O'zbek va ingliz tili gap tuzilishida so’z tartibini qiyosiy o'rganish - Английский язык - Дипломные работы

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O'zbek va ingliz tili gap tuzilishida so’z tartibini qiyosiy o'rganish

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M u n d a r i j a Kirish. ......................................................................................................... I bob. Sintaksis haqida umumiy ma’lumot 1.1. O'zbek tilida gap bo'laklari tartibi ................................................... .......... 1.2.0'zbek tilida gap bo'laklarida inversiya holati........................... II bob. Ingliz tilida so'z tartibining o'rganishi. 2.1.Ingliz tilida so'z tartibi.................................................................... .... 2.2.Ingliz tili gap tuzilishida so'z tartibining o'zgarishi ……………….. Xulosa ….................................................................................................... Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro'yxati ....................................

Kirish O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2012 yil 10-dekabrda imzolagan PQ-1875-son “Chet tillarini o‘rganish tizimini yanada takomillashtirish chora- tadbirlari to‘g‘risida” nomli farmoyishida chet tillarni o‘qitishning barcha bosqichlari uchun zamonaviy o‘quv adabiyotlarini yaratish vazifasi alohida ta’kidlangan. O‘ylaymizki, tadqiqot natijasida erishilgan xulosalardan sifat semasining tarkibli tizimi va grammatik mohiyatini yanada chuqurroq o‘rganishda foydalanish mumkin. Shuningdek, ish natijalari magistrlik dissertatsiyalari, bitiruv malakaviy va kurs ishlarini tayyorlash jarayonida ham foyda keltirishi mumkin. Mustaqillikka erishganligining yigirma to‘rt yilligini tantana qilib, iqtisodiy- ijtimoiy, madaniy – ma’naviy rivojning yangi bosqichliga qadam qo‘ygan O‘zbekiston Respub

elementlarini qo‘shib gapirish holatlari uchrab turishi bu masalalarning hali-hanuz dolzarb bo‘lib qolayotganini ko‘rsatadi. Ishning maqsadi va vazifalari. Ingliz tilidagi “grammatika” bo‘limini o‘quvchilarga yaxshi o‘rgatish, sintaksisdagi qiyinchiliklarni, tarjima qilishda so’z tartibidagi muammolarni bartaraf qilish va tarjima nazariyasining metodlarni yaxshi tushunib o‘rganishdan iborat. Shu bilan birga gr ammatikada tarjima nazariyasida qiyinchiliklarni va muammolarni bartaraf etishdan iborat. Ishning metodik va nazariy asoslari. Ishning metodik va nazariy asoslari sifatida J. Bo’ronov, G’.Salomov, A. Fyodorov, V.Komissarov, V.Vinogradov kabi mashhur olimlarning adabiyotlardan foydalanildi. Bitiruv ishning strukturasi . Bitiruv ishiga kirish, 2 bob, asosiy qism, 6 ta paragraf, xulosa

I bob. Sintaksis haqida umumiy ma’lumot Sintaksis grammatikaning bir qismi bo‘lib, u so‘z birikmasi va gapni tekshiradi, uning asosi gap haqidagi ta’limotdir: gap qurish, so‘zlarni biriktirish qoidalari, gapning strukturasi, funksiyasi, qo‘llanishi, gaplarning o‘zaro munosabati va boshqalar. Sintaksis tilshunoslikning boshqa bo‘limlari bilan uzviy bo g ’liqdir. Masalan, morfologiyada so‘zlarning strukturasi o‘rganilsa, sintaksisda ularning aloqasi, bo g ’lanishi, birikish yo‘llari va vositalari tekshiriladi. So‘z leksik birlik sifatida leksikada ham o‘rganiladi, biroq uning haqiqiy ma’nosi gapda aniqlashadi. Shu bilan birga, gapni shakllantirishda ohang muhim ahamiyatga ega, bunda sintaksisning fonetik tizimga bo g ’liqligi namoyon bo‘ladi. Sintaksis atamasi, grammatika atamasining o‘zi ka

Bu gapida “ quvnoq terimchilarning ashulalari ” sintagmasida: ashulalar – yetakchi element: hokim, terimchilarning – to ’ be element: aniqlovchi, quvnoq – to ’ be element: terimchilar so‘zining aniqlovchisi; demak, terimchilar bo‘lagi – nisbiy element: a) o‘zidan keyingi elementga to ’ be: uning aniqlovchisi b) o‘zidan oldingi elementga hokim: uning aniqlanmishi. Sintagmalarga bo‘lishning o‘zgarishi odatda grammatik holatning ham, fikrning ham boshqaligini ko‘rsatadi: bir gap, o‘rniga qarab, turlicha sintagmalana oladi. Masalan: Bu mashinachi Karimning otasi (bu o‘rinda kerakli tinish belgisi qo‘yilmay ko‘rsatilgan, u belgi qanday sintagmalanishga qarab qo‘yiladi). 1. Bu mashinachi – Karimning otasi (otasi – mashinachi). 2. Bu – mashinachi Karimning otasi (Karimning o‘zi mashinachi). Sinta

so‘z hokim so‘zga qarab ma’lum shaklni oladi. Masalan: maktabga bormoq, uydan kelmoq. Boshqaruvchilik rolini fe’llar (ravishdosh, sifatdosh, fe’lning noaniq shakli) bajara olganidek, ba’zan sifatlar, ravishlar ham bajaradi; shunga ko‘ra, boshqaruv, asosan, ikkiga bo‘linadi: 1. Fe’l boshqaruvi: Karimga mukofot berildi; Bu pero po‘latdan yasalgan. 2. Sifat-ravish boshqaruvi: asal qanddan shirin. Otdan baland, itdan past (topishmoq). Boshqaruv, asosan, harakat bilan obyekt munosabatini ifodalaydi. Boshqaruv vositasiz yoki vositali bo‘lishi mumkin. Bitishuv yo‘li bilan birikkan so‘zlarning grammatik o‘zgarishi bir-biriga bo g ’liq bo‘lmaydi. Ularning o‘zaro aloqasi tartib va intonatsiya orqali ifodalanadi. Bitishuvchi birikmalar: 1) ravish+fe’l. Masalan: Ma’ruzachi sekin so‘zladi; 2) ravishdos

Gap fikr bildirish, xabar berish vazifasini bajaradigan, turli his-tuyQularni ifodalaydigan bir so‘z yoki bir necha so‘zlar yiQindisi, nutqning grammatik jihatdan shakllangan, nisbiy intonatsion ham mazmunan tugallikka ega bo‘lgan birligidir. Masalan: Oy. Nozik jimjitlik. Salqin shamollargina qizning sochlari bilan o‘ynashardi (O). Bunda uchta gap bor. Gapdagi so‘zlar bir-biri bilan o‘zaro boQlangan bo‘ladi, ularning har biri gapda biror grammatik funksiyani – gap bo‘lagi vazifasini bajarib keladi. Gap bo‘laklari ikkiga – bosh bo‘laklar (ega, kesim) va ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklar (to‘ldiruvchi, aniqlovchi, hol)ga bo‘linadi. Gaplar turli mezonlar asosida turlicha tasniflanadi : 1. So‘zlovchining maqsadiga ko‘ra gaplar 3 xil bo‘ladi: darak gap, so‘roq gap, buyruq gap. 2. H is-hayajonning mav

o‘zaro bo g ’lanishida eng faol vosita hisoblanadi. 2. O‘rdamchi so‘zlar (ko‘makchi, bo g ’lovchi, bo g ’lama). 3. So‘z tartibi – so‘zlarning o‘zaro sintaktik munosabatga kirishuvini ta’minlovchi vositalardan biri. Masalan, oydin kecha, yaxshi bola kabi birikmalar tarkibidagi so‘zlarning o‘rni almashtirilsa, ma’no butunlay o‘zgarib ketadi: oydin kecha – sifatlovchili birikma; Kecha oydin – predikativ birikma. O ‘zbek tilida odatdagi tartibga ko‘ra ega gap boshida, kesim gap oxirida keladi: Topshiriq (ega) shunday edi (kesim). Yo ‘yiq sodda gapda ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklar ega va kesimga bo g ’lanadi. Egaga bo g ’langan gap bo‘laklari ega sostavini va kesimga bo g ’langan gap bo‘laklari kesim sostavini tashkil etadi: M : I kki nafar oqsoch ayol /sudra-sudra qilib eski paranjiga o‘ralgan ke

tobe so‘zlari o‘zaro o‘rin almashtirilsa, so‘z birikmasi gapga aylanadi: qiziq kitob – Kitob qiziq. Katta shahar – Shahar katta. Tinch qishloq – Qishloq tinch kabi. So‘z va so‘z birikmalari gap tuzish uchun asos bo‘ladi. 1.1. O'zbek tilida gap bo'laklari tartibi Gap – fikr , tuyg ‘ u , istak va xabarni boshqalarga bildirish , yetkazish uchun qo ‘ llanadigan sintaktik birlik . Gap – nutqning nisbiy tugallangan fikrni ifodalaydigan bo‘lagi. Fikr bir so‘z yoki bir necha so‘zlar yig‘indisi bilan ifodalanishi mumkin. Gaplar tuzilishiga ko‘ra sodda va qo‘shma turlarga bo‘linadi. Ular ifoda maqsadiga ko‘ra uch xil bo‘ladi: 1. Darak gap. 2. So‘roq gap. 3. Buyruq gap. 4. Istak gap. Darak gapda bo‘lib o‘tgan, bo‘layotgan yoki bo‘lishi kutilayotgan voqea-hodisa haqida xabar beriladi. Shuningd

Uning ukasi chet tillar institutining ingliz filologiyasi fakultetida tahsil olmoqda. Universitetning botanika bog‘i juda katta. Kecha hammani qoyil qoldirgan talaba – shu. Bizning ko‘chamizda mevali daraxtlar ko‘p. 1 So‘roq gapda so‘zlovchi uchun noma’lum bo‘lgan biror narsa, harakat-holat, belgi-xususiyat haqida ma’lumot olish ma’nosi ifodalanadi. So‘roq gap, asosan, dialogik nutqqa xos bo‘lib, tinglovchidan so‘ralayotgan mavzuni inkor yoki tasdiq etishni talab etadi. So‘roq gap ohang jihatidan darak gaplardan farq qiladi. So‘roq gap so‘roq ohangi bilan talaffuz etiladi. So‘roq gapda bevosita so‘roqni bildiruvchi so‘zda ovoz kuchayadi. Bunday gaplar oxiriga so‘roq belgisi qo‘yiladi.O‘zbek tilida so‘roq gap bir necha yo‘llar bilan hosil bo‘ladi: 1. So‘roq olmoshlari yordamida shakllanadi

2. So‘roq gaplar ba’zan hech qanday grammatik vositalarsiz, faqat ohang yordamida hosil bo‘lishi ham mumkin. Bunday holatlarda oldingi darak gap to‘lig‘icha yoki uning biror bo‘lagi takrorlanib, so‘roq gap hosil qilinadi. Masalan: Soat o‘n bo‘ldi. – Soat o‘n bo‘ldi? – O‘n? Biz muzeyga ertaga boramiz? – Ertaga boramiz? Bu ishni bugun bajara olmaymiz. – Bajara olmaymiz? kabi. Buyruq gaplar buyurish, iltimos, taklif, xohish-istak, xitob, ogohlantirish kabi ma’nolarni ifodalab keladi. Odatda, buyruq gaplar suhbatdoshni biror ish- harakatni bajarishga yoki shunday ish-harakatdan voz kechishga undaydi. Buyruq gaplar ikkinchi shaxsga qaratilgan bo‘ladi. SHuning uchun ham bunday gaplarning kesimi ko‘pincha ikkinchi shaxs birlik yoki ko‘plik shaklidagi buyruq fe’li bilan ifodalangan bo‘ladi. Shunin

buyruq gap oxiriga yozuvda nuqta, kuchli his-hayajon bilan talaffuz qilingan buyruq gap oxiriga esa undov belgisi qo‘yiladi. Masalan: Har kuni ertalab barvaqt tur, yuz-qo‘lingni yuv, badantarbiya bilan shug‘ullan. Bugun kechqurun soat 7 da biznikiga kel. Dushmanga qarata o‘t oching! Qo‘lingni ko‘tar! kabi. Yuqorida aytib o‘tilganlardan tashqari, his-hayajon ifodalovchi gaplar ham mavjudki, ular tilshunoslikda undov gaplar yoki his-hayajon gaplar deb yuritiladi. Bunday gaplarda so‘zlovchining his-hayajoni, ruhiy kechinmalari o‘z ifodasini topib, tashakkur va rag‘batlantirish, hayratlanish, zavqlanish, shodlik, orzu-umid, achinish, kinoya, qo‘rqish, g‘azab, norozilik, nafrat, ishonch, ishonmaslik, shubha, taajjub, mensimaslik kabi ma’nolar anglashiladi. Undov gaplar anglashilayotgan ma’noga

uchinchi gapda esa boshqa birov emas, aynan men uchratganim haqidagi mazmun ifodalanyapti. O‘zbek tilida mantiq urg‘usi olgan so‘z odatda kesimdan oldin joylashadi. Mantiq urg‘usi kesimga tushganda, kesim joyini o‘zgartirmaydi, balki o‘z joyida yuqori ton – ohang bilan aytiladi, xolos. O‘zbek tilida eganing gap boshida, kesimning gap oxirida kelishi doimiy, me’yoriy hol hisoblanadi. Biroq badiiy uslubda, shior tipidagi buyruq va undov gaplarda, ayniqsa, og‘zaki nutqda ega bilan kesimning o‘zaro almashinib qo‘llanish holatlari ko‘plab uchraydi. Masalan: Yashasin xalqlar o‘rtasidagi baynalmilal do‘stlik! Keldi bahor, gul bahor, Erib bitdi oppoq qor, kabi. Ega va kesim gapningbosh bo‘laklari hisoblanadi. To‘ldiruvchi, aniqlovchi va hol ikkinchi darajali bo‘laklardir. Ega va unga bog‘lanib kel

Masalan: Men keldim. Sen o‘qiding. U boradi, kabi. Bu gaplarda ega qaysi son va shaxsda bo‘lsa, kesim ham shu son va shaxsdadir. Uchinchi shaxs ko‘plik shaklida esa ega ko‘plikda, kesim birlik sonda qo‘llanishi mumkin. Masalan: Bolalar paxta teryapti. Daraxtlar gulladi. Sigirlar o‘tladi, kabi. O’zbek tilida gap bo’laklarining tartibi asosan erkin bo’lsa ham, ular ma’lum grammatik qoidaga bo’ysunadi. Gapda ega sostavi oldin, kesim sostavi keyin keladi, ba’zan aks xolda bo’ladi. Bu tartibda qo’llash gapning grammatik holatini o’zgartirmaydi. Masalan: Men sizning yaxshiliklaringizni hech qachon unutmayman. Unutmayman sizning yaxshiliklaringizni men hech qachon. Hech qachon unutmayman sizning yaxshiliklaringizni men. Gap bo’laklari tartibining o’zgarishi grammatik holatda ta’sir etishi mumkin

Boyvachalar, eshiting dutorni qo’yvoradi bu yigit. Aniqlovchi doim aniqlanmishdan oldin keladi: O’ktam sovuq, xushta’m choyini qult-qult yutib, qo’li bilan lablarini artdi. Navoi y turli shoirlarning turli-tuman asarlaridan o’n minglarcha baytni yod bilardi. To’ldiruvchi, ko’pincha kesim oldida keladi: Masalan: Men ko’zlarimga, quloqlarimga ishonmayman. Axmad teatrga Sobir bilan birga ketdi. Ikki xil to’ldiruvchi ishtirok etgan gaplarga oldin vositali to’ldiruvchi, keyin vositasiz to’ldiruvchi keladi. Masalan: Anvar do’stlariga o’zining yangi she’rini o’qib bermoqchi. Hol, asosan kesim oldida keladi. Masalan: Men atayin sizni shoshib, qidirib keldim. Payt holi ko’pincha gap boshida keladi: Masalan: Bundan ikki yil Toshmatning o’g’li Moskvaga ketgan edi. O’rin holi ham egadan oldin (payt ho

1.2.0'zbek tilida gap bo'laklarida inversiya holati Gap bo’laklari tartibining o’zgarishi inversiya deyiladi. Inversiya his-hayajon bilan aytilgan gaplarda, shuningdek she’riy asarlarda ko’proq uchrashi mumkim. Ba’zan gap bo‘laklari odatdagi o‘rinlarini almashtiradilar. Bu hodisa inversiya deyiladi. Inversiya turli uslubiy talablarga ko‘ra sodir bo‘ladi: Meni kutgil va men qaytarman, Faqat kutgil juda intizor. Kutgil yom g ’ir zeriktirganda, Meni kutgil yoqqanida qor. (K.Simonov) So‘z tartibining o‘zgarishi grammatik holatni o‘zgartirishi ham mumkin. Bunda quyidagi holat ko‘zga tashlanadi: Ega va kesimning o‘rni o‘zaro almashsa, ega kesimga, kesim esa egaga aylanadi: Masalan : Yetti kun (ega) – bir hafta (kesim). – Bir hafta (ega) – yetti kun (kesim). Sifatlovchi va sifatlanmishnin

ketdim (sabab: U kelgani uchun men ketdim) – U keldi – men ketdim (Bir vaqtda bajarilgan harakat: U kelishi bilanoq men ketdim). Punktuatsiya tilshunoslikning bir bo‘limi bo‘lib, u tinish belgilarining ishlatilish xususiyatlarini o‘rganadi. Tinish belgilarining ahamiyati yuqorida keltirilgan misollardan ham aniqlandi: Bu – mashinachi Karimning otasi; Bu mashincha – Karimning otasi va h.k. 1 Sintaksisda gap, gap tarkibidagi so‘z birikmalarining grammatik xususiyatlari o‘rganiladi.Gap tarkibidagi so‘zlar o‘zaro bir-biri bilan grammatik jihatdan bog‘langan bo‘ladi va shu taxlitda ular ma’lum sintaktik vazifalarni bajarib keladi. So‘zlar gap tarkibida o‘zaro ikki yo‘l bilan bog‘lanadi. 1. Teng bog‘lanish. 2. Tobe bog‘lanish. So‘zlar o‘zaro tengbog‘langanda, ular bir xil so‘roqlarga javob bo‘la

2.1. Ingliz tilida so’z tartibi Ingliz tilida so'z tartibi o’zbek tiliga qaraganda biror muhimroqdir. Gapdagi har bir soz'ning vazifasini ma'lum darajada mustaqil tuslanib ko'rsatadi. O’zbek tili so'zga so'z tartibi tuslanishi katta hajmdaligi sababli ingliz tilida so'zlarning deyarli tuslanishi o'zgaradi va gapdagi joylashish o'rnini bir-biriga bog'lab ko'rsatadi va ingliz tilida belgilangan so'z tartibi shakli o'zgarmaydi. Buni namunali misollar bilan yaqqol ko'rsatiladigan bo'lsak, biz gap bo'laklarini, asosan ega va to'ldiruvchining o'rnini o'zgartira olmaymiz. Masalan: Mrs Winter sent the little boy wishes a missage to the next village on December day. Agar biz birinchi o'ringa vositali to'ldiruvchini

4) Hol Umuman gaplarda ikki xil so'z tartibi uchraydi. 1 )To'g'ri soz tartibi '(Direct word order) 2) Teskari so'z tartibi (Inverted order of words) Darak gapda so'z tartibi to'g'ri bo'lib ega birinchi, kesim ikkinchi, to'ldiruvchi uchinchi, hol esa to'rtinchi o'rinda keladi. Subject+Predicate +Object + Ad Mod Masalan: She was reading a book then. Jane took it yesterday. Ba'zan hol egadan oldin yoki undan keyin ham kelishi uchraydi. Masalan: Yesterday my dad bought me a doll. My dad bought me a doll yesterday. (my own sent) Predlogsiz vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan oldin keladi. Masalan: He bought me a book. Nick wrote me a letter. Predlogli vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Mas

So'z birikmasi bilan gap o'rtasida farq kattadir. So'z birikmasi nominatsiya (atash) funksiyasini bajarish jihatdan so'zga yaqin turadi, va gap singari intonatsion tugalikka ega bo'lmaganligi uchun kommunikativ birlikni tashkil qilmaydi. Ega va kesim gapning bosh bo'laklardir. Ega va kesim minimal gap strukturasining asosi, gapning hokim bo'lagidir. Ega va kesim bir-biri bilan grammatik jihatdan bog'liq. Agar gapning egasi bo'lsa, uning kesimi ham bo'lishi kerak. Ega gapning shunday bo'lagiki u ifodalagan shaxs yoki narsaga kesim ifodalangan harakat, belgi yoki holat tegishli bo'ladi. Ega mutlaqo mustaqil bo'lak bo'lib, kesim ham egaga tob’e va ko'p hollarda ega bilan shaxs sonda moslashadi. Ega, asosan, quyidagi so'z turkumla

They sprang all will be well with me. 1 And all will be wish you too. Somebody I will help you. One, with a long pale face, was sitting in a chair, the other was standing in front of the window. The little ones todled after their mother. Everytning was still. Another was a yellow wolf of remarkable swiftness. Eslatma: One olmoshi bilan ifodalangan ega bir shaxsga emas, barcha shaxslarga qaratilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan: One wold not throw away she past like a drown tooth. Nobody, none notning no one kabi bo'lishsizlik olmoshlari bilan: Masalan: Nobody was absent. No one was at home. Norbody can ride him for a long time. Nothing had been taken from the dead man's pockets. No one was happy... No one know who belonged to the Avenging Angels Egalik olmoshlarining absolyut formas

earthenware. To withhold the truth is sometimes wise . But never conceal the truth with lies. A wonderful shining a memorable thing to what a doctor! To get him would be a remarkable thing. For him to come was impossible. Otlashgan sifatdosh yoki-sifatdosh so'zbirikmasi bilan: Masalan: Seated next to him was a young Gerundiy, gerundiy so'z birikmasi yoki oboroti bilan: Freezing is a heat evolving process. Sitting here is dangerous. Annett's being French might be upset him a little. Ayrim hollarda otlashgan ravish bilan: The Worst had happened. Mary didn't know what had happened. Tomorrow is going to be a good day. 1 Ergash gap ham ega vazifasiga kelishi mumkin: What I want is sea air. What you say is wrong. Kontekstning talabiga ko'ra ega ba'zan boshqa so'z turk

hisoblanadi. It so'zini tahlil qila oladigan bo'lsak , u shaxsli ega. It III shaxs birlikdagi predmet yoki shaxsni bildirib, o'zbek tilidagi u olmoshiga to'g'ri keladi. Masalan: But the master of the house wasn’t George Meadows. It was his mother. It predmet va shaxsni bildirib, o'zbek tiliga ko'rsatish olmoshi vositasida tarjima qilinadi. Masalan: Who is knocking ? "It is me". It formal ega bo'lib kelganda shaxs, predmetni ifodalamaydi. Formal ega quyidagi turlarga bo'liadi: Shaxsiz ega (Impersonal subjet). It so'zi qo’yidagi holatlarda shaxs anglatmaydigan ega tarzida qo’llanadi. a) ob-havo, tabiat hodisalari ifodalaganda: Masalan: It is snowing even now. It is drizzling now. I fraze hard It will be dark soon It was still hot. It's nipp

Masalan: It is impossible to go. Bu gapda it formal ega, to go esa haqiqiy ega (real subject) hisoblanadi. Bu turdagi gaplarda haqiyqiy ega, kesimdan keyin kelib, ko'pincha infinitiv, gerundiy bilan yoki infinitiv va gerundiyli so'z birikmalari bilan ifodalanadi. Masalan: It is necessary for him to come tonight. It is no use to cry over milk. It is said that humans are never satisfied, that what you give them one thing and they what sometning more. Emfatik ega bo'lib kelgan it so'zi predikativ rolida kelgan so’zning kommunikativ ahamiyatini ko'chaytirish uchun xizmat qiladi. Qiyoslang (compare) : He came to Tashkent only yesterday. It was only yesterday, that he came to Tashkent. Ikkinchi gapdagi it emfatik egadir. U predikativ vazifasidagi yesterday soz'ini kommuni

delays. Masalan: There was no keep for it. There were not more than a dozen attendants on the lectures all together. O'rin holi gapning boshida ham kelishi mumkin. Masalan: For many miles there was no feet camping-place. Gapning kesimi-to be dan boshqa fe'llar bilan ham ifodalana oladi. Masalan: In the central part of the great Noth American Continent there lies a desert. Kesim (The Predicate). Olmosh, birikmalar bilan ham ifodalangan bo'lishi mumkin. Kesim haqiqiy ega bilan shaxs-sonda doimo moslashadi. Masalan: There were signs of an early winter and wish them irrigating delays. Masalan:There was no keep for it. There were not more than a dozen attendants on the lectures all together. O'rin holi gapning boshida ham kelishi mumkin. Masalan: For many miles there was no fet

qismi qo’yidagilar bilan ifodalanishi mumkin: l)bosh kelishikdagi ot bilan: Masalan: He was a stranger. He was not a singular dwelling a)Ba'zan qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan Masalan: "The book is my friend” 2) Sifat bilan: Masalan: He was clever. The eyebrows were still dark. Beauty is dlive and averlasting. In size it was small. 3) son bilan: Masalan: I was seventeen , so was she. He was about forty. 4) Kishilik, egalik (possessive), inkor so'roq bo'lishsizlik, o'zlik olmoshlari bilan. Masalan: The names of the leading lady and many members were given, Carrie was nothing. It's me. It's mine. Who is he? 5) Infmitiv, gerundiy va sifatdosh (ko'pincha o'tgan zamon sifatdoshi) bilan (P II) Masalan: Flurs attitude was to go everything. Our responsibility i

munosabatlarni (mumkinlik, taxminiylik, majburriylik, zaruriylik va h.k.) ifodalaydi. Masalan: I must catch the boat train. Your address must only be khown to me. She imagined she must have proved to be satisfactory. He can't forgive himself for his careless acceptance She can be trusted. You may come. I would willingly have gone out wish you! Tarkibida modal so'z bo'lmagan sostavli fe'1-kesimning 1 (birinchi) elementi a)to like, to wish, to want, to desire, to hope, to except, to intent, to attempt to try kabi estak, xoxish,ishonch kabi modal ma'nolarini ifodalovchi fe'lardan b) to continw, to come, to begin, to start, to fau, to go, to go, on, to keep on, to proced to stop, to finish, to seem, to appear, to happen kabi fe'lardan tuzilib 2 (ikkinchi) elementdan

He lit his pipe, and began to think over the daily problem. At that my heart gave a boand, and began running along the road. I still kept on writing fresh stuff. I kept on dreaming wish the hero. Barras continued to measure David wish a coldly inquiring eye. The information summed to mean nothing to his father. He begins searching mainly from drawer to drawed in the wrting table. Sostavli ot va fe'l kesimlar ba'zan aralash ishlatilishi mumkin: Masalan: He continued to be glad. The gray house had closed to be a house for family life. Kesim ega bilan shaxs va sonda moslashadi, yangi ega qaysi shaxs, sonda kelsa, kesim ham shunga mos formada keladi. Masalan: She was white , and he was coloured. It was hard though to remember it all the time. They were still alone. Have you washed your

III He was a student. III They were student. Ega bilan kesim moslashuvining quyidagi ko'rinishlari mavjud. Birlik sonidagi ega uyushib kelsa, kesim ko'plik formada qullanadi. Masalan:He and his brother are fond of sports. The summer was ending. The dust and the last wind were tired before they got anywhere. Agar uyushib kelgan ega bir shaxsni, narsani yoki bir birlikni hosil qiluvchi ikkinchi shaxsni, narsani ifodalasa kesim birlikda ishlatiladi. a) The writer and editor in chief has come to our institute. b) The writer and the editor in chief have come to our institute. Birinchi gapda uyushgan ega bir shaxsni ifodalaydi, bir shaxsning o'zi ham yozuvchi, ham redactor. Bunda kesim ega bilan uchinchi shaxs birlikda moslashadi. Ikkinchi gapda uyushgan ega ikkita shaxsni ifodalayap

3) There+ to be oboroti bilan tuzilgan gaplarda birinchi ega birlikdagi bo'lsa: 4) Birlikdagi ega as well as, wish, together wish bog'lovchilari bilan bog'lanib kelgan bo'lsa: 5) e.g The teacher as well as the students was. e.g The teacher as well as the student was present at the meeting. 5) ega somebody, someone, sometning , everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, nobody, no one, nothing , neither either it kabi olmoshlar bilan ifodalansa. Masalan: Somebody is khochking at the door. Everybody is here. It is the children who did it. 6) Ko'plikda ot jurnal gazeta yoki kitobning nomini bildirsa e.g "The Slaves" by Aini is very interstining hovel. 7) Ega vaqt, masofa, o'lchov, miqdor aniqlatuvchi ko'plikda kelgan ot bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa: Masalan:

Ega qo'shuv oluv, bo'luvni bildiruvchi sonlar birikmasi bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa kesim ega bilan birlikda moslashadi. Masalan: Fifteen divided by three eguals five. Ten minus two is eight. Ega ko'paytiruv anglatuvchi sonlar birikmasi bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa, kesim ega bilan ham ko'plik , ham birgalikda moslashib keladi. Masalan: Three times three is (yoki are) nine. Five times five is (are) twenty five. Eganing birinchi elementi a lot of, plenty of, a humber of, a mass of, the majority of, a variety of kabi so'z birikmalari bilan ifodalansa, kesim so'z birikmasining ikkinchi elementiga bog'liq holda yo birlikda, yo ko'plikda bo'ladi. e.g Great majority of them, male and female were old. There was plenty of applause. "There is a lot of truth

Masalan: I cannot hip ruling shat I heard everything. A litte rain hever hurt anything. I tried to defend myself but could do nothing. He recollected himself. I tramped all through the united States. 3. Otlashgan sifat, sifatdosh bilan Masalan: June Forsite always championed the infortunate. In old times nomadic tribes, where moving to another place, left the dying behind. 4. Infinitiv, infinitivli birikma yoki konstruksiya bilan. Masalan: He ordered me to come. Don't forget to post the letter. 5. Gerundiy, gerundiyli birikma yoki konstruksiya bilan. Masalan: Could they prevent flying in war time. I remember seeing you. I don't like him going a way with Lord Illingwarth. 6. Otlashgan har qanday nutq elementi bilan. Masalan: He could host several times. 7. Ergash gap bilan. Masalan:

Ingliz tilida to'ldiruvchining alohida ko'rinishi murakkab to'ldiruvchi (complex objet) ham mavjud. Xarakatni bevosita yoki bilvosita o'tishiga ko'ra to'ldiruvchi vositasiz va vositali to'ldiruvchiga bo'linadilar. Vositasiz to'ldiruvchi odatda o'timli fe'l bilan ifodalangan kesim bilan ishlatiladi. Fe'ldan anqlashilgan harakat vositasiz to'ldiruvchi ifodalangan shaxs yoki predmetga bevosita yunaltirilgan bo'ladi. Masalan: Pushkin expressed his readiness to do anything. Everybody would guess its importance. David raised his head. Vositasiz to'ldiruvchi predlogsiz vositali to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Masalan: He bought me a book. I'll send him a letter. To take (one's) place, to raice voice, to have a walk, to have a g

He hands her the receiver. Vositali to'ldiruvchining o'zi yakka holda gapda ham qullaniladi. Agar vositali to'ldiruvchidan so'ng vositasiz to'ldiruvchi ishlatilmasa, ba'zan ma'no ham o'rganishi mumkin. Masalan: I bought him a book -Men unga kitob sotib oldim. I bought him- Men uni sotib oldim. Vositali to'ldiruvchi vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin kelganda predlog ishlatiladi. Vositasiz to'ldiruvchi ko'pincha to, ba'zan esa for predloglari bilan qullaniladi. Masalan: I shall write him a letter . I shall write a letter to him. Agar vositasiz to'ldiruvchi it olmoshi bilan ifodalangan bo'lsa, u har doim vositali to'ldiruvchidan oldin keladi. Masalan: He handed it to Ramsay without a word. She puts the list into her everlope and ha

to'ldiruvchi asosan quyidagi hollarda qullanadi: 1) ko'rish, his qilish, sezishni anglashtiruvchi to hear, to see, to feel , to watch, to notice, to observe kabi fe'llardan so'ng. Masalan: I saw him come. I observed Agnes turn pale. 2)aqliy faoliyatni ifodalovchi to under stand, to shink, to know, to considir, to suppose to, believe to, imagine to find , to trust.... kabi fe'llardan keyin. e.g I consider him to be clever I know you the most ninest, spotless creature. 3) Buyurish , man etishni ifodalovchi to make, to force, to order, to cause, to have to, get kabi fe'llardan keyin. 4)istakni , niyatini, his-hayajonni ifodalovchi to wish, to went, to like , to hate to, intend, to desire , to dislike kabi fe'llardan keyin. Masalan: I want you to do it a column . I

I bought an English book. She was a clever girl. Yau've got a nice little hause here. The full moon shine down from an unsouded sky. Aniqlovchining aniqlanmishdan oldin yoki keyin kelishiga ko'ra aniqlovchilar ikki guruhga bo'linadi. l)aniqlanmishdan oldin turadigan aniqlovchilar. 2) aniqlanmishdan keyin turadigan aniqlovchilar. Aniqlanmishdan oldin turadigan aniqlovchilar (Prepozitiv aniqlovchilar Aniqlovchi aniqlanmishdan oldin turgan bo'lsa u odatda belgi bildiruvchi so'zlar- sifat, sifatdosh va belgini ko'rsatuvchi soz'lar olmosh, son, bilan ifodalanadi. Bunday gapda aniqlovchi bilan aniqlanmish yahlit birlik hosil qiladi. Ya'ni pauzasiz talaffuz etilib, bir intonatsion birlik, sintaqmani tashkil qiladi. Ingliz tilida aniqlovchi , aniqlanmish bilan shaxs

Masalan: The man who is standing in the corner is my father. Aniqlovchi asosan quyidagi soz' turkumlari va birikmalari yordami bilan ifodalanib keladi: 1) Sifat bilan Masalan: The young man opened the door wish a latch-key and wentin followed by another young fellow. The pale face of the young woman was raised from the pillow and a week voice pronounced the words. Truthful spuch is the wise wan's taken. But Saul truths wisely remain uspoken. 2. Sifatdosh bilan: Aniqlovchi I av II sifatdoshlar bilan ifodalanishi va aniqlanmishdan ham oldin ham keyin kelishi mumkin: a) sifatdosh I (PI) bilan Masalan:They had been those surpising sanes. Quayle could see one Gladiator moving dawn on the bomber and the tracers dragging past the bomber, and she bombers bullets passing into Gladiator. b)s

she yaung man in front of him, and for she first time realized. 5. Ot bilan. a) aniqlovchi bosh kelishikdagi ot bilan ifodalanib, aniqlanmishdan oldin keladi. O'zbek tilida ham aniqlovchi ot bilan ifodalanib, doim aniqlanmishdan oldin keladi. Masalan: The winter quiet spread soft over the deserts breadth. In she afternoon they had waited in a Cairobar. b) aniqovchi qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan ifodalanib , aniqlanmishdan oldin turadi. Masalan: The old man's head was clear and good now The next moment I heard a woma'ns cry of distress. Oliver Twist's mum’s birthday found hima pale, thin child, somewhat small for his age. 6. Predlogli birikmalar yordami bilan (bunday holalda aniqlovchi aniqlanmishdan keyin keladi) Masalan: Forests of dark firstress grew on both sides of t

8. Aniqlovchi infinitive, infinitivli birikma yoki oborot bilan ifodalanadi. Bunday aniqlovchi aniqlanmishdan keyin keladi. Masalan: I have a lot of work to do and absolutely no time to spare. You have only yourself to please. Here is a book for you to read. 9. Aniqlovchi ergash gap bilan ham ifodalanadi. Hol deyarli har doim vositasiz to'ldiruvchini kesimdan ajratadi. U yo kesimdan oldin yoki vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. e.g Helen heard me patiently to she end. Biz juda yaxshi ayta olamizki "Helen patiently heard me to she end ", lekin holning boshqa hech qanday holatda bu yerda bo'lishi mumkin emas, garchi bu urg'u ma'nosini anglatib kelsa ham, bu holatda u gapning boshida joylashtiriladi. Xattoki, hol vositasiz to'ldiruvchini o'zining fe&#3

material ... a library was a most likely place for her, and he mignt su her shere. Hattoki, o'rin ergash gaplar ba'zan kesim bilan predlogli to'ldiruvchi o'rtasida keladi. e.g He emerged from the theatre wish the first of the crowd. O'rin ergash gaplar odatda payt va maqsad ergash gaplardan oldin keladi. e.g. I am qoing to the country tomorrow. Well, they only kept up there about an hour. Sybel had gone to town to buy a new carpet. For the first floor landing. 3. Tez-tez qaytalanadigan ergash gaplarning o'rni ko'pincha boshqa bir nechta ergash gaplarda qaraganda belgilanadigan bo'ladi. Ularni boshqa bir holatlarda erkin holatda ham uchratish mumkin. Qadaga ko'ra hozirgi noaniq zamon fe'li kesimlik shaklidan oldin keladi. Ammo "to be” va barcha mo

wauld ne aqain ful quite in possession of his soul. e.g And I gat so lonlle here sometimes. So'roq gaplarda tez-tez takrorlanib keladigan hol ya'ni ravishlari zudlik bilan egadan keyin keladi. e.g Did you ever have shoes like that? Does he often come to see you? Payt ergash gaplar ba'zan birinchi o'rinnin egallaydi. Bu holat odatda inversiyaga sabab bo'lmaydi. e.g Often he had asked her to come and pass judgemenet on his funk. Occasionally a small band of people followed she preachers to shuer mission . 4. Ko'p hollarda ravishdoshlaming shakllari agar fe'l o'timiz bo'lsa, vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyingi o'rinda keladi. e.g "You needn't worry about me" Louise said shautly. Ravish ergash gaplar odatda fe'1-kesim bilan predlogli vo

Agar-enough otni aniqlab kelsa, undan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin. e.g I have time enough to do it. b) Hoi -so bilan ifodalanib so'z boshida keladi. e.g So beautifuly did she sing that the audiencve burst into applause 2.2.Ingliz tili gap tuzilishida so'z tartibining o'zgarishi So'z tartibida kesimdan so'ng eganing kelishi, so'z tartibining o'zgarishi yoki inversiya deb nomlanadi. Masalan: Haven't you any family? Gapning muayan turlari soz'da so'z tartibining o'zgarishini talab qiladi. Bulardan biri so'roq gaplardir. Bu holat ko'pincha yordamchi va modal fe'llar bilan egadan oldin joylashtirilgan kesimdan va uning qismlarida uchraydi. Masalan: Where did they find her? Can I show you my library? Agar gap to be hamda to have fe'

Oddiy undov gaplarda istak-hoxishni ifodalaydi. Masalan: Be it so! Gentle reader, may you never full what I shenn felt. May your eyes never showed such stormy, heart-wrung tears as paored from mine. So'z tartibi o'zgarishida, so'z yoki so'zlar guruhi, so'z boshi yoki oxirida kelishidan qati'y nazar aniq va muayyan vaziyatda qo'yiladi va ko'proq natijaga ega bo'ladi. Shu sababli garchi uslubiy tuzilishini talab qilsa ham tez-tez urg'uning bir manbasi bo'lib keladi. Bu holatda inversiya gap tuzilishiga ta'sir o'tkazmaydi, ammo muallifning xohish istagi aniq uslubiy natijalarda beriladi. Agar gap hol bilan berilsa, inversiya ro'y beradi. Bu yerda quyidagi sabablar bilan farqlanishimiz mumkin: a)Hol bilan ifodalangan birikmalar yoki birik

Thus spoke Mr. Pichwick ending himself as near as possible to the portman teau. Now was the moment to act. Then across the evening stillness, broke a blood curdling help and Montmorency left the boat. Agar ega olmosh bo'lib kelsa, inversiya holati sodir bo'lmaydi. Masalan: Thus he thaught and crumpled up and sank dawn upon the wet earth. d) Ravish ergash gaplar ravishlar bilan ifodalanib gap boshida kelsa, inversiyaga sabab bo'lishi yoki bo'lmasligi ham mumkin. Inversiya hodisasida do yordamchi fe'li ishlatilishi mumkin. Agar kesim yo yordamchi fe'lni yoki modal fe'lni ichiga olmasa: Masalan: Silently and patiently did the doctor bear all this. Dimly and darkly had the shadows of a summer's night fallen upon all around, when they aqain reached Dingley Dell.

bog'langanda ularda hech qanday o'zgarish bo'lmaydi. Ular aniqlanib keladi va natijada vergul bilan ajratiladi. Masalan: When I looked up, there stood the window, pale,grave, and amazed. The boy inherited his own eyes, large, brilliant and black. Agar to'ldiruvchi kishilik olmoshi yoki atoqli otning sifat o'zgartiruvchilar orqali ifodalanib kelsa, predloglar yoki postpozitsiya joylashgan yo joylashmaganidan qat'iy nazar, ular bog'lovchilar bilan bog'lanmagan bo'ladi Masalan: Clare, restless, went out into the dush. Pale and constrained, he walked into the room and took his seat at the window. 1 Hol deyarli har doim vositasiz to'ldiruvchini kesimdan ajratadi. U yo kesimdan oldin yoki vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi. Masalan: Helen heard me

Masalan: Tess then remembered that the would have. Indeed, anything untoward was now sedulously kept from James. We now slowly ascended a drive and came upon the long front of a house. Eslatma: Payt ergash gaplarda day, night, evening, morning kabi payt ravishlaridan oldin soati aniq ko'rsatiladi. Masalan: At nine in the evening Badly White, opened the door to the room and poked his head in. 1 O'rin ergash gaplar odatda yo gapning boshida yoki oxirida turadi. Masalan: Down in the mill yard a Bessemer furnace was blawing flame into the city. George led the guests into the parlaur. There it was all spiritual. Here it was all material and meanly material, a library was a most likely place for her, and he mignt her there. Hattoki, o'rin ergash gaplar ba'zan kesim bilan predlogl

always are good about the things that happen to you. As for Charlie, he needed frequently to have a confident. Don't go warrying about what may never happen. He can never leave out an irreligious findle. I'd just love to come. But Francis and I can't ever be away together. Take your hands away, Heickleberry. What a mess you are always making. She cared or Ailen more than she had ever cared for any of her children. I never heard of such a thing she exclaimed. It will never be frank it can't be. Hattoki sometimes va generally ravishlari fe'ldan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin. Masalan: Far he sometimes thought that, unless he proclaimed to the word what had happened to him, he would be aqain full quite in possession of his soul. 1 Masalan: And I got so lonly here sometime

Masalan: She leaned lightly against his shoulder. Gwendolen though I asked most distinctly for bread and butter, you have given me cake. Hattoki, ravish ergash gaplar tez-tez ravish orqali ifodalanadi va zudlik bilan kesimdan oldin keladi. Masalan: Bessie was already gone, and had closed the nursery door upon me I slowly descended. Then it occurred to him that wish this letter she was entering that very state wichne himself so larnestly desire to quit. Qo'shma zamon shakllarida ravish ergash gap ravish bilan ifodalanadi va odatda oxirgi yordamchi fe'ldan keyin keladi. e.g There ladies were deferentially reclired by Miss Temple. e.g Mr Ernest has been suddenly called back to town. 5. Hol darajasi har doim kesimdan oldin keladi, agar fe'l qo'shma zamon shaklda kelsa, ular ilk

foydalanishimiz mumkin. Masalan: Only once did he must this match in tennis. In only one respect has there been a dicided lack of progress in the do main of medicine, that is in the time it takes to become a qualified practitioner. I do not care to speak first. Nor do I desire to make trouble for another. No sooner had Aunt Juliya received this emblem of departure than a change came over her. Masalan: Scarcely was one long lask completed when a quard unlocked our dor. O'rin ergash gap bo'lmagan here so'zi bilan boshlangan gapda inversiya ro'y beradi, lekin biroz namoyishkorona ta'sirga ega. Masalan: "Here is my card, Sir" replied Mr. Pichwick "Вот моя визитная карточка сэр " ответил мистер Пиквик. "Here comes My brother John' "- Вот идёт мой

Her shirt flies up above her waist, she tries to beat it down , but it is, no use up it flice Agar to'ldiruvchi yoki hol “not a” yoki “many a” kabi so'z guruhi bilan ifodalansa inversiya sodir bo'ladi. Inversiya holatda do yordamchi fe'lidan foydalanishimiz kerak, egar kesim yordamchi yoki modal fe'llarni o'z ichiga olmasa bu holat ro'y beradi. Masalan: Not a nansom did I mut wish in all my drive Not a hint, however did the grop about sending me to school Many a dun had she talked to and turned away from her father's door. Many a time had he watched him diqqing I hated that man, many and many a time had my fingers longed to tear him. Agar kesim sifat yoki ot orqali ifodalansa sifat yoki such olmosh bilan boshlangan gaplarda o'zgartirish kiritilsa (bu hol

Gaplardagi bu holatda ega fe'ldan oldin kelishi kerak . Bu odattiy so'z tartibidir. Ko'pgina oddiy namunalarda so'z tartibini o'zgarishini ega va fe'lni savol ko'rinishida ko'rsatiladi. Masalan: "Is graffite ugly" 1 Ingliz tilida bu turdagi so'z tartibi ko'pincha savol tuzishda qo'llaniladi. Lekin so'z tartibi o'zgartirilgan gapda ega va fe'lning oddiy qatorida emas. Ingliz tilining ECPE grammatika bo'limida sozlarning tog'ri tartibi qatorini ko'rinishida to'g'ri keladigan bir qancha savollar bo'ladi. Ba'zan inversiyaga kerak bo'ladi, baz'an esa yo'q. Savollar va gaplar savollarga o'xshash bo'lishi mumkin. ECPE grammatik bo'lim sizni savol mavjud bo'lmagan gaplarga o'

Masalan: I wonder if you could tell me when the next train to Houston is dee. 1 (Not… When is next train to Huston is dee. ") Va aniq bo'lmagan savollarga savol so'rashda gaplarda qo'llamaymiz. Inversiyalarning "so", "neither" and "nor " bilan ishlatilishi. Agar "so" "neither" va "nor" qisqa bitim yoki kelishuvlarda ishlatilinsa, ular inversiyaga uchraydi. Masalan:"I'm not into hip hop ". "Neither am I(or nor am I)". "I am fond of flamenco dancing"."So am I". Yoki ular ketma- ketlikda qo'llanilishi mumkin.(Shuningdek inversiyani o'z ichiga olgan holda). Masalan:Jennifer buys only organic fruit and vegetables, and so does hugh. They don't mind the higher prices, and neither do we.

At no time did the prisoner look as if he migh confess. Not only is she a great dancer but she is also an amazing mathematician. Not untive she look up rock climbing did she overcome her fear. 1 Bu istisnosiz qoidalarni ifodalashda qo'llaniladi. Muqobil ravishda inversiyasiz ham ishlatiladi. Masalan: Prisoners will not be allowed to give interviews to the media under any circumstances. Bu haqiqatdan ham qizning buvisi bo'ri bo'lganligini anglab yetmaganligini anglatadi. N.B.ning eslatishicha, agar ravish egadan oldin kelsa , inversiya bo'lishi mumkin emas. Shu yuqoridagi ketma-ket gaplar bilan taqqoslaymiz. Masalan: She is not only a great dancer but she is also an amazing mathematician. It was not untill Effie left Brooklyn that she realized how attached she had become to

Eslatma: "Should ", "were va "had" fe'llari faqatgina fe'l bo'la olib o'zgaradi. (va "where" . Shuningdek, he, she, it bilan keladi. Elisabeth was too shey todance, as was Gerald. She decided to leave larly, as did Gerald Bu gaplarda "as" ikkita narsa o'rtasidagi bir xillikni bildiradi. Inversiyaning "so" va "such" bilan ishlatiladi. 1 Masalan: So excited were shtey shat they could't sit still. Such was shier excitement shat shey began to jump up and down. Eslatma: "So" sifat bilan ketma-ket keladi va "such" esa "so greater" bilan boshlanadi. Masalan: So great was sheir excitement shat Inversiyaning sifatlardan keyin ishlatiladi. Bir qancha badiiy gaplar boshlanishida sifat bilan va inversiy

Xulosa Darhaqiqat , mamlakatimizda xalqimiz ma ’ naviy rivoji uchun barcha shart - sharoitlar yaratilayotgan bir paytda , tilshunoslik fani ham shu maqsad uchun xizmat qilmog ‘ i darkor . Mustaqil rivojlanish yo ‘ lini tanlagan milliy tilshunosligimiz hozirgi paytda , jahon tilshunosligiga xos bo ‘ lgan ilg ‘ or g ‘ oyalarni o ‘ zlashtirgan holda tilning inson ijtimoiy faoliyatida tutgan o ‘ rnini aniqlash , uning kommunikativ mohiyatini hamda antropotsentrik xususiyatlarini tadqiq qilish yo ‘ lidan bormoqda . Shu jumladan , zamonaviy tilshunoslikning muhim yo ‘ nalishlaridan bo ‘ lgan lingvistik qarashlar til birliklaridan nutqiy faoliyat vositasi sifatida foydalanish qonuniyatlari va tamoyillarini aniqlash hamda lisoniy hodisalarning real muloqot sharoitlarida voqealanishi bilan bog ‘ li

Ingliz tili fanida gap bo ’ laklarini o‘rganishda juda katta e’tibor berish kerak. Chunki chet tilini o’rganishda ingliz tilidan o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilishda so’z tartibinining ahamiyati va muammolarini tushuntirish, tarjima qilish, uning qanday turlari mavjud, lingvistik muammolari nimada ekanligini ko’rsatib berish va tarjimada grammatik muammolari bo’yicha qanday hulosaga kelish, bu muammolarni qanday hal eta olish nazariyalar va tasnif metodlari ingliz tilini o’rganishda asosiy manba hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, sintaksis Sintaksis grammatikaning bir qismi bo‘lib, u so‘z birikmasi va gapni tekshiradi, uning asosi gap haqidagi ta’limotdir: gap qurish, so‘zlarni biriktirish qoidalari, gapning strukturasi, funksiyasi, qo‘llanishi, gaplarning o‘zaro munosabati va boshqalar. Sintaksis tilshun

qila olish va ishlash malakalarini rivojlantirish va shakllantirish, har bir talabaning o’z mutahassisligiga oid bo’lgan mavzudagi matnni lug’at yordamida yoki lug’atsiz tarjima qila olishni, davlat tashkilotlari va korxonalarda ish jarayonida mavjud bo’ladigan tarjima ishlarini asliyatdan o’zbek tiliga o’girganda, qo’pol va tushunarsiz muammolarga yo’l qo’masligini ta’minlashdan iborat. Ingliz tili grammatikasini boshqa bilimlar bilan puxta o‘zlashtirib olsa, kelajakda chet el davlatlari bilan hamkorlik qilishda, tarjimon bo‘lishda aynan mana shu ingliz tili grammatikasi juda ham yaxshi tayanch bo‘la oladi

Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro'yxati. 1. I.A. Karimov "Asosiy vazifamiz vatanimiz taraqqiyoti va mamlakatimiz farovonligini yanada yuksaltrish" 2010 у 77 b. 2. I.A. Karimov "Barkamol avlod orzusi" Sharq nash. 1998 y. 144 b. 3. I.A. Karimov , "Yuksak ma'naviyat yengilmas kuch" Tosh. "M a'naviyat"2008. 4. J. Bo'ronov. O' Hoshimov. X. Ismatullayev. "Ingliz tili gramatikasi" "O'qtuvchi" nashriyoti. 1996 y. 5. J. Bo'ronov. “Qiyosiy grammatika”.T. 1978y. 6. G'. Salomov "Tarjima nazaryasiga kirish" ,1976 y. 7. A . В.Фёдоров «Искусство перевода и жизнь литературы» 1983 г. 8. В.Н. Комиссаров, Я.Н. Ретскер, В. И. Тарков «Пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский язык» Mo скв a 1965 г. 9 . Л. С. Баркударов,

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