. Humanitarian values and great ideas are still urgent in it and still preserved their value. One of the bright lyric poets of the 15 t

autobiographical work, entitled “Boburnoma” a remarkable literary and historical essay. Later on, works by Turdi (Faroghy), Mashrab and other poets saw large popularity. The influence of folklore upon the written literature was legends served as basis for creation of large literary works. (poems Yusuf and Zulaykho by Nozim Khisrov , “Tokhir and Zukhra “ by Sayyodi, “Bakhrom and Gulandon” by Saykali and others) In the 18-19 centuries the Ferghana Vally, Khoresm and Bukhara became the laergest literary centers of the region. Poems by Nishaty Khorasmy came on the scene, influenced enormously by works of Navoi and Fuzuly. Nodira and Uvaysy wrote about traditional theme of love. In early 19 th century satirical pamphlets by Gulkhany, Makhmur and Agakhy were popular. Works by Munis, his historic

remained as the main topic in literature. Among such works there are novels by P. Kodirov, A. Yokubov and Mirmukhsin. In early 60s, stories and memories were further developed. One could observe a delicate mastery in the diversity of genres in the poetry by Shukrullo, E. Vokhidov, T. Tula, A. Oripov , Zulfiya and others. Historic and biographic themes in the works by Uighun, Izzat Sulton and others occupy a significant place an the playwriting, as well. The Uzbek literature during the period of independence is not just another historical stage in the development of the national literature, but it is a display of the new art-aesthetic phenomenon , with its new creative features. It became independent of ruling communist regime and ceased to be a state literature. Respectively, the state sto

others. Contemporary poetry pays a great deal of attention towards not only circumstances and enthusiasm, but also reflection of comlex spiritual state and stritive for realization of the sacred feelings of an individual, study of his rich and diverse soul. “Ancestors” (“Turkiylar”), “Acknowledgement” (“Iqror”) by Sh. Rahmon, “Confession” (“Istighfor”), “The white and black”, by Azim Suyun. “Non-explanatory dictionary” (Izohsiz lug’at) by Abduvali Kutbiddin, “Dream” (“Tush”), “Way” by A. Said are typical examples of the modern poetry. For this period variety of the forms and styles and wish to combine leading traditions of poetry of the East and West are common. One of the main features is a return of poetry to its initial roots, communicating sincere feelings and modern secrets of soul. I

others are new aesthetic phenomenon in the national literature. The prose writer Sh. Kholmirzayev skillfully employed a traditional style of the story-telling by creating a live image of the contemporary person in his novels, such as “Scarecrow” (“Olabuji”) , “Dinosaur” “Moon under a could”, “Freedom” and “Navruz”, N. Norkobilov followed the same route in his works: “White collar”, “Rocks cry too”, “A highlander”, “Honor”, “A joyful day”. The traditional style and innovation of the world literature is successfully combined in stories: “Old Soviet people”, “A plan tree” by Sh. Bugayev, “Armchair”, Ibn Mughannu” by Kh. Dustmuhammad and the novel , “Fields of y father” by Togay Murod. The modern prose pays special attention to the spiritual world of the person and reflection of individual qua

writers led the way in Establishing the Birlik movement, which countered some of the Soviet government in Uzbekistan. Beginning in the 1980s, the works of these writers criticized the central government and other establishment groups for the ills of society. A critical issue for these writers was the preservation and purification of the Uzbek language. To teach that goal, they minimized the use of Russian lexicon in their works, and they advocated the declaration of Uzbek as the state language of Uzbekistan. These efforts were rewarded in 1992, when the new national constitution declared the Uzbek language to be the state language of the newly independent state. At the same time, however, some of these writers found themselves at odds with the regime, because of their open criticism of pos

Homdamir an old poet Lutfi met with Alisher Navoi when he was a child and Lutfi appreciated his talent. Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur was born in 1483, February 14, in Andijan. He was the fifth generation of Amir Temur. In 1494 when Bobur was only 12 years old, he became a ruler. In 1503-1504 he conquered Afghanistan. During 1519-1525 he tried to conquer India five times. He became the founder of Bobur’s Empire. Which lasted more than there centuries (1526-1858). He died in 1530, December 26, in Agra. His grave was in Agra but then it was brought to Kabul. Literature of Jadid’s period Mahmudho’ja Behbudiy is one of the leaders of Jadidism action in Turkistan. Subsequently, his post was changed from “clerk” (mirza) to myfti. He was born in 1875 in Samarkand. Abdulla Avloni was born on July 12 t

Uzbek, “Nazmus silsila” in Farsi, poems “Arab ud din” in Uzbek. In linguistics he wrote a book “Mukaddimai sarfi navhu Arabi ham namunai sarfu navhu Farsi”. Abdulhamid Cho’lpon is one of the founders of a new Uzbek poetry, translator, editor, play writer Cho’lpon was born in 1897 in Andijan. He took his first education in old school. Then he studied in Russian-tuzem school. In 1914 he came to Tashkent and began his activity in the newspaper “Sadoi Turkistan”. His compositions were edited also in newspapers and journals in Ufa, Kazan, Bogchasaroy. From 1916 he lived in Orenburg and worked as a secretary in one of the administrations of government. Then he returned Tashkent. Till 1920 he served in TrkRosTA. In 1920 he served in took part in meeting of Eastern people in Baku. Gafur Gulom was

1.2. American literature and its periods American Literature begins with the orally transmitted myths, legends, tales, and lyrics ( always songs) of Indian cultures there was no written literature among more than 500 written Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America the first European arrived. As a result, native American oral literature is quite diverse. Narra lives from quasi-nomadic hunting cultures like the Navajo are different from stories of settled agricultural tribes such as the pueblo-divelling Acoma; the stories of Northern lakeside duelers such as the Ojibwa often differ radically from stories of desert tribes like the Hopi. 6 Tribes mountained their own religions workshipping gods, animals, plants, or sacred persons. System of governments ranged from de

stories culture heroes such as the Ojibwa tribe’s Manabazho or the Navajo tribe’s loyalty. These tricksters are treated with varying degrees of respect. In one tale they may seem selfish or foolish. Also past authorities, such as the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung , have deprecated trickster tales as expressing the inferior , amoral side of the psyche, contemporary scholars some of them Native Americans point out that Odysseus and Prometheus, the revered Greek heroes are essentially tricksters as well. Examples of almost every oral genre can be found in American Indian literature: lyrics, chants, myths, fairy tales, humorous anecdotes, incantations, Riddles, proverbs epics and legendary histories. Accounts of migrations and ancestors abound, as do vision or healing songs and tricksters tales

The first known and sustained contact between the Americas and the rest of the world, however, began with the famous voyages of an Italian explorer, Christopher Columbus , funded by the Spanish rulers Fedinand and Isabella, Columbus journal in his “Epistola”, printed in 1493 recounts the trips drama-the terror of the men, who feared monsters and thoughts they might fall off the edge of the world the near mutiny; how Columbus faced the ships logs so the men world not known how much farther they had travelled than anyone had gone before and the first sighting of land and they neared America. 7 The hard-fought American revolution against Britain (1775-1783) was the first modern war of liberation against a colonial power. The triumph of American Independence seemed to many at the time a divin

Irving, James Fenemore Cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Jhoreau, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hauthrone, Edgar Allen Po, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickenson. America’s literary independence was slowed by a lingering identification with England or classic literary models and difficult economic and political conditions that hampered publishing. Revolutionary writers, despite their genuine patriotism, were of necessity self-consious and they revolutionary generation could never find a roots in their American sensibilitres. Colonial writers of the revolutionary generation had been born English, had grown to maturity as English citizens and had cultivated English citizens, and had models of thought and English fashions in dress and behavior. Their parents and grandparents were English as wer

writing. The exception, Benjamin Franklin though from a poor family was a printer by trade and could publish his own work. The lack of an audience was another problem. The small cultivated audience in America wanted well know. European authors, partly out of the exaggerated respect with which former colonies regarded their previous. If we go to the past history of America in the second half of the nineteenth century , the fertile, mineral-rich American continent West of the Appachians and Alleghenies was peopled and exploited. Between, the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the first world war, the country was wholly transformed, Before the Civil war America had been essentially a rural agrarian, isolated republic whose idealistic, confident and self-reliant inhabitants for the most

The group of men, known variously as buccaneers, captains of industry self- made men, or robber barons included Jay Could, Jim Hill, Leland Stanford, Jim Fisk, Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller. However different in temperament and public behavior all of these men successfully squeezed out their competitors and accumulated vast wealth and power. All were good examples of what the English novelist D.H Lawrence described as the lone hand and the huge success. These were the men who served as examples of Mark Twain’s ‘Colonel Berian Sellers” a character who in turn epitomizes much of the spirit of acquisitiveness excoriated by Twain in the Gilded age, 1873 (a novel written in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner) During the half century, when the literature discussed i

Throughout history men have expressed their dissatisfaction with their present condition through the written and spoken world. The thinkers in a society writers among them, are the persons most likely to examine prevailing values and to distern flaws in the social structure before these flows have been recognized by society as a whole . This examination of values was as prevalent in the 19 th century as it is in the 20 th . Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau for example both died that making money was as important as many Americans believed. On the other hand both authors strongly affirmed the rights of the individual was thin and is now a vital part of the American creed. The American Romanticists of the mid-19th century, who termed themselves Transcendentalists and who were led

increasing growth and prosperity to America. Through art and artistic expression (through all mediums including painting, literature and music), American Realism attempted to portray the exhaustion and cultural exuberance of the figurative American landscape and the life of ordinary Americans at home. Artists used the feelings, textures and sounds of the city to influence the color, texture and look of their creative projects. Musicians noticed the quick and fast paced nature of the early 20th century and responded with a fresh and new tempo. Writers and authors told a new story about Americans; boys and girls real Americans could have grown up with. Pulling away from fantasy and focusing on the now, American Realism presented a new gateway and a breakthrough — introducing modernism, and w

population shift from country to city arrived in America more slowly, perhaps as late as the 1880s, although some scholars insist that the realist movement actually began shortly after the Civil War. Warner Berthoff (1965) has made a case for the former, claiming that “the great collective event in American letters during the 1880s and 1890s was the securing of ‘realism’ as the dominant standard of value.” Jane Benardete (1972) has chosen a slightly earlier date, claiming that realism “flourished in the last three decades of the nineteenth century,” and the majority of literary historians tend to agree with her. Closely associated with prairie realism was the local color literary movement, which emphasized specific, detailed descriptions of actual places and reproduced regional dialects in

the Old World aristocracy and therefore considered realism to be the appropriate aesthetic for the emerging institution of American literature. Further, he believed that American Realism should concentrate on common life experiences which could instruct and inform readers rather than on the gross, immoral subject matter and pessimistic tone of European Realist literature. Howells's works include A Modern Instance (1882), The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885), and A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890). James was perhaps the most technically refined novelist and short story writer of the American Realist movement. He has been admired by many scholars as a true student of the craft, creating highly sophisticated narratives and inventing psychologically complex characters. For James, an artist did not

CHAPTER II. THE CREATION OF MARK TWAIN AND GAFUR GULAM 2 .1. The role of Gafur Gulam in Uzbek literature He has glory field with his talent in the Uzbek poetry. N. Tikhonov Gafur Gulam – the famous writer of Uzbekistan, was born on May, 10, 1903 in the family of peasants in Tashkent. His father was the competent person. He read products of the Uzbek and Tajik classical literature, knew Russian, itself wrote verses. In his house there were poets Muckymiy, Furkhat, Asiri, Hisalt and others. In the autumn of 1916 Gafur was to go to school. After the death of his mother ( father has died earlier ) he has been compelled to go to work. Having tried it is a lot of trades, he at last has acted in a printing house the type-setter, and then began to study on pedagogical rates. With 1919 for 1927 he

we with you alive people”, “Alive songs”, “To you”, “Gift”, “Songs of a dawn”, “Kokhand” and others. On formation of outlook and art taste Gafur Gulam’s huge influence rendered Vladimir Moyakovskiy’s works. In one of clauses, articles Gafur Gulam wrote: “ I know and like Russian classics and has translated many their products to the native language. But most of all I would like to name myself pupil Moyokovskiy which opened for me the diversified and inexhaustible opportunities in the field of rhythmic, the dictionary, an image, a sound structure of a verse. Expect for angry, castigating irony in satires, is more tremendous huge than strong feeling in lyrics Moyakovskiy, I tired to incorporate. All courageous oratorical force of his rhythmic, intonations, boldness of metaphors, expressivene

the orphan” (1942), “Who studies, who learns” (1950), “To you-young” (1947), “Melodies of spring” (1948) . In stories “Netay” (1930), “Yodgor” (1936), “Mischievous person” (1936-1962) and stories. “Cunnings in She’riyat” (1930), “Mine son’s the pilferer” (1965) are represented truly national characters, national colour is reflected. Story “Netay”- the remarkable product full of wide social generalizations. In a basis of a plot the valid event is necessary. Last Bukhara emir on a way to Petersburg stops in Tashkent. Richman made everything that emir was pleased and cheerful. For his entertainment they result in girl Netay. With deep sympathy images of simple Russian Workers - Seeds and his wives, sheltered deserted ten year’s Netay are written out, is thin feeling, spiritually rich. In stor

Here it is not necessary to be knocked At the closed door. Passion to work. Into consciousness enters. All conceive Master. 9 Pupils of children’s home, growing, begin ready to rise on protection of independence of the Native land. In a poem with the big skill and heat meeting Yuldash with the father is represented, is deep and the shape of people, a true duty is full opened. The Theme of the defender of the country receives the further development and a during war 1941-1945. It addresses to people with an appeal to put creative activity “all patience, all talent” in construction, in nice affairs, in an victory over fascism. The poet sings of a role of the woman – Uzbek in economic development of the country during the post – war period: From morning of death nights, Sleepless, difficult,

Here historically authentic pictures of a life Uzbek peasantry are extremely truthful drawn. This theme sounds and in poem “Kokhand”. In due time it was popular in people and has played the big propaganda role in struggle for strengthening of an agriculture. Gafur Gulam is known and as the master of the short, extremely topical story where it is entered as narrative reception author’s speech and the free reference to the reader in the form of an alive friendly chat of dispute, asked for questions and answers of the writer. The majority of the prosaic products created by Gafur Gulam in 30 th years is developed to new human mutual relations. The basic problems which it puts and resolves in works is a struggle for moral and cultural development. The author creates bright positive images in th

For military years Gafur Gulam created such remarkable poems which have received wide popularity as: “You are not orphan”, “I wait for you!”, “Time”, “Prowaters”, “Woman”, “Every dog has his day”. In a poem of “Prowater” loving father with full consciousness of the patriotic debt addressing to the son with words is represented: Fly, my falcon, on fight forward! To you, eighteen it was executed years… In a poem “ I wait for you my son!” the poet sings of stability and force of fathers which the heroic work in rear approached a victory over the enemy. The love of the person to children those heavy years has got great sense. It vividly you feel, reading a remarkable poem “You are not orphan” in which the question is children who have lost parents. The poems of the poet: “Giant”, “Holiday of

same people asserting the world on the grand sound. The post – war lyrics of the poet, this is logic continuation and development of his lyrics of military years and poems “Remember, the Native land waits for you!” And “The Holiday of winners”- as though a link of these two periods of creativity of the writer. Gafur Gulam is known for the talented translation into the Uzbek language of products of Pushkin, Lermantov, Ghriboyedova, Moyakovskiy, Nazim Hikmet, Rustaveli, Bottoms, Shakespeare, Dante. 2.2. Mark Twain is a true father of American literature Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American humorist, satirist, lecture and writer. He was one of the foremost American Philosophers of his day and was the world’s most famous humorist of any day. During

years old, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. Another brother Pleasant died and the age of six month. Approximately four years after his birth, in 1839, the Clemens family moved to the small frontier town of Hannibal, Missouri. Agrowing port city that lie along the banks of the Mississippi. Missouri was a slave state in the Union. Sam’s father owned one slave and his uncle owned several. In fact, it was on his uncle’s farm that Sam spent many boyhood summers playing in the slave quarters, listening to tall tales and the slave spiritual that he would enjoy throughout his life. Later he described these themes in his writings. In Tom Sawyer we have a picture of the Hannibal of those days and the atmosphere of his boyhood there. At school to his own words, he “excelled only in sp

and Philadelphia where he worked on several different newspapers and found some success at writing articles. By 1857, he had returned home to embark on a new career as a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River. With the Outbreak of the Civil war in 1861, however , all traffic along the river came to a halt, as did Sam’s pilot career, His famous pen name Twain adopted from the call- “Mark Twain!”. It was a river term which means two fathoms or 12feet when the dept of water for a boat is being sounded. “Mark Twain means a safe depth for a riverboat.” Samuel Clemens was not the first to use the name “Mark Twain”. It originally belonged to an old, highly respected river pilot named Captain Isaiah Sellers. The old gentlemen was not of literary turn or capacity but he used to jot dawn brief par

into a good man’s heart. There was no malice in my rubbish; but it laughed at a man to whom such a thing was new and strange and dreadful. I did know then, though I do now, that there is no suffering comparable with that a private person fells when he is for the first time pilloried in print. Captain Sellers did me the honor to profoundly detest me from that day forth. When I say he did me the honor, to profoundly, I am not using empty words. It was a very real honor to be in thoughts of so great a man as captain Sellers and I had wit enough to appreciate it and be proud it. It was distinction to be loved by such a man; but it was a much better greater distinction to be hated by him because he loved scores of people but he didn’t sit up nights to hate anybody but me”.1. “I liked the name a

November in 1865. It reprinted all over the country and became the foundation stone of the celebration jumping frog Calaveras country, and other sketches (1867). This work marked the beginning of Twain’s literary career. The name of “Mark Twain” became known as the author of that sketch and the two were permanently associated from the day of its publication. 12 Such fame as it brought did not yield heavy financial return. Its author continued to win a more or less precarious livelihood doing miscellaneous work. In 1866 Sam was hired by the Sacramento union to visit and report on the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii). His writings were so popular that, upon his return, he embarked upon his first lecture tour, which established him as a successful stage performer. On his return to San Francisco

was to contribute frequent letters at twenty dollars apiece. It was a liberal offer as rates went in those days and a god send in the fullest sense of the world to Mark Twain. Hired by the Alta California to continue his travel writing from the east, Sam arrived in New York City in 1867. He quickly signed up for a steamship tour of Europe-France and Italy. He returned in August, 1868, with the manuscript of the “Innocents Abroad” and being manufactured, lectured throughout the East and Middle West, Making his headquarters in Hartford and in Elmira New York. His Experiences Twain later recorded in “The Innocents Abroad”. The work which gained min wide popularity pocked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners. It was also on this trip that Clemens met his future brother-in-l

bottom up, this was such high society that he often felt like “Little Sammy in Fairy Land”. “I first saw her in the form of any ivory miniature in her brother’s stateroom on the steamer Quaker City on the Bay of Smyrna in summer of 1867, when she was in her twenty-second year. I saw her in the flesh for the first time in New York in the following December. She was slender and beautiful and girlish and she was both girl and woman. She remained both girl and woman to the last day of her life. Under a grave and gentle exterior burned inextinguishable fires of sympathy, energy, devotion, enthusiasm and absolutely limitless affection. She was always frail, whose hopefulness and courage were indestructible.”.1. But winning Lively meant for more than a status change for Clemens. She would be part

baby, Suzy to England the following spring. They returned to America in November and Clemens hurried back to London alone to deliver a notable series of lectures under the management of George Dolby formerly managing agent for Charles Dickens. For two month Mark Twain lectured steadily to London audiences, the big Hanover square rooms always filled. He returned to his family in January 1874. In 1873, Sam’s focus turned toward social criticism. He and Hartford Courant publisher Charles Dudley Warner co-wrote “The Gilded Age” a novel that attacked political corruption big business and the American obsession with getting rich that seemed to dominate the era. Meantime, a home was being built for them in Hartford a year after publication of “The Gilded Age”. The Clemens’s elaborate $40.000. The

notes”. Kipling declared he had come all the way from India to see Mark Twain. “ I am an American. I was born and reared in Hartford, in the state of Connecticut anyway, just over the river, on the country. So I am a Yankee of the Yankees and particular; yes and nearly barren of sentiment, I suppose-or poetry, in other words”.1. Twain continued to lecture in the United States and England. Between 1876 and 1884. He published several masterpieces. “Tom Sawyer”, “The prince and the pauper”, “Life on the Mississippi”, “Huckleberry Finn” and “ A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court” were among the volumes that had entertained the world and inspired it with admiration and love for their author. Tom Sawyer was originally intended for adults. Twain had abandoned the work in 1874, but returned

residence in Berlin. The typesetting machine and the unfortunate publishing venture were drawing heavily on the family Finances at this period and the cost of the Hartford establishment was too great to be maintained. During the next three years he was distracted by the financial struggle which ended in April, 1894 with the failure of Charles L. Webster and Co. Mark Twain now found himself bankrupt and nearly one hundred thousand dollars in dept. It had been a losing fight with this bitter ending always in view; yet during this period of hard, hopeless effort he had written a large portion of the book which of all his works will perhaps survive the longest his tender and beautiful story of “Joan of Arc”. All his life Joan had been his favorite character in the world’s history and during th

and Jean Clemens remaining at Elmira with their aunt. Looking out of the car windows, the travelers saw Suzy waving them an adieu. It was a picture they would long remember. The reading tour was one of triumph. High prices and crowded houses prevailed everywhere. The author – reader visited Australia, New Zealand, India, Ceylon, South Africa arriving in England, at last with the money and material which would pay off the heavy burden of debt and make him once more free before the world. And in That hour of triumph came the heavy blow. Suzy Clemens never very strong, had been struck down. The first cable announced her illness. The mother and Clara sailed at once. Before they were half way across the ocean a second cable announced that Suzy was died. The father had to meet and endine the hea

lived there, until 1908, when he moved into his last house, which he built in Redding and called it “Storm field”. His work did not cease when the pressing need of money came to an end. He was full of ideas and likely to begin a new article or story at any time. He wrote and published a number of notable sketches, articles, stories even books, during these later years, among them that marvelous short story “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg”. In that story , as in most of his later work, he proved to the world that he was much more than a humorist that he was, in fact a great teacher, moralist, philosopher, the greatest, perhaps, of his age. In 1909, his middle daughter Clara was married. In the same year Jean, the youngest daughter died from an epileptic seizure. It was on the day before

Twain , robust , big-hearted, gifted with the divine power of use words, makes us all laugh together, builds true romances with prolirve fire and Western clay and shows us that we are at one on all the main points, we fell that he has been appointed by Providence to see it that the precious ordinary self of the Republic shall suffer no harm.”.1. His childhood home is open to the public as a museum in Hannibal and Calaveras Country in California holds the Calaveras Country Fair and Jumping Frog Jubilee every third weekend in May. Walking tours are given in New York City of places Twain visited near his birthday every year. CHAPTER III. MARK TWAIN’S AND GAFUR GULAM’S CONTRIBUTION IN THE WORLD LITERATURE 3.1. “Mischievous person” – really immortal novel of Gafur Gulam Every country has its hi

This poetical touching story about n a life of people in the beginning of XX century, difficulties of that time, the alive, precisely written out images of main heroes and especially the boy whom for cheerful nature and irrepressible energy have nicknamed simply and clearly “Shum bola” can leave nobody indifferent. Till now this book many times was republished not only in Uzbekistan, but also in many other countries. The initiator of the new edition in Russian known for a lot the most interesting projects, among which art – gallery “Caravan”, the same restaurant and a beside of others. The high estimation to the book was given by participants of press conference in “Caravan” on which there came also many members of family Gafur Gulam. And then two evenings here there passed presentation o

federation of Uzbek people those who is not familiar with Gafur Gulam’s creativity could read this product. Images of this book always with us, they are really immortal. We have carried out this interesting project together with Youth theatre. Under our invitation the art director of Youth theatre of Uzbekistan, remarkable actor Abduraim Abduvoxobov . The touch of fine themes seems to us, that, minutes which are given with this book, remarkable performance, beautifully put film on this product, all speaks about greatness of Gafur Gulam, probably, therefore there is a desire to touch more and more time to this talented product. With our purpose was to involve young generation that all today who is such Gafur Gulam. Because basically now the senior generation knows this book, but in fact it

Therefore I shall tell: read this writer, reflect on that time, in fact when you ready you feel yourself in that time. Give the God that and now there were such writers the actor reads and he would like to play and still to play!”. 14 “The adventures of Tom Sawyer” is a masterpiece of Mark Twain Twain's major publication was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , which drew on his youth in Hannibal. Tom Sawyer was modeled on Twain as a child, with traces of two schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. The book also introduced in a supporting role Huckleberry Finn, based on Twain's boyhood friend Tom Blankenship. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain is a popular 1876 novel about a young boy growing up in a small town along the Mississippi River. The story is set in the town of "S

4, 1876 pirated edition in Canada obtained by many American readers - and, Twain believed, to a significant loss of his royalties. When the work did appear in the U.S., it was sold by subscription only. In this distribution method, book agents across the country took orders for the book prior to publication and then delivered the book when available. It was only with subsequent editions that the book became available in retail shops. In dictations for his autobiography, Twain claimed Tom Sawyer "must have been" his first book whose manuscript was typed on a typewriter. However, typewriter historian Darryl Rehr has concluded that Twain's first typed manuscript was Life on the Mississippi . 16 Concerned with Tom’s personal growth and quest for identity, The Adventures of Tom Sawy

they believe is out to kill them. Conflict also exists between Tom and his imaginative world and the expectations and rules of adult society. Rising action is Tom and Huck’s witness of Dr. Robinson’s murder; the search for the boys’ bodies in the river when they escape to Jackson’s Island; Tom’s testimony at Muff Potter’s trial; Tom and Huck’s accidental sighting of Injun Joe at the haunted house; Tom and Becky’s entrapment in the cave The climax of the novel is Huck overhears Injun Joe’s plan to kill the Widow Douglas, and Tom encounters Injun Joe when he and Becky are stranded in the cave. Falling action is Huck gets help from the Welshman and drives Injun Joe away from the Widow Douglas; Tom avoids conflict with Injun Joe and navigates himself and Becky out of the cave; Judge That

Initial Situation.Tom Sawyer and Becky Thatcher go on a picnic with their friends. After lunch, the boys and girls head into some nearby caves and go exploring. Conflict .Tom and Becky manage to get separated from the group. They get lost in an unexplored area of the sprawling caves. Soon they're tired and are close to running out of the candles, which they need to see. Complication. Before the picnic, Becky told her mother that she was spending the night at a friend's house; Tom has told his aunt the same thing. As such, no one realizes that the two are missing until around noon the next day. Climax. While looking for a way out of the cave, Tom sees someone holding a candle coming around the corner. He shouts for joy, only to realize that his would- be rescuer is in fact Injun Joe

3.2. The problem of children in the book of Gafur Gulam “Mischievous person” and “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” of Mark Twain In his early years Gafur Gulamovich Gulamov a famous Uzbek author wrote a book called “Mischievous person”. In this book he raised the problem of “naughty” children. The word “naughty” in the following work will mean a person that never stops, who is full of energy and optimism. Here it is more a searching soul rather than just a disobedient child. This work of the Uzbek writer got coincided with another literary masterpiece of American literature “Tom Sawyer” of Mark Twain. Both authors touched on the same topic. These stories describing children with a generous inexhaustible famous writers to give a pure example of an ordinary child of the time. In Gafur Gulam’s “

with, different places to live , but: “East or West, home is best”, says a well-known English proverb. This is the way they learn, not by sitting at the desk at school, and listening to those who went through many things in life, to teachers, but instead of this they explore it on their own: by touching, smelling, putting on, working out, sometimes being beaten up, but it is the best way to explore the world for them. They go through many situations to become a real person. Those situations are not always the easy and funny ones. Sometimes, moreover boys get on the verge of dealing. They can be even killed for a stolen food or broken vase. In Gafur Gulam’s “Mischievous person” the narrator goes a little bit father in his unruliness. May be it is because he is little older than Tom or may b

The story takes place in Missouri in a small town nestled along the mighty Mississippi River . It is a wonderful tale of a young boy and his propensity to find trouble with a capital T. Tom Sawyer is a mischievous, yet kind-hearted, boy who lives with his Aunt Polly and brother Sid. Tom and Sid's mother had passed away and Aunt Polly stepped in to mother the boys, but she cannot bring herself to be strict with them, and Tom has an instinctual ability to exploit this factor whenever it suits him. Young Tom isn't a "bad" boy, but instead a thoughtful and sensible kid who happens to be a magnet for trouble. The plot of "Tom Sawyer" centers around Tom's knack for finding himself in the midst of many dilemmas which lead to adventure. He has an innate ability to read

and the two hit it off. He is later spurned when Becky learns of a former relationship he had with another girl. After getting in trouble with Aunt Polly for something Sid did, Tom becomes upset and runs off with his pal Huckleberry Finn. The two boys later witness a murder and this is where the story really begins to take off because the real murderer puts the blame on an innocent man and Tom and Huck are the only ones who have witnessed what really happened. The murderer is a violent man and Tom and Huck know if they tell on the murderer he will extract revenge, and are too afraid to say anything about it, but they still feel guilty that a man is in jail wrongly accused. Tom has this deeply embedded in his subconscious but on the outside he is quickly back to his antics and fun-loving wa

Twain has an incredible ability to weave Tom's personal and leadership attributes into a story which makes it appealing to both children and adults. Once you pick this book up you'll be compelled to read it all the way through. Tom’s character might be summed up in the statement that he makes when Aunt Polly chastises him for lying to her and more important, letting her make a fool of herself in front of Mrs. Harper: “Auntie , I know that it was mean, but I didn’t mean to be mean. I didn’t Honest” His statement reflects the universal thoughtlessness and inconsideration that such youths have for the adult. Rather than detract from Tom’s total worth, it merely confirms that his actions are those of most early adolescents. And to Tom’s credit, he does acknowledge that his good joke no

Chapter XX presents the further estrangement between Becky and Tom. By the end of Chapter XX however , everything is resolved between them and we are ready for the later cave scene where the two youths will be lost together. With the girls essays – filled with melancholy – Twain pokes fun at the tender sentimentality of the average person and the popular literature of the day. He is satirizing the average person’s preference for cheap, morbid writing that has no literary value. Instead of this melodramatic clap-trap, Twain would prefer a simple straightforward essay. This chapter also presents a realistic picture of the typical “country school and a delightful episode about the student’s reverence on the schoolteacher which involves the cat, Mrs. Dobbin’s wig, and finally his bald head pai

In many of his writings , Twain pokes fun at organized religion and he takes the opportunity to do so again here. With Tom and his friends, Twain points. After Tom Sawyer, from the middle of 1870s to 1880s,Mark Twain wrote a lot of works which later became his masterpieces. This period is a climax of Mark Twain's writing life. For example, the famous novel "the prince and pauper" which focus on the cruel law working for the ruler; "life on Mississippi" which praised working people emotionally and expressed his yearning for free life and the most important novel, his master work "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" are all produced in this period. Actually, these are closely related to the society situation at that time. From that time, class struggle became more an

Conclusion Our qualification paper is devoted to analyze the problem of children in the books of Gafur Gulam and mark Twain. The ancient periods of Uzbek literature include the Genres of latifa (jokes), the largest genres of the Uzbek folklore an dastan (poem) and heroic epic poem. “Alpomish”. Every centuries has its own masterpiece (“Shayboniynoma”, “Boburnoma”). 1. Heroic unforgettable epic – romantic poem “Gurugli”, “Tokhir and Zukhra”. The name of Alisher Navoi is famous all over the world. His work “Hamza” was translated into many languages. Uzbek she writers also developed Uzbek literature with their chistons (poem) “Anor” and many others. 2. The periods of American literature is different from Uzbek literature. Beginning with Enlightenment, myths, legends, tales American literature

5. The book of Gafur Gulam “Naughty boy” became the reference book for millions of Uzbek people. This political touching story is about the life of people in the beginning of XX century, difficulties of that time, the alive , precisely written but images of main heroes and especially the boy whom for cheerful nature and irrepressible energy have nicknamed simply and clearly “Shum bola” can leave nobody indifferent. 6. The masterpiece of Mark Twain’s “Tom Sawyer is also about the naughty boy of realism, about his actions at school, in the church. Twain jokes fun at organized religion. 7. The problem of children in these two books is given describing the social situation . The main hero of “Naughty boy” is Karavay or nickname “Shum bola” a naughty boy who wanted to earn money and spent many

BIBLIOGRAPHY English books 1. Abcarian R. Klotz M and Richardson P. Literature. St. Martin’s Press New York. (1998) 2. Beauty J., Booth A., Hunter J. P and Mays K.J., The Norton introduction to literature. W.W. Norton and Company LTD. London (2002) 3. Bogoslovskiy B. N American Literature. Moscow. High School. (1991) 4. Canning S., Ensley P. Enjoying Literature. Macmillan. New York. (1987) 5. Carlsen G..R., Tovatt A and P. Focus. Themes in Literature. (1975) 6. Cliffs E. Literature. Prentice – Hall, Inc. New Jersey. (1994) 7. Dean Curry, General Series Editor (1995) High Lights of American Literature. U.S. Inform. Agency Washington D.C. 8.Forner Philip, Jack London: American Rebel. N.Y.1947 9. Mc Closkey M.L., Stack L Voices in Literature. Heinle and Heinle Publishers. Boston. Massachusett

Russian books 1. Аллен Уолте, Традиция и мечта, М., Прогресс, 1970 2. Американская литература и общественно-политическая борьба. начало 70-х годов ХХ вiа, М., Наука, 1977. 3. Зверa А. Американский роман 20-х – 30-х годов, М.. Худож. лит., 1982. 4. История американской литературы, т.1-2, М., Просвещение, 1971. 5. Литература США в 70-е годы ХХ вiа, М., Наука, 1983. 6. Мендельсон М.О. Американская сатирическая проза ХХ вiа, М., Наука, 1972. 7. Мендельсон М.О. Роман США сегодня – на заре 80-х годов, М., Советский писатель, 1983. 8. Основные тенденции развития современной литературы США, М., Наука, 1973 9. Самохвалова «История Американской литературы»Москва Просвещение 1991 References 1. Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia (n.d) Cooper from: http://en.wicipedia . Org/ wiki/ cooper. 2. "The Mar

Report Good afternoon dear chairmen! I am Holmurodova Pokiza from group 412a Our qualification paper is devoted to the study of the problem of children in Uzbek and American literature. The actuality of this research is that nowadays the government pays great attention to providing growing generation with opportunities to learn foreign literature. In this research we compared two books of famous writers of different country. The aim of this qualification paper is to analyze American and Uzbek literature and the great Uzbek writer Gafur Gulam’s and American writer Mark Twain’s works. “Mischievous person” and “Tom Sawyer” are unforgettable, interesting works. They are worth of reading. The subject of this qualification paper is American and Uzbek literatures. Literature is the inherent subj

The hypothesis of the work is that this qualification paper provides the readers development of their skills for penetrating into the deep essence of a literature work, for finding objective reasons in the text of its ideal logical, aesthetic, educational and emotional impact on and for extracting entire information that deposited in it. The aim of the work directs us to carry out the following tasks in the paper. - to give information about the Uzbek and American literature and their periods - to show about the literature career of an American writer Mark Twain and Uzbek writer Gafur Gulam. -to discuss about their works “Mischievous person” and “Tom Sawyer” -to analyze the problem of children in those works. The theoretical importance of the work is that the theories given in the paper c

Main part includes three chapters in itself. Chapter I entitled American and Uzbek literature and their impact to the world literature In the first paragraph we analyzed the Uzbek literature and its periods from the ancient period to modern one. In the second paragraph such kind of analyses were done with American literature from Enlightenment to Modernism in American literature. Chapter II entitled The creation of Mark Twain and Gafur Gulam. In the first paragraph of this chapter we stopped is about the creation of Gafur Gulam. Uzbek literature is very ancient literature. There are many writers and poets who left us interesting works from different genres. One of them is Gafur Gulam. His name stands among the writers of the 19 th century who worked after the 2 nd world war. He preserved p

In Bibliography you can see the list of literatures used to carry out the qualification paper. 68

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