On” predlogli birikmalarning leksik-semantik guruhlari “Olmoq, tutmoq” ma`nolariga ega leksik-semantik guruh - Английский язык - Дипломные работы

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On” predlogli birikmalarning leksik-semantik guruhlari “Olmoq, tutmoq” ma`nolariga ega leksik-semantik guruh

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Mundarija Kirish____________________________________________________ 2 1 Bob. So`z turkumlari haqida ma`lumot.___________________________ 15 1.1. Predloglar haqida umumiy ma`lumot____________________________21 1.2.“On” predlogli birikmalarning gapdagi o`rni______________________30 1.3. Guruhlarga ajratish prinsiplari_________________________________32 1.4. “On” predlogli birikmalarning leksik-semantik guruhlari___________ 33 1.5. LSG 1. “Olmoq, tutmoq” ma`nolariga ega leksik-semantik guruh_____ 33 1.6. LSG 2. “Kelmoq, tashrif buyurmoq” ma`nolariga ega leksik-semantik guruh________________________________________________________ 34 1.7. LSG 3. “Joylashtirmoq, o`rnatmoq” ma`nolariga ega leksik-semantik guruh________________________________________________________ 35 1.8. LSG 4. “Ko`rmoq, qa

1 Bob. So`z turkumlari haqida umumiy ma`lumot. “On” predlogli birikmalarni o`rganishda biz avvalo so`z turkumlariga to`xtalib o`tishni joiz deb topdik. So`z turkumlari haqidagi muammo umumiy tilshunoslik nazariyasida va har bir til tahlilida eng ko`p munozarali muammolardan biridir. So`z turkumlarini tasnif qilishda 3 turdagi prinsipga asoslanadi: 1) ma`no 2) shakl 3) funksiya 1. Ma`no deganda biz ma`lum bir guruhga kiruvchi hamma so`zlarning umumiy ma`nosini va mohiyatini tushunamiz. Masalan “ot” so`z turkumiga to`xtaladigan bo`lsak, ot so`z turkumi predmetlik ma`nosini beradi. Bu esa “ot “ so`z turkumiga kiruvchi hamma so`z turkumlari uchun hos bo`lib, “ot” so`z turkumining so`z sifatidagi struktural ma`nosini tashkil etadi. Huddi shunday fe`l so`z turkumining so`z sifatidagi ma`nosi is

bilan birga fe`l so`z turkumi ravish bilan birikadi: write quickly, discuss seriously. Fe`l so`z turkumining gapdagi sintaktik funksiyasi kesimdir. Ko`pchilik olimlar so`z turkumlarini morfologiyaning bir bo`lagi deb qarashadi, lekin shunga qaramay so`z turkumlarini sintaksisga bog`lab o`rganmaslik hato bo`ladi. Bu muammoga turli olimlar turlicha fikr bildirganlar. Akademik A.A Shahmatovning fikricha so`z turkumlari sintaksisda o`rganilishi kerak . Tilshunos olim E.M.Gordon so`z turkumlariga quyidagicha to`xtalib o`tadi: “Har bir tildagi mavjud so`zlar ma`lum so`z turkumlariga mansub bo`lib, har bir so`z turkumi o`z hususiyatlariga ega. So`z turkumlari ma`nosi formasi va gapdagi funksiyasiga ko`ra farq qiladi. Tilshunos olim B. Ilish so`z turkumlari nazariyasini ba`zi sintaktik jihatlarini

2. Sifat 3. Olmosh 4. Son 5. Fe`l 6. Ravish 7. Holat kategoriyasi so`zlari 8. Modal so`zlar 9. Undalma kiradi. Yordamchi so`z turkumlarini Kaushanskaya struktural so`z turkumlari deb qaraydi. Struktural so`z turkumlari gapda so`zlarni bog`laydi. Ular gapda mustaqil funksiyani bajarmaydi. Struktural so`z turkumlariga Kaushanskaya quyidagilarni kiritadi: 1.Predlog 2 2.Bog`lovchi 3.Yuklama 4.Artikl Tilshunos olimlar K.H. Kachalova , E. E. Izrailovichlar so`zlarni quyidagi belgilariga ko`ra so`z turkumlariga ajratadi: 1) ma`nosiga ko`ra, 2) gapdagi vazifasiga ko`ra 3) so`z o`zgarish formasiga ko`ra (grammatik qo`shimchalar bilan) . Ingliz tilida so`z yasalish formasi va so`z o`zgarishi bir so`z turkumini boshqa so`z turkumlaridan ajratishda unchalik ahamiyat kasb etmaydi. Kachalova so`z turkum

5.Fe`l 6.Ravish 7.Predlog 8.Bog`lovchi 9.Undalma Kachalova ot, sifat, son, olmosh, fe`l va ravish gapda predmetni, belgini, ish harakatni va ravishni ular gapda predmetni, belgini ish-harakatni va gapda ma`lum bir sintaktik funksiyani bajarganligi uchun mustaqil so`z turkumlariga ajratadi. Predlog , bog`lovchi va artikl yordamchi so`z turkumlariga ajratadi. Undalmani Kachalova mustaqil so`z turkumiga ham , yordamchi so`z turkumiga ham kiritmaydi. Chunki ular hech qanday sintaktik funksiyani bajarmaydi. Bundan tashqari Gordon so`zlarni 3 asosiy guruhga bo`ladi: mustaqil so`zlar , yordamchi so`zlar va mustaqil elementlar. Mustaqil so`zlarning aniq leksik ma`nosi bor bo`lib , ular gapda mustaqil funksiyani bajaradi. Demak ular gapda gapning bosh bo`laklari yoki ikkinchi 3 darajali bo`laklari

 Undalma  Tasdiq yoki inkorni bildiruvchi so`zlar (yes, no) Gordon “please”, “anyway” kabi so`zlarni biror bir so`z turkumiga kiritmaydi. So`zlarni mustaqil va yordamchi so`z turkumlariga ajratish bazi bir qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqaradi. Masalan, fe`lni umuman olganda mustaqil so`z sifstida qaralad, lekin ular yordamchi elementlar, yani modal fe`llarni ham o`z ichiga oladi. Bazi fe`llar ham mustaqil so`z ham yordamchi so`z bo`lib keladi. Masalan, “to look” fe`li ham mustaqil, ham yordamchi so`z bo`lib keladi. He looked at me (mustaqil fe`l), “He looked tired” (yordamchi fe`l). “To have” fe`li “ I have a car” gapida mustaqil fe`l, “ I have done it today” gapida esa modal fe`l bo`lib kelgan. V.N.Jigadlo, I.P.Ivanova, L.L Iofik kabi tilshunoslar so`zlarni ikki guruhga mustaqil va forma

V.V.Burlakovaning ta`kidlashicha: ”predloglar o`zida leksik bo`sh birlikni ko`rsatmaydi va o`zining aloqador funksiyasi bilan mustaqil semantic ma`noga ega bo`ladi. V.V.Veseletskiy fikricha: “predlog so`z bo`lganligi uchun va aniq nominativ funksiyani bajarganligi uchun barcha boshqa so`zlar kabi uning ham o`z leksik mazmuni bor” Shaxmatov predloglarni guruhlarga bo`ladi: 1. Nominativ 2. Kauzal 3. Final 4. Ablativ 5. Distributiv 6. Modal 5 7. 6 Transfessiv 8. Deliberativ 9. Posessiv 10.Komparativ 11.Temporal Bisselning fikricha: “tildagi boshqa hech qaysi so`zlar predloglarchalik ko`p qo`llanmaydi”. A.I.Smirnitskiyning fikricha: “ Predloglar bog`lovchi so`zlar bo`lib, predmet bilan predmet, predmet bilan belgi, yoki predmet bilan hodisa o`rtasidagi aloqani bildirish uchun ifodalanadi”. 1.

Bizga ma`lumki ingliz tili o`zbek tilidan bir qator hususiyatlari bilan farq qiladi. Jumladan, o`zbek tilidagi kelishik qo`shimchalari va ko`makchilari ingliz tilida predloglar orqali ifodalanishi bilan harakterlanadi Predlogga O`.Hoshimov va J.Bo`ronovlar shunday ta`rif berishadi: “ Predlog, ot, olmosh yoki boshqa so`zlar o`rtasidagi aloqani ifodalaydi. Kachalovada biz quyidagi ta`rifni uchratishimiz mumkin: “Ot so`z turkumining yoki olmoshning gapda boshqa so`zlar bilan aloqasini ko`rsatadigan yordamchi so`zlar predlog deb ataladi. Kaushanskaya esa predlogga quyidagicha ta`rifni beradi: “Obyekt bilan voqea-hodisa o`rtasidagi aloqani ko`rsatuvchi so`z turkumi predlogdir”. “Predlog gapda so`zlar o`rtasidagi aloqani ifodalaydi. Jumla predloglarga ta`rif sifatida qabul qilinadi. Agar bu ta`

Bundan shu narsa kelib chiqadiki, predloglar faqat “come” va “dinner” so`zi o`rtasidagi aloqani emas, balki ekstra-lingvistik (tildan tashqaridagi) borliqdagi “he will come” va “dinner” o`rtasidagi vaqt bilan bo`gliq bo`lgan aloqani bildiradi. Yana shuni ham ta`kidlashimiz kerakki, predloglar faqat so`zlar o`rtasidagi bog`lanishni ifodalagan hollar ham bo`ladi. Masalan: This depends on you. Bu yerda biz “on” predlogining biror bir ma`nosi bor deb ayta olmaymiz. Bizga yana shu narsa ma`lumki “depend” fe`lidan keyin “on” yoki “upon” predloglaridan boshqa birorta predlog ishlatish mumkin emas. Endi biz yana “The book is lying on the table” va “The book is lying under the table” misollariga qaytadigan bo`lsak, shuni aytishimiz lozimki, na “on” predlogi va na “under” predlogi “lie” fe`li bilan

Morfologiya strukturasiga ko`ra, predloglar quyidagi gruppalarga bo`linadi: 1. Sodda (simple) predloglar 2. Yasama (derivative) predloglar 3. Qo`shma predloglar (compound preposition) 4. Soslavli predloglar (composite preposition) Sodda predloglarga at, in, on, for, about, from, with kabi predloglar kiradi. Yasama predloglarga behind , across, along akbi predloglar kiradi. Qo`shma predloglarga inside, without, within, outside kabi predloglar kirsa, sostavli predloglarga in front of, because of, in accordance kabi predloglar kiradi. Ma`nosiga ko`ra predloglar odatda joy va yo`nalishni, paytni va abstract munosabatlarni ifodalovchi predloglarga bo`linadi. Ba`zi predloglarning leksik ma`nosi aniq va konkretdir. Leksik ma`nosi aniq va konkret predloglarga quyidagi predloglar kiradi: in, below

Yuqoridagi misollarda “with” predlogi “birgalik” va “qarshi” kabi leksik ma`nolarni ifodalagan bo`lsa, quyidagi misolda “-ga qaramay” (in spite of) ma`nosini beradi: 4) With all his faults I like him. Barcha hatolariga qaramasdan u menga yoqadi. Ba`zi perdloglar pavish va bog`lovchilar bilan omonimdir. Jumladan “after” va “before” predloglari, “after” va “before” ravishlari va “after” va “before” bog`lovchilari bilan omonimdir. 1) There is an old saying that if a man has not fallen in love before party- he had better not fall on love after. Agar 40 yoshgacha sevmasa undan keyin ham sevmagan yaxshi degan eski bir naql bor. 2) When he got back to Ann he sound Savina in a state of excitement because Trasker had heard from Reagen after Eric had left (conjunction) 3) Where do you intend to stay

2. Who (m) did he speak to?- To whom did he speak? U kim bilan gaplashyapti? 3. Ask him where he got this book from- ask him where he got this book. Undan bu kitobni qayerdan olganligini so`rang. Aniqlovchi ergash gaplarda predlog nisbiy olmoshga tegishli bo`lsa, u holda u nisbiy olmoshdan oldin kelishi ham mumkin: 1. The house which he lives in is very big- The house in which he lives is very big. U yashaydigan uy juda katta. Agar nisbiy olmosh (relative pronoun) gapdan tushib qolsa, u holda predlog har doim fe`ldan keyin keladi. The house he lives in is very big. U yashaydigan uy juda katta. THE PREPOSITION The preposition is such a part of speech which denotes relations between a noun or a pronoun or other words. In the sentence the preposition as a rule is not stressed and oc cupies th

As to their meaning prepositions are usually grouped into pre positions of place and direction (in, on, to, between, along, among, under, below), time (after, before, at, etc.), prepositions expressing abstract relations (by, with, because of, etc.). The lexical meaning of some prepositions is quite clear and con crete: In, below, before, after, etc. After school, the boys played tennis. We live in the Soviet Union. There are some other prepositions the lexical meaning of which may be weakened. In some cases the preposition with expresses the relation of ac - companiment, in some sentences it has the meaning of against, opposite, or in spite of. For example: I always have dinner with my friend. «I`ve been very busy with the school and other things. (Accom paniments) He fought with the wol

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs). Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on the situation. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning useful phrases off by heart (study tips). Prepositions - Time There are about 150 prepositions in English. Yet this is a very small number when you think of the thousands of other words (nouns, verbs etc). Prepositions are important words. We use individual prepositions more frequen

A postposition would be for the same use but used after the noun, pronoun, or substantive. He drew a -fine on the map from one state and `across`. In many languages (e.g. Urdu, Turkish, Hindi and Japanese), the words that serve the role of prepositions come after, not before, the dependent noun phrase. Such words are commonly called postpositions; similarly, circumpositions consist of two parts that appear on both sides of the dependent noun phrase. The technical term used to refer collectively to prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions isadposition. In more technical language, an adposition is an element that, prototypically, combines syntactically w Some prepositions also function as subordinate conjunctions. These prepositions are after, as, before, since, and until. A subordin

up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by a determiner and an adjective or two, followed by a pronoun or noun (called the object of the preposition). This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened. Is it any wonder that prepositions create such troubles for students for whom English is a second language? We say we are at the hospital to visit a friend who is in the hospital. We lie in bed but on the couch. We watch a film at the theater but on television. For native speakers, these little words present little difficulty, but try to learn another language, any other langu

• Where is your college at ? 1.2. “On” predlogli birikmalarning gapdagi o`rni Biz to`plagan deyarli barcha misollarda “on” predlogli birikmalar o`zida substantial (otlik) belgisini namoyon qiladi. Ingliz tilida “on” predlogli birikmalarining o`zida substansial belgini ifodalashini, ularning o`zida determinativ (aniqlovchi) deb ataladigan elementlar bilan birikishida namoyon bo`ladi va bunday determinativlarga quyidagilar kiradi: a) kishilik olmoshlari 1. I felt the rain on my face. (HEF 171). Men yuzimda yomg`irni his qildim. 2. The priest sat on my bed… (HEF 164). Ruxoniy mening kravotimga o`tirdi. 3.He put his hand on my shoulder (HEF 158). U yelkamga qo`lini qo`ydi. 4.she felt how little time she was spending on her work (LMW 106). U ishiga qanchalik kam vaqt sarflayotganini his qildim.

d) sifat bilan 1. Bonillo sliced a big white cheese on the heavy kitchen table (HEF 183). Bonillo og`ir oshxona stoli ustida katta pishloqni tilimlab kesdi. 2. The girls were sitting on a stone wall (HEF 186). Qizlar tosh devor ustida o`tirishar edi. 3. It had melted as it felt on the wet ground (HEF 171). U ho`l yerga tushganligi uchun erib ketdi. 4. On the big street Catherine watched for a shop (HEF 143). Katta ko`chada Katrina magazine izladi. e) ko`rsatish olmoshi bilan 1. They are in that box on that table (HEF 214). Ular o`sha stoldagi o`sha qutining ichida. 2. Please put the papers on this table by the bed (HEF 93). Iltimos gazetalarni kravot yonidagi bu stol ustiga qo`ying. 3. Sue had been working on that day (SMW 148). Syu o`sha kundan beri ishlamoqda edi. 1.3. Guruhlarga ajrati

ma`lumotlarni tekshirishda esa tajriba o`tkazish metodini qo`llashimiz mumkin. Tajriba o`tkazishdan maqsad esa eng avvalo fe`l leksemalarni iboralardan o`zakdosh substantive (ot) yoki adyektiv (sifat) leksemalar bilan ajratish imkoniyatining borligi. Bu tajriba o`rganiladigan fe`llarning bir xil rejasini tekshirish hamda differensiyalash ya`ni farqlashdan iborat. Shu orqali boshqa kategoriyalardagi fe`l leksemalarning substantiv, adyekt va hatto adverbial (ravish) leksemalar bilan sistemali aloqada kuzatish mumkin. Shuningdek bir xil boshqaruv usuliga ega bo`lgan fe`l leksemalarni iboralarda boshqa mazmunan yaqin bo`lgan fe`l leksemalar bilan almashtirish mumkin, ammo shu leksemalar aynan bir xil leksik-semantik guruhga kirishi shart. Lekin bir hususiyatga e`tibor berish lozim: bir xil lek

Take- olmoq, tutmoq Carry- ko`tarib, olib yurmoq Hang- ushlamoq, tutmoq Hold- tutmoq, ushlamoq Get- olmoq, erishmoq, qozonmoq Seize- ushlamoq, qo`lga olmoq Touch- tegmoq, ushlamoq Ushbu leksemalar quyidagi iboralarda o`z aksini topgan. To take on smth; to take on appointment, to carry on negotiations, to hang on somewhere, to hold on smth, get on reputation, seize on smth, touch on smb. Bu guruhga kiradigan leksemalar iboralarda jonsiz otlar bilan birlashadi va quyidagi misollarda o`z ifodasini topadi. Masalan: Mary was glad taking on new appointment (SMM 162). Didn`t you carry anybody on your back? (MCCH 19). She carried on with her work (PAP 120). We are carriying on now (OHS 11). You carried several people on your back (MCCH 36). The picture is hanging on the wall (MCCH 11). You must ho

Stretch- intilmoq Visit- ko`rgani bormoq tashrif buyurmoq Arrive- kelmoq, qaytmoq Ushbu leksemalar quyidagi iboralarda o`z aksini topgan. To walk on smth, to set on rubber, to come on, to come up on, to jump on brother, to stretch smb on smth, to visit on them, to arrive on Monday. Bu guruhga kiradigan leksemalar iboralarda jonli otlar va olmoshlar bilan birlashadi va quyidagi misollarda o`z ifodasini topadi. Masalan: They walked on silence (PAP 243). We set to work on our last mile (JKJT 206). She comes back on again (PAP). “Come on” said the captain (KGP 120). They suddenly jumped on me (PAP 79). He stretched himself fill length on the grass (PAP 27). He stretched out on the diven (PAP 16). He stretched himself on the bed on the floor (PAP 301). They would be visited on the first of June

Ushbu fe`llar ham jonli ham jonsiz otlar bilan shuningdek olmoshlar bilan birikishi mumkin va quyidagi misollarda o`z aksini topadi: He set the cases on the ground (PAP 27). The old woman placed her hand on the pteacher`s arm (PAP 69). Pages eye fastened on him a bright and over-bearing stare (ACC 33). 1.8. LGS 4. Leksik-semantik guruh 4. Bu guruh fe`llari qaramoq ko`rmoq , qaramoq, tikilib turmoq kabi umumiy ma`noga ega bolgan 6 ta fe`lni o`z ichiga oladi va quyidagi model asosida yasaladi: Vtr+on+C (complement-to`ldiruvchi) Look- qaramoq See- ko`rmoq Kept an eye- ko`z usmaslik Sight- qaramoq, ko`rmoq Linger- uzoq qarab tikilib turmoq To have an eyes- tikilib qaramoq Ushbu leksemalar quyidagi iboralarda o`z aksini topgan: To look on mother, to see smth on his face, to see smb on the road,

Leksik-semantik guruh 5. ushbu LSG ikkitagina fe`ldan iborat bo`lib, ular uxlamoq, mudramoq, mizg`imoq kabi umumiy ma`niolarga egadir: Sleep- uxlamoq Snooze- mudramoq Ushbu leksemalar quyidagi iboralarda o`z aksini topgan: To sleep on the bed, to snooze on the shore. Ular ushbu misollarda o`z aksini topgan: You will sleep on the bed in the bedroom (PAP 83). Two of the sailors were sent in a longboat to seize a walrus that was snoozing on the shore. 2 Bob. “On” predlogli birikmalar haqida. “On” predlogli birikmalarning lokativ (o`rin-joy), yo`nalish, temporal (vaqt), kauzal (sabab), prosessual (jarayon) ma`nolarini ifoda etishini shu bilan bir qatorda “with” ma`nosida kelishini ko`rib chiqdik. Bulardan tashqari “on” predlogli birikmalarning yana bir qator ma`nolari ham borki, ular ko`pchil

4. Meals are on Hurold (DCE 986). Yeguliklar Huroldning hisobidan. c) biror kishining dori va shu kabi narsalarni muntazam iste`mol qilishini ko`rsatish uchun ham ishlatiladi: 1. I am not on the pills at the moment (Coll 1004). Men ayni paytda dorilarni muntazam ichmayapman. 2. His son is on drugs. Uning o`gli giyohvandlikka rujo` qo`ygan. 3. He is on diet of vegetables (Arak 69). U sabzavotli parhezda. d) iste`mol qiladigan oziq ivqatni ko`rsatishda, biror kishini biror taom bilan siylashni ifodalashda yoki biror-bir hayvonni biror narsa bilan boqishni ko`rsatishda ishaltiladi: 1. They were feasting on steaks and chips (Coll 1004). Ular kotlet va qovurilgan kartoshkalar bilan ziyofat qilishayotgan edilar. 2. We can`t live on rice and water. Biz guruch va suv bilan yashay olmaymiz. 3. What

“On” predlogli birikmalar bir qator ma`nolarni ifoda etadi. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida “on” predlogli birikmalar gapda quyidagi ma`nolarni o`zida aks ettirishi mumkin: 1.On predlogli birikmalar gapda eng ko`p lokativ (o`rin-joy) ma`nosida keladi va “where” qayerda? So`rog`iga javob bo`ladi. 1) The lady in black lingered for a moment on the pavement (LBC 19). Qora kiyimli ayol bir muddat yo`lakda turib qoldi. 2) It is on one of the desks (LBC 139). Bu partalarning birini ustida. 3) There were troops on this road (HEF 63). Bu yo`lda jangchilar bor edi. 4) Mr. Gootbody placed his finger on the title… (LBC 25). Janob Gotbody barmog`ini sarlavha ustiga qo`ydi… 5)… they had ywo men on each ambulance (HEF 72). Tez yordamning har birida ularning ikki kishisi bor edi. 6) My things hung on the wal

Where did the lady in black lingered for a moment? The lady in black lingered for a moment near the pavement. The lady in black lingered for a moment not far from the pavement. 2) It is on one of the desks (LBC 139). Where is it? It is on one of the desks (LBC 139). It is there. It is under one of the desks . It is near one of the desks. “Lokativ ma`nodagi” “on” predlogli birikmalarning leksik tarkibida konkret predmetlar (table, chair, desk, window, wall, bed, door, tree…), daryolar, tog`lar dengiz, yo`lak, yo`l kabi joy nomlari, inson tanasi a`zolari (foot, eyes, cheek, hand, head, face…) bo`lish mumkin. On predlogli birikmalar lokativ ma`noda quyidagi fe`llar bilan birikishi mumkin: to be, to stay, to put, to sit, to stand, to lie, to hung, to place, to remain, to see, to sleep, to hav

birikmalarning yo`nalish ma`nosini “to”, “towards”, “ in the direction of” predloglari bilan transformatsiya qilish orqali aniqlash mumkin. 1) They were frightened and firing on anything they saw - they were frightened and firing in the direction of anything they saw - they werefrightened and firing to anything they saw - they were frightened and firing towards anything they saw. 2) He threw the ball on me - He threw the ball in the direction of me He threw the ball towards me. 3) I`ll let dog on you - I`ll let the dog towards you - I`ll let the dog in the direction of you - I`ll let the dog to you. Yuqoridagi misollardan ko`rinib turibdiki yo`nalish ma`nosini ifoda etgan “on” predlogli birkmalarning leksik tarkibida jonli va jonsiz predmetlar, joy nomlari bo`lishi mumkin va harakatni ko`r

“On” predlogli birikmalarning “temporal” (vaqt) ma`nosini aniqlashimiz uchun gapga “when” (qachon) so`roq so`zi bilan savol qo`yish va “on” predlogli birikmani aks etuvchi predlog bilan yoki “then” (o`shanda) temporal ma`noni beruvchi ravish bilan o`rin almashtirish orqali aniqlaymiz. 1) You have caught me on a very busy day - when have you caught me? You have caught me then. 2) He left on Wednesday - when did he leave? - He left then. 3) On the first day I arrived - when did you arrive? - Then I arrived. 4) The meeting took place on Monday - when did the meeting take place? The meeting took place then. “On” predlogli birikmalar “keyin” ma`nosini ham o`zida aks ettiradi. Bunday holda “on” predlogidan keyin gapda gerund keladi va “keyin” …“gach” ma`nolarini o`zida ifoda etadi. 1.On receivin

“On” predlogli birikmalar o`zida kauzal ya`ni “sabab” ma`nosini ham aks ettiradi. “On” predlogli birikmalarning kauzal ma`noda kelishini quyidagi gaplar misolida ko`rishimiz mumkin: 1.Her voice broke off on a job (LBC 110). 2.Philipp had torn his shirt on a nail (DCE 986). Fillip ko`ylagini mixda yirtib oldi. 3.He is away on business (LBC 66). U ish bilan ketgan. 4.They said to each other on this occasion (LBC 125). Ular bir-biri bilan shu munosabat tufayli gaplashishdi. 5.You ought to have more treatment on it (HEF 256). 6.I did it on purpose (HEF 54). Men buni ataylab qildim. 7.Tom was absent on this errand (LBC 137). Tom mana shu topshiriq tufayli yo`q. 8.I should like to set to work at once on the revision (LBC 186). Takrorlash uchun ishga darhol kirishishingizni hohlardim . Yuqorida k

Eksperiment natijalari yuqoridagi gaplarda “on” predlogli birikmalarning “kauzal” (sabab) ma`nosini aniqlash imkonini berdi. “On” predlogli birikmalarning prosessual (jarayon) ma`nosi. “On” predlogli birikmalar yuqorida keltirilgan (leksik) ma`nolaridan tashqari, prosessual ya`ni jarayon ma`nosini ham aks ettiradi quyidagi misollarda “on” predlogli birikmalarning prosessula ma`nosini ko`rishimiz mumkin: 1. I could see soldiers on guard (HEF 205). Men soldatlarning qorovullikd aturganini ko`rdim. 2. Can you be on night duty today (HEF 106). Bugun siz tungi navbatchilikda tura olasizmi? 3. The weekly papers have already been on sale (LBS 136). Haftalik gazetalar allaqachon sotuvda 4. It was Peter`s turn to be on the defencive (LBS 154). Himoyada turish Piterning navbati edi. 5. We wouldn`t

“On” predlogli birikmalarning oldingi paragraflarda o`rin-joy, yo`nalish, temporal kabi ma`nolarini ko`rib o`tgan edik. Mazkur bandda biz “on” predlogli birikmalarning “with” (bilan) ma`nosida kelishini ko`rib chiqamiz. 1)I wiped my hand on my shirt (HEF 71). Men qolimni ko`ylagimga artdim. 2)Everyone ate very quickly the spaghetti on the fork (HEF 34). Hamma makaronni vilkada tez tanovvul qildi. 3)He dried his hand on the towel (OXF 415). U qo`lini sochiqqa artdi. 4)I cut my finger on the knife (OXF 415). Men qo`limni pichoqda kesib oldim. 5)He played a tune on the fiddle (COLL 1104). U kuyni skripkada chaldi. 6)What do you feed your dog on? (COLL 1104). Siz itingizni nima bilan boqasiz? 7)Philipp had torn his shirt on a nail(DEE 986). Fillip ko`ylagini mix bilan yirtgan edi. Yuqorida ke

Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi ba`zi fe`llar o`zidan keyin “on” predlogini talb qiladi. Bunday fe`llarga quyidagi fe`llar kiradi: To agree on The parts couldn`t agre on the terms of contract (KPG 338). Tomonlar kontrakt shartlariga kelisha olishmadi. They agreed on this conditions (Dub 28). Ular ushbu holatlarga rozi bo`lishdi. To comment on He didn`t comment on this event (KPG 338). U bu voqeani sharxlamadi. To congratulate on I congratulate him on this success. Men uni bu muvaffaqiyat bilan tabrikladim. To depend on That doesn`t depend on me. Bu menga bog`liq emas. The children were wholly depended on charity. Bolalar g`amxo`rlikka to`la muhtoj edilar. To insist on I insist on your presence. Men sizning ishtirok etishingizni talab qilaman. To rely on You may rely on me. Siz menga suyanish

On the suggestion of We went to the picnic on the suggestion of our groupmates. Biz ziyofatga guruhdoshlarimizning taklifiga binoan bordik. On behalf of He congratulated his friend on behalf of his family. U do`sti- ni oilasi nomidan tabrikladi. On business He went to Moscow on business. U Moskvaga ish bo`yicha ketgan. On board the ship- kema bortida. On condition that- sharti bilan On credit- kreditga On demand- talab bo`yicha On foot- piyoda On land- quruqlikda On the part of- kimningdir tomonida On purpose- ataylab On the right (left) hand (side)- o`ng (chap) tomonda On sale- sotuvda 1-Bobga xulosa “On” predlogli birikmalarni o`rganishda biz avvalo so`z turkumlariga to`xtalib o`tishni joiz deb topdik. So`z turkumlarini tasnif qilishda 3 turdagi prinsipga asoslanadi: 4) ma`no 5) shakl 6)

Bundan tashqari mazkur ishda Ilish, Kachalova, Kaushanskaya kabi tilshunos olimlarning ham so`z turkumlari xususida qator fikrlari keltirib o`tildi. Shuningdek biz predloglar haqida mashhur tilshunos olimlarning fikrlari bilan tanishdik. O`.Xoshimov va J. Bo`ronovlarning e`tirof etishlaricha “Predlog ot, olmosh yoki boshqa so`zlar o`rtasidagi aloqani ifodalaydi”. Kaushanskaya esa predlogga quyidagicha ta`rif beradi: “Obyekt bilan voqea- hodisa o`rtasidagi aloqani ko`rsatuvchi so`z turkumi predlogdir”. Predloglar gapda so`zlar o`rtasidagi aloqani ifodalashini bir qancha misollar yordamida aniq ko`rib chiqdik. Bundan tashqari predloglarning sintaktik nuqtai nazaridan til darajasini farqlashimiz lozim ekanligini bilib oldik. Biz murojat qilgan birikmalarimizga ko`ra predloglarning funksiyasi

5. ko`rsatish olmoshi bilan Mazkur ilmiy ishda biz birikmalarni guruhlarga ajratish prinsiplari xususida so`z olib bordik va “on” predlogli birikmalarni leksik- semantik guruhlarini tuzib chiqdik. Ilmiy izlanishimiz davomida “on” predlogi bilan qo`llanuvchi fe`llarni aniq leksik-semantik guruhlarga (LSG) ajaratish bir necha xususiyatlarga qarab amalga oshirildi. Leksemalarni leksik semantik guruhlarga ajratishda umumiy o`timlilik faktoriga asoslandik hamda tilning leksik qatlamlariga e`tibor qaratdik. Shuningdek leksemalar guruhlarini mazmunli yoki formal xususiyatlariga qarab farqlanishi xususida to`xtalib o`tdik. Mazmunli hususiyat shundan iboratki, leksemalar umumiy yoki o`xshash mazmunga ega bo`ladi. Formal hususiyatlar esa to`ldiruvchi leksemalar bilan birlashadigan ma`lum o`timli le

ko`rsatishda ishlatiladi : I am not on the pills at the moment. They were feasting on steaks and chips. What do you feed your dog on? Ushbu ishda shuningdek “on” predlogli birikmalarning “with” (bilan) ma`nosida kelishini ham ko`rsatib o`tdik. Masalan: I wiped my hand on my shirt, yoki, everyone ate very quickly the spaghetti on the fork. Yuqorida keltirilgan gaplardagi “on” predlogli birikmalarning “ with” ma`nosini ifodalashini quyidagi transformatsion metod orqali isbotlaymiz ya`ni, “on” predlogini “with” predlogi bilan almashtiramiz. 1) I wiped my hand on my shir - I wiped my hand with my shirt 2) Everyone ate very quickly the spaghetti on the fork - Everyone ate very quickly the spaghetti with the fork Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilidagi ba`zi fe`llar o`zidan keyin on predlogini talab qilad

bir bo`lagi deb qarashadi, lekin shunga qaramay so`z turkumlarini sintaksisga bog`lab o`rganmaslik hato bo`ladi. Bu muammoga turli olimlar turlicha fikr bildirganlar. Har bir so`z turkumining o`z leksik ma`nosi bor. Masalan fe`l so`z turkumi ish –harakatni ifodalasa, ot so`z turkumi obyekt va narsalarning nomini anglatadi, sifat so`z turkumi esa predmetning belgisini bildiradi. Bazi so`z turkumlari turli grammatik kategoriyalarga ega. Masalan fe`l so`z turkumi mayl kategoriyasi, zamon, nisbat, shaxs son kabi kategoriyalarga ega bo`lsa, ot so`z turkumi son va kelishik kategoriyalarga, sifat so`z turkumi esa darajalarga ega. Bizga ma`lumki ingliz tili o`zbek tilidan bir qator hususiyatlari bilan farq qiladi. Jumladan, o`zbek tilidagi kelishik qo`shimchalari va ko`makchilari ingliz tilida pre

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Lokativ (o`rin-joy ma`nosi) directiv (yo`nalish ma`nosi) Temporal (vaqt ma`nosi) Kauzal (sabab ma`nosi) Instrumental Obyektli Aktiv It is on one of the desks (LBC 139).Bu partalarning birini ustida. He threw the ball on me. U koptokni menga uzatdi. He left on Tuesday. U seshanba kuni ketdi. Tom was absent on this errand. Tom shu topshiriq tufayli kelmadi. Everyone ate very quickly the spaghetti on the fork. Hamma spagettini vilka bilan tez tanavvul qildi. They declared war on Germany. Ular Germaniyaga qarshi urush e`lon qilishdi. We wouldn`t notice if the house were on fire. Agar uy yonayotgan bo`lsa biz payqamagan bo`lar edik. to, towards, in the direction of. then because of By the help of Because of smth Iova 1 № “On” predlogli birikmalar Misollar % 38

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Lokativ Directiv Temporal Kauzal Instrumental Obyektli Aktiv Jami: 550 400 300 250 100 50 50 1700 31.4 % 23.5 % 17.6 % 14.7 % 5.8 % 2.9 % 2.9 % 100 % Ilova 2 Foydalanilagan ilmiy adabiyotlar. 39

1. I. A. Karimov “Mamlakatimizda demokratik islohotlarni yanada chuqurlashtirish va fuqarolik jamiyatini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi” Toshkent- O`zbekiston” 2010 2. I. Karimov “Yuksak ma`naviyat yengilmas kuch” Toshkent 2008 3. Buslayev F . I “Историческая грамматика русского глагола” Москва 1959. 4. Bissel “Prepositions in French and English” New York 1947. 5. Barxudarov L . S “О поверхностном и глубинном синтаксисе” 1874. 6. Qiyomov R, Qiyomova G “Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida after predlogli birikmalarning leksik va sintaktik-semantik tahlili” 7. Bo`ronov J “Ingliz tili grammatikasi” 8. Gordon E.M, Krylova I.P “A grammar of present day English” Moscow 1974 9. K . N Kachalova , E . E Izrailovich “Практическая грамматика английского языка” Москва 1996. 10. Kaushanskaya V . L , Kovner R . L

1. B.M- Bradbury R “The illustrated man” London 1954. 2. C.F.S- Cooper F “The spy” Moscow 1975 3. D.C.D- Charlez Dickens “David Copperfield” Great Britain 1991. Abridjedby Norman Wymer. 4. D.L.B-Dunkling Leslie “the Battle of Newton Rood”. Printed in Malasia By WP 1993. 5. Y.A-Yreene Y “The confidential agent” London 1963. 6. G.H.S- Ganet Daily “Heart Stome” published in Large Print by arrangement with Mills and Boon Ltd 1990. 7. G.H- Gohn Hersey “ Fliying” New York 1980. 8. T.L.M- Mig Wolither “Theis is your life” New York 1988. 9. H.E.H- Hemingway E “To have and haven`t” Moscow 1979. 10. H.E.F- Hemingway E “Farewayle to arms” 1971. 11. L.S- London G “Short stories” Moscow 1963. 12. M.R- Maurier D “Rebessa” Moscow 1967 13. M.I.S- Merdak A “The Sandcastle” L 1975. 14. P.A.P- Peter Abrahams

Foydalanilgan lug`atlar. 1. O.S Axmanova “ Словарь лингвистических терминов ” 2. The Oxford Russian- English Dictionary” Oxford-Moscow 1997. 3. B . K Myuller - “Англо Русский Словарь” Современная редакция. M осква 2005 . 42

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