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Sifatning predikativ vazifasida ishlatilishi va ularning semantik xususiyatlari

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MUNDARIJA Kirish ……………………………………………………………. I Bob. Sifat so’z turkumlariga oid umumiy tushunchalar…….. 1.1. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida so’z turkumlari haqida ………… 1.2. Sifat haqida umumiy ma’lumot ……………………………..... 1.3. Sifat olimlar nazariy qarashlarida …………………………… 1.4. Sifatdoshlarning sifat vazifasida ishlatilishi ……………….. II Bob. Sifatning gapdagi vazifasi ……………………………… 2.1. Sifatning gapda predikativ vazifasida kelishi ……………….. 2.2. Sifatning gapda aniqlovchi vazifasida kelishi ………………. 2.3. Sifatning gapda so’z birikmalari bilan kelishi ………………. 2.4. Predikativ vazifasida ishlatilgan sifatlarning sintaktik va semantik tahlili …………………………………………………. Xulosa …………………………………………………………… Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati ……………………………. Ilova ………………………………………………………………

So’z boshi O’z ona tilidan tashqari dunyo tillarini ham mukammal o’rganish insoniyatga faqat ulug’vor ishlarni bajarishda yaqin ko’makchi bo’lib kelgan. Jamiyatimizda turli xil sohalar mavjud. Ularning ba’zilari aniq fanlar bilan, ba’zilari ijtimoiy fanlar bilan, boshqalari esa tabiiy fanlar bilan bog’liq.har bir jamiyatning kelajagi va buguni uning ajralmas qismi bo’lgan ta’lim tiziminining qay darajada rivojlanganligi bilan belgilanadi. 1997- yilda respublikamizda tarixiy hujjatlar “Ta’lim to’grisidagi Qonun” va “ Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi” qabul qilindi. Uning asosiy maqdsadi mamalakatimizda uzluksiz ta’lim tizimini isloh qilish, komil inson va yetuk malakali mutaxassislar tayyorlashdir. Biz XXI asrni axborot texnologiyalari asri deb aytamiz. Zamon shiddatli tarzda axborot texno

so’zlarida ingliz tiliga alohida to’xtalib, ingliz tilini maktab, akademik litsey va kasb- hunar kollejlarda hamda oily o’quv yurtlarida o’qitishning eskicha metodlaridan foydalanmay, aksincha, yangi innovatsion texnologiyalardan, ya’ni kompyuterlashtirilgan metodlardan foydalanishko’proq o’quvchi yoshlarga samarali bilim olishlari uchun foydali ekanligi ta’kidlab o’tiladi. Bugungi kunda davlatimizda internet global tarmog’i yashin tezligida borayotgan sari uning foydali xususiyatlari ham oshib, bilimga chanqoq yoshlarning bilim olishlari uchun katta ko’mak bermoqda. Davlatimizda olib borilayotagn ilg’or taraqqiyot ichida ingliz tilini o’rganish ishlari olib borilmoqda. Bu ishning unumdorligini oshirish va yuqori natijalarga erishish uchun televideniye, radio va o’quv yurtlari jalb qilinga

usullaridan aqliy hujum, kichik guruhlarda ishlash, hamkorlikda o‘qish va tarjima qilish, bahs-munozara, davra suhbati, klaster va boshqa ko‘pgina usullardan foydalanilgan holda og‘zaki va yozma nutqqa o‘rgatiladi. Ta’limda ingliz tilini o‘rgatishda “Arra” o‘zaro o‘qish texnikasi, “Birgalikda o‘qiymiz”, “O‘ylang, juftlikda ishlang – fikr almashing” birgalikda o‘qish texnikasi, “Inster, Toifali, Konseptual, BBB, SWOT-tahlil” jadvallari, “Klaster, Kaskad, Nilufar guli, Piramida, Baliq skleti, Nima uchun?”, kabi sxemalardan foydalanish o’quvchilar bilimini oshiradi va mustahkamlaydi. Bunday interfaol metodlaridan foydalanish va zamonaviy ta’lim texnologiyalarini tadbiq etish dars sifatini oshiradi. Interfaol metodlar ta’lim jarayonida qatnashayotgan har bir o’quvchining faolligiga asoslanadi.

mutaxassislarga ehtiyoj ortmoqda. “Hozirgi paytda Xorijiy tillarni o‘rganish va o‘rgatishga yurtimizda katta ahamiyat berilmoqda. Bu ham albatta, bejiz emas, bugun jahon hamjamiyatidan o‘ziga munosib o‘rin egallashga intilayotgan mamlakatimiz uchun, chet ellik sheriklarimiz bilan hamjihatlikda, hamkorlikda o‘z buyuk kelajagini qurayotgan xalqimiz uchun, xorijiy tillarni mukammal bilishning ahamiyatini baholashning hojati yo‘qdir”, - degan edi prezidentimiz I.A. Karimov.

Kirish Ishning nazariy asosi: Bitiruv malakaviy ishining obyekti qilib, sifatning predikativ vazifasida ishlatilishi va ularning semantik xususiyatlari olindi. Ushbu ishning asosiy maqsadi predikativ vazifasidagi sifatlarni har tomonlama amaliy va nazariy jihatdan hamda strukturali sintaktik va sintaktik-semantik ma’no-mazmun jihatdan o‘rganib chiqishdan iboratdir. Bu predikativ vazifasidagi sifatlarni sintaksemli va komp o nentli holatlarni aniqlash demakdir. Yuqoridagi maqsadga erishish uchun ayrim vazifalarni hal qilishni taqozo etadi: - Gap qurilishida predikativ vazifasidagi sifatlarni o‘r n i va rolini aniqlash; - Predikativ vazifasidagi sifat va darajalarni ifodalagan u yoki bu sintaksemani gapda sintaktik jihatdan o‘rganish; - Zamonaviy amerika va ingliz mualliflarining badiiy asa

bog‘lanib komp o nentlarga ajraladi. Yadroviylik, predikatsiyalanish (NP 1 ), predikatlash (NP 2 ), tobelik (D) va hokazo. Ikkinchi turdagi elementar birliklar sintaksemalarini ajratishdan iboratdir. Bu birliklarning tarkibiy qismi sintaktik bog‘lanishlar asosida qurilgan turli xil sintaktik-semantik belgilarning majmuasidir. Sintaksema tarkibida masalan, shunday sintaktik-semantik belgilar substansial (narsani bildiruvchi), kualikativ (narsaning xususiyatini), protsessual (ish-harakatini) lokativ (joyni), temporal (vaqtni), kauzal (sabab belgilarni), stativ (holatni) va hokazolarni kiritish mumkin. Malakaviy bitiruv ishining asosiy metodi bo‘lib, gaplar va ularning qismlarini modellashtiruvchi turli xil transformatsiyalarni va yunuksion modellari (gapning o‘zaro sintaktik modellari)da ifo

bitiruv malakaviy ishimizning tadqiqot obyekti qilib, sifatning gapda predikativ vazifasida ishlatilishi va ularning sintaktik-semantik xususiyatlarini tanladik. Ushbu ish bosma huquqida ------betdan iborat bo‘lib, ishning oxirida esa shartli belgilar va qisqartirmalar, hamda adabiyotlar ro‘yxati berilmoqda.

1.1. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida so‘z turkumlari haqida. So‘zlarni so‘z turkumlariga klassifikatsiyalash muammosi necha asrlardan buyon olimlar izlanishining mavzusi bo‘lib kelmoqda. Klassik ilmiy grammatika darsliklarni yozgan olimlar bu mavzuni birinchi davr grammatikasidagi ba’zi tasniflarga qaytish orqali yechishga urinishadi. 1 Henri S wee t so‘z turkumlarining ikkiga ajralgan klassifikatsiyasini ishlab chiqdi. Xuddi rus tilidagi yordamchi so‘zlar kabi yangi terminlar kengroq ma’noda qo‘llanila boshladi. Henri Svit bu guruh tarkibida artikl hamda fe’l- bog‘lamalarini ham kiritdi. Yana bir olim O.Jesperson 2 esa yuklama tushunchasiga qaytgan holda ravish, predloglar, bog‘lovchilar va undov so‘zlarni bir so‘z turkumiga mansub ekanligini asoslab berishga harakat qiladi. Fe’l va ravish gu

So‘zlarni turkumlarga ajratishda qanday so‘zlar bilan munosabat g a kira olish ham muhimdir. Demak, so‘zlarning gapda, qanday gap bo‘lagi bo‘lib, kelishi (yoki gap bo‘lagi bo‘la olmasligi), qanday so‘zlar bilan aloqaga kira olishi, ularning ma’nolariga va grammatik formalariga bog‘liq bo‘lgan hodisadir. Shuning uchun so‘zlar har uch belgini (semantik, morfologik va sintaktik belgilarni) nazarda tutgan holda turkumlarga ajratiladi. Bu belgilar hamma so‘z turkumlari d a bir xil darajada mavjud emas, albatta. Ba’zi so‘zlar uchun morfologik belgilar yetakchi rol o‘ynasa (masalan, ot, fe’l) ba’zi so‘zlar uchun esa sintaktik belgi yetakchi rol o‘ynaydi (masalan, sifat, ravish, yordamchi so‘zlar uchun). 1.2. Sifat haqida umumiy ma’lumot

Sifat- so‘z turkumlaridan biri hisoblanib, u gapda otdan avval kelib, uni an iq laydi. Sifatning gapdagi asosiy sintaktik funksiyasi bu- aniqlovchi bo‘lib, sifat aniqlovchining mazmuni ifodalagan so‘zlarni o‘z ichiga oladi (good, difficult, green). Ingliz tilida u k eli shiklar ta’sirida o‘zgarmaydi, shuningdek rodda ham, sonda ham o‘zgarmaydi. A new building New buildings A new book New books Sifat ingliz tilida faqatgina darajalarda o‘zgaradi. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tili grammatikasida sifatlar tuzilishiga ko‘ra: Oddiy, yasama hamda qo‘shma sifatlarda bo‘linadi: Oddiy sifat – bu sifat turlari tarkibida hech qanday qo‘shimchalar bo‘lmaydi. Long, old, high, short…. Yasama sifat - bu turdagi sifat turlari tarkibida old q o’ shimcha yoki ort qo‘shimchalar mavjud bo‘ladi: Comfortable, useful, i

Sifat gapda t o’ ldiruvchi bilan bog‘lanishi mumkin, ko‘proq ular predlogli bo‘lib keladi: Faqat 3 ta sifat like, busy and worth bilan bog‘langan to‘ldiruvchilar hech narsasiz faqat o‘zi keladi: …The air was full of butterflies … (G) He was a very fond of opera…. (G) Tom was good to her….. (G) He was conscious of faint rustling behind him. (G) “She’s more like your mother – the same eyes and hair”. (G) A boy and two men very busy hanging the great sliding door at the south end … (N) There was a wind like ice. (M) Eslatma . – like so’zi har ikki holatda, sifat yoki predlog bo’lishi mumkin. Like sifatning pregativ yoki aniqlovchi fuksiyalarida kelishi va faqat to’ldiruvchi orqali ifodalanadi: a) “You are like your brother Bevel after all,” I said. (M) b) “What is that exquisite flower, like

use less , care ful , chil dish , fool ish , self ish , poison ous , numer ous , danger ous , trouble some , brother ly , live ly , lone ly , medi cal , cultur al , eat able , access ible , leg ible , vis ible , atom ic , hero ic , expens ive , dirt y . Quyidagi tipik sifatlar boshqa qo’shimchalar bilan tugaydi: suburb an , eleg ant , circul ar , wood en , depend ent , mart ial , economic al , pretenti ous . Eng ko’p tarqalgan old qo’shimchalar (prefikslar) un - , in -, un happy, un equal, in complete, in different. Bundan tashqari qo’shma sifatlarga: ice-cold, life-long, breast-high, heart-rending, upright, inborn kabilar kiradi. Sifatlar bizning nutqimizni ma’nodor va ravon qiladi. Ayniqsa, to’qima asarlarda sifatlarning roli juda zo’r va ma’nodor bo’ladi. Berilgan misollardagi tasvirlov

Asliy sifatlarning – LY qo’shimchasi orqali ma’no chiqarib beradigan o’ziga xos ravishlar bilan birga ( quick – quickly, bright -brightly yoki sifatlar bilan birga omonim shaklini yasaydi (fast-fast), (loud-loud [ly] ). Nisbiy sifatlar-biror narsaning xususiyatini boshqa narsaga bog’liqligi orqali ifodalaydi: wollen gloves (gloves made of wool), wooden house (house made of wood), Siberian wheat (wheat from Siberia). Nisbiy sifatlarning sifat darajalari bo’lmaydi. Ingliz tilida ko’p nisbiy sifatlar chegaralangan. Kamdan – kam nisbiy sifatlar otdan tashkil topib, - en qo’shimchasi orqali ma’no anglatadi (wooden, woolen). Ayrim nisbiy sifatlar esa – ly qo’shimchasini olib, otdan tashkil topadi (daily, motherly); Ko’p nisbiy sifatlar otlardan kelib chiqib, ma’no anglatgan (silk, gold, cotton).

My task is as easy as yours. The third man was no other than his old friend Dr. Horace Hunter, as healthy and hearty as ev er … (Ch). “If you ever live to be as old as I am you will find many things strange (E.H).” Inkor gaplarda esa not so … as bog’lovchisi bilan ishlatiladi. Father off were hills: not so lofty as those round Lowood … (B) “I am not so brave, so good, so strong as you” (G). Bir necha martalab qiyoslash as … as o’rtasiga oddiy darajadagi sifatni qo’yib, ulardan oldin ikki marta, uch marta so’zlarini kiritiladi: This box is two times as heavy as that. Today we have loaded thee times as much wheat as yesterday. Qiyoslanayotgan ikkinchi narsa tushib qolganda sifatdan keyingi as tushirib qoldiriladi: This grade is twice as expensive. He is twice as old. Quyidagilarni tarjima qi

Pastroq, yomonroq darajalar sifatlarning xususiyatini aniqlaydigan little ravishlari bilan qiyosiy yoki orttirma darajada (less, least) bog’lanadi. U mustaqil sintaktik ibora hisoblanadi. The instigators of war are weak, less numerous than the partisans of peace. Ammo og’zaki nutqda bu ibora ya’ni so’z birikma odatda inkor shaklda teng qiyoslanish orqali o’z aksini topadi. It is less cold than it was yesterday. It is not so cold as it was yesterday. Superior (yaxshiroq, balandroq) va inferior (pastroq, yomonroq) sifatlari lotin tilidan kirib kelgan bo’lib, ulardan keyin to ishlatiladi. Bu sifatlarning oddiy va orttirma darajalari mavjud emas: These samples are superior (inferior) to those – Bu namunalar ularga qaraganda yaxshiroq (yomonroq). Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalar 2 yo’l bilan shakl

b) –y, - er, - ow, - ble bilan tugaydigan ikki bo’g’inli sifatlar bilan: happy, happiest; clever, cleverer, cleverest; narrow, narrower, narrowest, able, abler, ablest. s) ikki bo’g’inli sifatlarning oxirgi bo’g’iniga urg’u tushishi bilan: complete, completer, completest, concise, conciser, concisest. Agar gapdagi holatga yanada ehtiyoj sezilsa, sifatlar more yoki most qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali qiyoslash darajalari shakllanadi: The roar soon grew more loud ! The passengers more numerous, the shops more busy … (D) I appeared to me that he was more clever and cold than they were … (D) Qo’sh qiyoslash: The + adj + er + ega + kesim, + the + adj + er + ega + kesim The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel. The sooner you leave, the more earlier your will arrive at your de

No sooner had she entered the building, than she felt the presence of somebody else – U binoga kirar – kirmasdan, u yerda kimningdir borligini his qildi. As short (simple, interesting) as possible iboralari o’zbek tiliga imkoni boricha qisqaroq (soddaroq, qiziqroq) deb tarjima qilinadi. The letter must be as short as possible. Boshqa hamma sifatlar more va most so’zlarini qo’shish orqali analitik qiyoslanadi: famous, more famous, most famous; productive, more productive, most productive; successful, more successful, most successful. Murakkab sifatlarni birinchi elementi – er, - est bilan tuslanib, ularning ma’nosi orqali qiyoslanadi va 2 ta element ularning bo’lingan ma’nosini saqlab qoladi; well – known, better – known, best – known. Ammo more yoki most so’zlari bilan ham ishlatilishi mum

Ammo ingliz tilining og’zaki nutqida orttirma daraja ba’zida qiyosiy daraja o’rnida ishlatilib turadi: This is the shortest of the two roads. Qachonki ikkita narsa qiyoslanayotganida other so’zi ikkinchi narsaning nomi bilan aytilib, ifodani yanada ravon qiladi: Sparrows are more common than other birds. His study is larger than any other room in the house. Orttirma darajada ma’no kuchaytirish uchun all ravishli ham ishlatiladi: This is the finest picture of all. Qiyosiy darajalar quyidagilarning ma’nolari orqali kuchayishi mumkin: a) takrorlash orqali The song grew fainter and fainter … (L) … Caleb’s scanty hair was turning greyer and more grey … (D) b) bir qancha so’zlar va iboralardan orqali: far, still, ever, much, a great deal. … and Peggotty’s love is a great deal better than mine, D

Orttirma daraja ba’zida biror narsa haqida gapirilganda qiyoslanmay ishlatiladi, ammo gapda juda yuqori darajadagi xususiyatlarni ifodalaydi. Bunday hollarda ba’zida aniq artikl tushib qoladi: I shall do it with the greatest (= very great) pleasure. … the night crept gently into the hollows of the hills, which now were coloured the deepest, richest green. (G). The clouds were low over the high buildings, hanging in a smooth unbroken dome of palest blue. (C). Orttirma darajadagi sifat oldidan olmosh kelsa, artikl ishlatilmaydi: I did my best . (H) Orttirma darajadan keyin ko’pincha of predlogi ishlatiladi: He is the best of my friends. Orttirma darajadan keyin ko’pincha that nisbiy olmoshi bilan bog’langan aniqlovchi ergash gaplar keladi; That nisbiy olmoshi ko’pincha tushib qoladi: This is

It is a most interesting book gapidagi most so’zi esa ravish bo’lib kelgan; u aniqlovchi interesting so’ziga darajadagi hol vazifasida kelgan (a most interesting = very interesting). Qiyoslashning noto’g’ri shakli. Ayrim sifatlarni qiyoslashda noto’g’ri shakllari bor. a) bir qancha Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja Good Well Bad Better Worse Best Worst b) bir qancha sifatlarni qiyoslashda 2 ta shakli bor. Ikkinchi shaklida asosiy ma’no bo’lib, u so’zni ikkiga ajratadi: Positive Comparative Superlative Far Near Late Old Farther Further Nearer Later Latter Older Elder Farthest Furthest Nearest Next Latest Last Oldest Eldest Late va later sifatlari vaqtni ifodalaydi. Latest sifatida esa “most recent” (yaqindagina) ma’nosi bor. Latter va last so’zlari tartib bilan izohlanib ishlatila

The Carrier and his wife exchanged a look of perplexity. The stranger raised his head; and glancing from the latter to the former , said “Your daughter, my good friend?” (D). Nearest masofaga nisbatan aytiladi, next esa tartib ma’nosida keladi: My next care will be to find the nearest way to the next village. He is my nearest relation. Next day; next year; next door. The nearest village – at the shortest distance. (yaqinroq). The next village immediately following another (keyingisi). Older va oldest so’zlari yoshni va uzun davomiylik muddatini anglatadi: “Susan … the oldest friend I here”, said Florence, “is about to leave here suddenly, and quite alone, poor girl”. (D) She was older than Jan, darker , not to tall … (C). Although you are a little older than I, you belong essentially to th

Farther, farthest – further, furthest sifatlari masofaga nisbatan aytiladi. Ammo faqat further nimanidir sodir bo’lishini, kuzatilishini ifoda etadi: The school is at the farthest (furthest) end of the village. From the furthest west to the furthest east stretched fields and meadows. I found him in the farthest ( furthest ) corner of the park. Further shuningdek qo’shimcha, keyingi ma’nosida ham ishlatiladi: I have obtained further information on this matter. - Men bu masala yuzasidan qo’shimcha ma’lumot topdim. Please send the books back without further delay. – Iltimos kitoblarni boshqa kechiktirmasdan jo’nating. Otlarning sifat vazifasida qo’llanilishi. Ingliz tilida ko’pgina otlar sifat vazifasida qo’llanilib, boshqa otlarning oldidan kelishi mumkin: a wool coat, a gold watch, a histor

Jake bought enough red paint to paint the door. He does’t have enough money to attend the concert. Enough sifati otdan oldin ham, keyin ham kelishi mumkin: We have enough time .= We have time enough . Sifatlarning otlashishi. Tildagi sifatlar tuslansa, ular mustaqil otlashgan hisoblanadi. Sifatning tuslangan shakli masculine, feminine yoki neuter gender birlik yoki ko’plik ma’nosida ko’rsatiladi. Rus tili bilan taqqoslanganda: Ulug’vor , go’zal bo’lishi kerak. (P) Dovyuraklarga to’siqlar pisand emas. Qorni to’qlar , ochlarni tushunmaydi. Qadimgi ilk davrlarda ingliz tilidagi sifatlar birlik va ko’plik ma’nolari bilan mustaqil otlashgan. Biz hamon ularning birlikda kelganligini uchratishimiz mumkin: None but the brave deserves the fair (D). Ammo zamonaviy ingliz tilida otlashgan sifatlar tu

The rich were my enemies; I felt … (B) The lawer path was shorter than road but steep and rocky … only the foolish or the rechless ever came back that way. (G) Agar alohida bo’lingan holda ma’no bersa, ayrim otlar (man, person, people) qo’shilishi shart: a rich man, an idle person. - sh va –ch bilan tugaydigan sifatlar millatni ifodalaydi: The English and the French were in arms against each other. (M) Agar millat a’zolari alohida aytiladigan bo’lsa, man (men), woman (women) yoki people otlari qo’shiladi: There used to come to that house a little Frenchman ... (G) There were English people , Irish people , Welsh people and Scotish people there … (D) 3 . Izoh – Ikki qismli otlashgan sifatlar and bog’lovchisi bilan bog’lansa, umuman artikl ishlatilmaydi. … I saw a vast field on which young a

Bundan tashqari on the whole, in the main, in short, in general va boshqa iboralarni ham uchratish mumkin. Iboralarda qiyosiy daraja ham kela oladi: to get the better of something; a change for the better. Orttirma daraja quyidagi holatlarda otlashadi: It is all for the best. He was at his best. Are you tired? – Not in the least. “I’ll do my best to make you comfortable.” (G). All was solid and of the best … (G). Butunlay otlashgan sifatlar (Sifatlarning otga aylanishi) Bir guruh sifatlar butunlay otlashgan bo’lib, ular otning hamma xususiyatlariga ega bo’ladi: a native, a relative, a savage, a criminal, a black, a liberal, a radical, a proletarian, a weekly, a monthly va boshqalar: “How did she like her relatives?”(B) “Isn’t she a dear? ” said Elizabeth.(A) “Are you a relative of theirs?”

“I appear for the accused .” (G) “… the deceased’s finger – prints ought to be on it somewhere”. (G) Margaret and her husband looked – as if they had been the accused. (G) Ranglarning otlari ham butunlay otlashgan sifatlarga tegishli bo’ladi. Qachonki ular umumiy ma’noda ishlatilsa, ular sanalmaydigan hisoblanadi; agar ranglarning turi haqida gapirilsa, ular sanaladi va aniq artikl va ko’plik shaklida qo’llaniladi: The grey of earth and sky had become deeper, more profound. (L) … scarce a sprinkle of yellow , mingled with the hues of summer … (D) He watched the white clouds so bright against the intense blue. (G) He first tints of the flowers, had deepend … Pink became a royal red . Blue rose into purple . Yellow flamed into orange. (N) The trees in the garden were turning yellows and brow

Frayz “The structure of English” Fransizning ot, sifat va ravishga bergan ta’rifi alohida mezonga asoslangan. Ulardan ko’pchiligi “From Morphem to Utterance” maqolasidagi Xorrisning morfema haqidagi ta’rifidan olingan. Ular ilk ingliz tilidagi ot va sifatning alohida ta’riflariga o’xshashdir. ( Л . Л . Иофик , “ O применение структурных методо в в ранней доструктурной грамматике”). Quyidagi esa Henri Svitning so ’ z turkumlari , shuningdek , sifat to ’ g ’ risidagi nazariy qarashlarini o ’ rganamiz . Gapdagi vazifasiga ko’ra, so’zlar so’z turkumlari deb ataluvchi ma’lum bir sinflarga bo’linadi. Bu sinflarga mansub bo’laklarning sinf vakillaridan farqlanib turadigan ma’lum xususiyatlari mavjud. Bu turkumlarning har biri alohida nomga ega, masalan, ot, sifat, ravish va hokazo. Agar biz otni

rodda ham farqlanmasligini, shunga qaramasdan u bir qancha sifatlarning darajalari tilning morfologik qismini tashkil qilishni aytib, o’z munosabatini bildiradi. Shu sababli xuddi Rus, Lotin va Nemis tillarida yuqori darajada turlanish orqali ingliz sifatlaridan muhim ahamiyatli farq qiladi. Sifatlarda chigal sistemali formalari bor, ammo hatto Zamonaviy Fransuz tilida bugungi kunda son va rodning farqlari saqlanib qolgan. (cf.masculine singular grand , masculine plural grands , feminine singular grande , feminine plural grandes “large”). Biz qanday qilib shunga o’xshash hozirgi zamon ingliz tili sifatlari haqida bilishimiz mumkin? Bu faqat ko’p hollarda semantik va sintaktik hodisani nazarda tutgan holda bajariladi. Ammo ayrim hollarda ba’zi bir sifatlar uchun yasama suffikslari ham ahami

Yuqorida Ingliz sifatlarida nechta qiyoslash darajalari bor deb so’raldi (Xuddi boshqa Rus, Lotin va Nemis tillardagi sifatlar kabi?) Agar biz misol qilib, ingliz sifatining 3 ta shakli bor deb olsak: large , larger , largest biz har uchalasini qiyoslash darajalari deb olishimiz mumkin. Bular sifat darajalari hisoblanadi. Oxirgi 2 tasini biz sifat darajalari deb oldik. (comparative va superlative). Birinchi ( large ) qiyoslashda hech qanday fikrni ifodalamaydi, shu sababli uni umuman sifat darajalariga kiritmasa ham bo’ladi. Har ikkala ko’rinish ham grammatik nazariyada ularning tarafdorlari deb topilgan. Endi biz sifat darajalarini biror narsa yoki narsalarni boshqasi bilan taqqoslaganda aynan aniq bir xususiyatni ifodalagan shakl sifatida tushunamiz. Uchta ko’rinishdan birinchisi ( large

darajalari yo’q. Blind, deaf, dead va shunga o’xshash ko’p sifatlarda ham shunday deyilgan. Shunga qaramay bu mutlaqo aniq deb qaralmagan. Ba’zida biz quyidagiga o’xshash misollarni uchratishimiz mumkin: You can not be deader than dead. E.Xemingueyning bir romanida qahramon yo’llarni taqqoslaydi va o’xshash so’z turli tillarda eshitiladi: Take dead, mort, muerto va todt. Todt was the deadest of them all. Ammo qoidaga binoan sifatlarning shunday ma’nolari bo’ladiki, ular darajalarda bilinmaydi. Ba’zida shunday o’qiladiki, asliy sifatlarning darajalari bo’ladi, nisbiy sifatlar ( wooden, wollen, Asian, oriental ) da bo’lmaydi. Ammo sifatlarning asliy va nisbiyga bo’linishi grammatik emas, balki semantik bo’linishdir va ayrim asliy sifatlarning ham darajalari bo’ladi: perfect , main va boshqal

well-bevaved divided limited unexpected bored well-dressed pleased unsettled well-built well-educated relaxed worried. Izoh. Alarmed, amazed va amused odatda look yoki expression (kimnidir yuzidagi) kabi otlarni aniqlaydi. Beloved sifatdoshi [bi’l d] yoki [bil d] deb talaffuz qilinadi: Belove eskirgan fe’l bo’lib, zamonaviy ingliz tilida kamdan-kam uchratishimiz mumkin. His views on politics were rather surprising. He seems qiute satisfied with his new job. Bu sifatlar aniqlovchi bo’lib kela oladi: his surprising views. – ed sifatdoshi o’timsiz fe’llar aniqlovchi vazifasida ham ishlatiladi. The escaped prisoner (the prisoner who has escaped) ba’zida fe’l turli ma’noli sifatlar bilan moslashadi. Biz shunga o’xshash 2 ma’noli gaplarni uchratishimiz mumkin. Masalan: They were relieved bu yer

II Bob. Sifatning gapdagi vazifasi. Sifat gapdagi vazifasiga ko’ra 2 ga bo’linadi: 1) Aniqlovchi (attributive) 2) Predikativ (Predicative) She is a p retty girl. Aniqlovchi All the girls here are p retty Predikativ Ko’p sifatlar ravishning darajalari orqali aniqlanadi: very , quite , rather va boshqalar. She looks quite young for her age. Ko’p sifatlar qiyosiy va orttirma darajani oladi: odatda darajalar sifatlarning oxiriga – er va – est qo’shimchalarni qo’shish orqali ifodalanadi: The Browns seem a lot happier now than they used to. They are the kindest people I know too yoki sifatlar more va most so’zlarini o’zlaridan oldin oladi. I think she’s more intelligent than her husband. These are the most beautiful paintings I’ve ever seen. Predikativ. Predikativ quyidagilar bilan ifodalanadi:

We were only three at table … (Conrad). “She was seventeen then …” (J.G.) Bigg’s boy was the first to come round. (Jerome). e) Sifat yoki sifatdosh bilan : The spring was late that year. (J.G.) I’m sorry to have been of so little assistance. (B.Sh). The sky is still warm with the afterglow of sunset … (Gissing). The street was deserted . (Snow) f) Infinitiv bilan : Our intention is to help you. To prolong doubt was to prolong hope. (Bronte). … the first thing of all would be to get a grammar (J.L.) 6 g) Gerundiy bilan: Our aim is mastering grammar. Seeing is believing h) Ravish bilan: (in, out, up, over, so-so va boshqalar bundan tashqari so’roq ravishi how?) My guardian was out … (Ch.D) the sun was off , dew falling. (J.G.) … all the lights were out. (Ch.D.) “ How is your mother?” (J.G) O

i) Butun sintaktik so’z birikmalari bilan: They were all above the average height. (S.M). She was thirty-one years old… (D.H.L). j) Murakkab predikativ bilan: Ba’zida murakkab predikativ infinitiv yoki gerundiylik bo’lib, murakkablashgan bo’ladi. “That is for me to decide … ” (Doyle). The greatest trouble was our not knowing all the details.

Sifatning gapda predikativ vazifasida kelishi. Sifatning gapda asosiy funsiyasidan biri bu-predikativ vazifasida kelishidir. Predikativ vazifasidagi sifatlar egani to’ldirib, be, seem, look, feel, turn, get, become, grow va shunga o’xshash ko’p bo’glovchi fe’llardan keyin keladi. Mana shu sifat va bog’lovchi fe’l birgalikda gapning kesimini tashkil qiladi va ular predikativ vazifasida sifat deyiladi. Shuni alohida aytib o’tish kerakki, sifatning o’zi gapda kesim vazifasida bog’lovchi fe’llarisiz kela oladi. Ular kesimning bir qismi bo’lib, ishlatiladi. Bog’lovchi fe’llarining mustaqil ma’nosi yo’q. Gapda ham mustaqil funksiya bo’lmaydi. Asosiy leksik ma’nosi ot, sifat yoki fe’l bilan ifodalangan ikkinchi qismini o’z ichiga oladi (ot yoki fe’l kesimda). Bog’lovchi fe’lining muhim sintaktik

(Lowrence) But she must have seen him. (Cusack) I wanted to tell her of the incident. (Cronin) Peggotty continued to ctand motionless in the middle of the room. (Ch.D) We are just beginning to understand each other a little. (Harreden) Odatda predikativ vazifasidagi sifatlarning aksariyati qismi boshqa bog’lovchi fe’llardan ko’ra ko’proq “ to be” bilan ifadalanadi. Boshqa bog’lovchi fe’llar ham “ to be ” bog’lovchi o’rnida kela oladi va ularning semantikasi (ma’no - mazmuni) o’zgarmaydi. Masalan: The sea became low. (D.D) Yuqoridagi fikrlarning isbotlash uchun transformatsiya yordamida ya’ni became bog’lovchi fe’li to be bilan almashtirish orqali isbotlanadi: The sea was low. Biz ayrim gaplarda “to be” bog’lovchi fe’lining tushib qolgan holatini ham uchratishimiz mumkin. Masalan: conseder,

I’m feeling very well , Aunt Augusta (Wilde) … my poor friend Bumbery is very ill again. (W) Eskilik sarqitlarini aniqlovchi ill sifatini ayrim iborali birikmalarda uchratishimiz mumkin: Ill news treuels fast. It is an ill wind that blows no good. Well sifati well ravishiga omonim bo’la oladi. Alla is well (sifat) that ends well (ravish). She felt faint. You look well . He’s seriously ill (sick, ko’proq Amer.I). SICK sifati har ikkala “Brit.I” va “Amer.I”da ham aniqlovchi vazifasida keladi. He’s a very sick man. Yuqorida aytib o’tilganidek “sog’lik sifatlari” ya’ni doimiy holatdan ko’ra, vaqtinchalik holat ko’proq nazarda tutiladi: How is your mother today? Ill faint She  unwell  She’s feeling  well poorly. Qiyoslanuvchi healthy yoki sick aniqlovchi sifatlari har ikkalasi ham ko’proq do

Thank goodness! He is alive. ___ This tree is alive It’s a living tree. The old lady lives alone She’s a lonely old lady. I am ashamed ___ The dog is asleep. Let sleeping dogs lie. Now it’s awake ___ Shu narsani alohida aytib o’tish kerakki, alone, sifati vaqtinchalik holatni bildiradi, lonely esa doimiy hususiyatni ko’proq ifodalaydi. Quyidagilar shu turdagi sifatlar hisoblanadi: ablaze , adrift , afire , afloat , aghast , alight . Yana bir a – bilan boshlanadigan predikativli sifati bo’lgan aware so’zining gapda to’ldiruvchisi bo’ladi: Masalan: of the danger? She’s feeling  that we are in serious danger? Quyidagi boshqa guruh predikativ sifatlari doimo ibora yoki qo’shma gap bo’lib ifodalanadi: We are very fond of her (“We like her very much”) He is ready to do it (“He is prepared to do

Sifatning gapda aniqlovchi vazifasida kalishi. Sifatning gapda yana bir funksiyasidan biri aniqlovchi vazifasida ishlatilishidir. Aniqlovchi – sifatning asosiy sintaktik funksiyasi hisoblanadi. Aniqlovchining mazmunini ifodalagan so’zlarni sifat o’z ichiga oladi ( good , difficult , green ) va u gapdan avval kelib uni aniqlaydi ( early , winter , late autumn ). Ko’p sifatlar ham aniqlovchi ham predikativ bo’lib, kelishi mumkin, ayrimlari esa faqat aniqlovchi holatida keladi. Ulardan bir guruhi ravishga aloqador bo’ladi. Bizga ma’lumki, sifatga – ly qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali ravish yasaladi va harakatning holatini aniqlaydi. Sifatlar Ravishlar My former friend He was formerly my friend An eccasional visitor He was occasionally a visitor. The late president He was till lately the presid

chief Our  main  reason for abandoning the project was financial principal b) Bu funksiya o’ta kuchaytiruvchi hisoblanadi. Kuchaytiruvchi very sifatdan oldin ishlatiladi va biz jane is very young deb aytishimiz mumkin. Biz very ni child otini aniqlashda ishlata olmaymiz. Uning o’rniga aytishimiz mumkin: Jane is a mere child . Shunga o’xshash this expenditure was very wasteful misol o’rniga biz shunday aytishimiz mumkin. This expenditure was a sheer waste of money. Mere bilan sheer o’rtasidagi farqni belgilaymiz. Minimum Maximum A mere child a sheer waste Mere va sheer turining boshqa sifati bu – utter (o’ta) hisoblanadi. Shunga ko’ra, The man is extremely foolish misolini transformatsiya ya’ni utter bilan almashtirish orqali isbot qilish mumkin: The man is an utter fool. Mere, sheer va

He  Works hard. Present chairman Mr. turner is the Is a hard worker.  Chairman at present Is an old friend George Lamb  Has been a friend for many years.

Ot guruhidagi o’zgartiruvchilar tartibi. Agar biror ot guruhida har ikkala belgilab beruvchi aniqlovchi (determiners) lar va aniqlovchi sifatlar bo’lsa (attributive adjectives), aniqlovchilar birinchi bo’ladi: Ot guruhi Aniqlovchi Sifatlar Bosh gap Several thousand fresh white loaves The only other green chinese carper Aniqlovchi keyin sifatlar va boshqa o’zgaruvchilar o’rtacha quyidagicha tartibda bo’ladi va o’zguncha chap tomondan boshlanadi: 1) Epithets – fransuz tilidan olingan bo’lib, aniqlovchining bir turidir. U shaxs yoki predmetning xarakterini izohlovchi sifatlar hisoblanadi: tall, handsome. Epithet lar sifatdoshga oid sifatlarni o’z ichiga oladi. Daring, well-dressed. Agar ayrim guruhlarda ikki yoki undan ortiq epitetlar ishlatilsa, ular kordinata shaklida yoki vergul orqali bo’

2) Sifatlarning darajalovchi yoshda ko’rinish: A hanodsome young man A very courageous old lady. 3) Sifatlarning rang – tusi: The dup blue sea A dirty old brown coat. Agar ikki yoki undan rang – tus bilan sifatlar ifodalansa, ular kordinata shaklida ikkiga bo’linadi: A blue and white flag A red, white and blue flag. 4) Sifatlarning millat , ularning kelib chiqish va holati bilan ifodalanishi: A beautiful green chinese carpet Those tall young London policemen. 5) Otlar yoki sifatlarning tabiiylik holati ya’ni ularning nimadandir tayyorlanishi, silk , iron , wooden ; A blue and white silk tie iron a large   box wooden 6) Gerundiy, ot yoki sifat turlari law , medical . (ular unchalik o’xshash masada, har ikkalasi ayrim guruhlarda uchrab turadi). A valuable old French writing desk. Law a fam

a dirty old brown coat a charming French writing desk a large green Chinese carpet a famous German medical school Agar biz jadvalga e’tibor berib qarasak, hamma gorizontal shakldagi bo’sh joylar to’lmagan va ot guruhidagi bo’sh joylar kamdan – kam to’ldirilgan. Sifatning gapda so’z birikmalari bilan kelishi. Ko’p sifatlar predikativ funksiyasida birikkan so’zlar bilan ishlatiladi. Agar so’z birikmalari tushirib qoldirilsa, gapning ma’nosi o’zgarmaydi, faqat informatsiya kamayadi, xolos. Quyidagi misolda u egri chiziqdan keyin ko’rsatilgan. Are you aware of the danger? Agar u tushirib qoldirilsa, u egri chiziqsiz ko’rsatiladi: Are you aware of the danger? Sifatli birik,alarning uchta turi bor: 1) Predlogli iboralar bilan, prep+NP, yoki prep + - ing; 2) To – infinitivi bilan: 3) That – bog’l

She saw convinced of his brilliance. His plan is based on co-operation. She is dependent on your assistance. Not all income is subject to taxation. This plan is not compatible with our principles. He is disappointed with he behaviour. Quyidagi sifatlar predloglar bilan ishlatiladi. Stg = something Sby = somebody stg (M.n: a house) is ablaze/with angry / with sby; about lights hear (c); about having to go able/ to go (a) annoyed / with smb; about stg absent/from school answerable to sky, for stg accustomed to stg; to going anxious / about sby or stg; to afraid/of stg or sby; to go (a), go (a); that … should apt or of gotng; that to go (a) sby is agreeable to go (a), ashamed / of smb, of oneself or to tiae (f); it … to one’s actions; to go (a) or of ahead / of shy going; that … (should) amaz

bound for a destination; go (a and d) to go (a) brave / to do stg (d) critical / of stg or sby brilliant / (= very successful) cruel / to sby; to do stg (d); at mathematics; at solving it … to problems cruious (= anxious to know) busy / with stg about stg; to know (a); capable / of doing stg; of (= strange) it … to; it … that improvement deaf to eg an appeal careful (= watchful)/ of stg or dear / to sby (= loved by sby) sby; (= taking trouble) with delightful / with a present; at stg; to see (e); about hearing good news; to do (a) answering letters to see (c); that certain of stg or sby/= have dependent on sby or stg; confidence in /; certain/ on being about stg or sby/ have no determined / on a course of doubt/ ; to go (b); of going; action; to go (a) or on going; that that … should carel

in or with an enterprise; stg; (= not applying strain) (= worried) that … should on sby or stg; to teach (f) confident / of success; of envions / of sby succesding; in the hope equal / to stg; sby is equal of success; that … will to a task conscious of stg; of being essential / to a purpose; it a failure: that … to; it … that … should content (ed) with stg, to evident / to sby; it … that go (a and c); with going; excited / about stg; about or that … should at going; to see (c); that polite / to do stg (d) senseble / (= reasonable) positive / go or about stg about stg; about possible / it … to; it … that deiting; to go (d) prejudeced / against stg or sby sensitive / to something prepared / for stg; to go (a) that can be felt; probable / it … that about one’s deficiencies probable / it … tha

fit (= suitable) for sby, stg is impossible: it … to; it … that fil to fit for (= ready) inclined to go (a) work, to work (a) independent / of sby fond of sby or stg; of swim- inferior / to stg or sby ming sby is fortunate / to guilty / of a crime, of stealing go (c); in having; it … good / (= successful) at stg. at (for sby) that solwing problems: (= kind) free / for a purpose; to to do that (d); it … that go (a) grateful / to sby, for stg; to full / of stg have (c); that furious / with sby; about happy / about stg; about stg; that going to go (c); that game (= ready) for anything hard / (= difficult) for sby generous / to sby; with (= applying strain) money; to go (g) on sby or stg; to teach (f) gentle / with sby harmful / to or for sby to stg glad / (= happy to know) on stg or sby; abou

would be interested to with it) see (a); that … should ni ce to go (d); to teach (f); jealous / of sby it … that keen / on stg or sby; to go (a) obedient / to sby or on going; that … should patint / with sby; in suffering kind / to sby; to do that (d) peculiar (= beloning exclusi late / for work vely) to stg; it … / (=strange) level / with stg or sby that likely to go (b); it … that … will pleasant to teach (f) stg is likely, ie it may pleaased / with stg or sby; happen it … that loyal / to sby safe / from danger; it … to sby is licky / to go (c) say that it … (for you) that satisfied / with stg; with mad (= very keen) about on being; that to be here (c); that selfish / about stg; to go (d) confidence in) sure/ about going, that about stg or sby stg or sby is worth knowing (= have no doubt

To – infinitive qo’llanmasi bilan ishlatiladigan sofatlarning ko’p turlari bor, misol uchun: He was splendid to wait. [1] He is hard to convince. [2] He was furious to hear about it. [3] He was slow to react. [4] Berilgan to’rtta gapning tuzilish ma’nolari har xil bo’lib, biz ularni quyidagi parafrazalarda ko’rishimiz mumkin 7 : It was splendid of his to wait [1 a] To convince him is hard [2 a]  It is hard to convince him. [2 b] To hear about it made him furious [3 a]  It made him furious to hear about it. [3 b] He reacted slowly. [4 a] a) [1] dagi splendid ga o’xshash boshqa misollar They were stupid not to follow your advice. She was careful never to repeat her mistake. She was wrong to go ahead with the plan. Bundan tashqari: clever , cruel, good , kind , naughty , nice , rude , silly

Qo’shimcha qilib convenient , enjoyable , fun “og’zaki nutqda”, pleasant sifatlarini ham misol tariqasida aytishimiz mumkin. c) [3] dagi furious sifatiga o’xshash boshqa sifatlar bilan: I’ll be glad to drive you home. They were delighted to hear about your results in the exam. Shu qatorda amazed , angry , annoyed, disappointed , pleased , sorry , surprised , worried sifatlarini ham aytib o’tish lozim. d) [4] dagi slow sifatiga o’xshash boshqa sifatlar: He was quick – to answer my letter (= “He answered … quickly .”) They were prompt to act (= “They acted promptly ”) He is willing to give us his support (= “He’ll willingly give…”) e) Boshqa sifatlar bilan gapda to’ldiruvchi bo’lib keladigan infinitivli ergash gap yuqoridagi to’rtta kategoriyalar bilan moslashmaydi. Ular ma’nosiga ko’ra, d p

Sifatlarning ergash gap tarkibidagi that bog’lovchisi bilan kelishi. a) Agar gapning egasi kishilik olmoshlari bilan ifodalansa: Ayrim sifatlar va sifatga oid sifatdoshlarga, shaxsi ma’lum that bog’lovchisi bilan kelgan ergash gap – gaplarda to’ldiruvchi bo’lib ishlatiladi: (odatda that tushirib qoldiriladi) I’m sure (that) he’ll be late. We’re glad (that) you can come. Agar that – ergash gapi “putativ” fikrini ifodalasa, u should modal fe’lini o’z ichiga oladi: We’re surprised that he should resign. I’m amazed that he should get the post. Shuningdek, bir qancha sifatlar va sifatdoshlar ham that – ergash gapi bilan kela oladi va ular quyidagilar: certain , confident , proud , sad , alarmed , annoyed , astonished, disappointed , pleased , shocked va boshqalar. Ayrim sifatlar esa predlogli i

It is important  That … Important: it … to (= It is important to + infinitive) Clear: it … that (= It is clear that + verb in any tense or any modal) Strange: it … that … (should) (= It is strange that they should feel so angry ) Essential: it … that … should (= It is essential that he should apologise ).

Predikativ vazifasida ishlatilgan sifatlarning sintaktik va semantic analizi. Biz gaplarni sintaktik va sermantik xususiyatini aniqllashda ko’proq professor A.M.Muxin asarlaridan foiydalanamiz va u tomonidan qo’llanilgan sintaktik elementlar birlik nazariyalari orqali gaplarni tahlil qilamiz. Yuqorida Kirish qismida aytib o’tganimizdek gapning qurilishida elementlar sintaktik birliuklarning ikki turi – gapning komponentli strukturasini, ikkinchisi esa gapning sintaksemali strukturasini tashkil etadi. U yoki boshqa birliklarning xarakterli tomoni ularning sintaksis bo’linmasliklari hisoblanadi, shuning natijasioda u elementlar sintaktik birliklar deb nomlanad. A.M.Muxin nazariyasiga ko’ra oltita sintaktik-semantik bog’lanish mavjud bo’lib, ular: 1. Yadroviy predikativ bog’lanish 2. Noyadrov

1 (2) 2 The Youngman was silent. ( H.M.P-47 ) NP 1 NP 2 Quyidagi gapda ko’rinib turganidek, yunuksion modelda kompanentlar soni ikkita bo’lib, gapning egasi – the young man, kesim – was silent (murakkab ot – kesim, to be bog’lovchi fe’l, silent – sifat, tuzilishiga ko’ra oddiy va ma’nosiga ko’ra oddiy daraja). Biz yuqorida gapning yunuksion va kompanent modellari haqida gap yurildek. “ Model ” atamasini ma’nosi modellashtirish ilmiy tadqiqot metodi tushunchasi bilan bog’liq. Shu bilan bog’liq holda biz quyidagi bog’lanish modelini ko’ramiz ya’ni yunuksion modelni, (lotin tilidagi “junctio” so’zidan olingan bo’lib, “bog’lanish” degan ma’noni bildiradi) gap va gapning kompanentli modeli sifatida, aksariat gaplarda ikkita asosiy bog’lanish mavjuddir. Ulardan biri yadroviy predikativli, boshq

semantikasi (mano – mazmuni) o’zgarmaydi. Yuqoridagi berilgan misolni biz o’zgartirib “to be” ning o’rniga “to become”ni qo’yib ko’ramiz. The sea become low. O’zgartirilgan misolning sintaktik – semantikasiga asosan kompanentlar soni ham ma’nosi ham o’zgarmaydi: 1 (2) 2 3. It seems odd. NP 1 NP 2 4. He turned red . “turn”ning o’rniga “get” ni qo’yib ishlatsa, bo’ladi; He got red . 5. Judy feel awfull. 6. You look well. 7. The streets got wider . Ega va kesim bir-birimiz hech qachon kvalifikatsiyalash mumkin emas. Shubhasiz “ega” va “kesim” atamalari shartli ravishda yadroli predisipli tur deb va gapning predikatsiyalovchi kompanenti deb qabul qilish mumkin: Noyadroviy predikativ bog’lanish – yadroviy predikativ bog’lanishga o’xshab ketadi. Noyadroviy predikativ bog’lanishda gap bo’laklari

1 2 3 4 2. You make me sick NP 1 NP 2 DP 1 DP 2 1 2 3 4 5 (6) 5. 3. They consider workiy so hard is foblish. NP 1 NP 2 DP 1 D 1 D 2 DP 2 1 2 (3) 3 4 (5) 5. 3. Many actors were eager to partner miss posie (OH) Subordinativ bog’lanish. Subordinativ yoki tobe bog’lanish gapning struktura asosini tashkil qilmaydi yoki predikativ bog’lanishdan farqli, u bir tomonlama yo’nalishga ega ( ) . Uning kompanent modeli ya’ni tobe kompanentdir. (D) Masalan, buni ko’rsatish uchun tushirib qoldirish metodi, transformatsiyaga e’tibor qaratish lozim: 1 (2) (2) 3 1. She is growing worse day by day. ( H.M. p-234 ) NP 1 NP 2 D 1 She is growing worse day by day … (is growing worse) day by day. Ko’rib turganimizdek berilgan gapda uchta component bo’lib, she – ega, is growing worse – kesim (murakkab ot-kesim, gr

tuzilishiga ko’ra oddiy, ma’nosiga ko’ra qiyosiy daraja) shuni alohida ta’kidlab o’tish kerakki, misolda predikativ funksiyasida kelgan sifatlarning negizi butunlay o’zgarib ketgan va “to be” fe’lining “is” shakli, bu yerda bog’lovchi sifatida emas, balki gap hozirgi zamon davom fe’lida bo’lganligi uchun ishlatilgan. Bog’lama esa grow hisoblanadi. Day by day so’zlari gapda ibora sifatida kelgan. Agar ularni ajratib alohida kompanent qilib olsak, hech qanday ma’no anglatmaydi. “Grow”ning o’rniga “become” yoki “get” bog’lamasini qo’ysa ham, ma’no o’zgarmaydi: She is getting worse day by day. She is becoming worse day by day. 1 2 (3) 3 4 5 2. I often get angry talking to him. ( W.W. R p-134 ) NP 1 D 1 NP 2 D 2 D 3 I often get angry talking to him … Often get angry talking to him I … talking t

1 2 3 4 5 4 4. To see motionless figures was quite wonderful. ( H.W. p-19 ) D 1 D 2 NP 1 NP 2 D 3 Quite ravishi o’rniga so , very , rather , too , most , ravishlarini qo’yib ishlatish mumkin. To see motionless figures was quite wonderful … motionless figures was quite wonderful … To see motionless figures … To see … was quite wonderful. 1 2 3 4 5 (6) 6 5. My own interest in the new drug was great. D 1 D 2 NP 1 D 3 D 4 NP 2 1 (2) (2) 2 3 4 5 6 6. He will be useful to carry some of our things. ( H.W. p-245 )

Koordinativ bog’lanish. Yuqorida ko’rsatilgan bog’lanishlardan tashqari yana biri bu sentaktik bog’lanish – koordinativ bog’lanishdir, u gaplarning bir xil bo’lakli kompanentlarini bor bo’lishini bildiradi. Quyidagi predikativ funksiyali misolda: 1 (2) 2 3 She Was Young, Brilliant. NP 1 NP 2 HP 2 Yunuksion modelda ko’rinib turibdiki, gapning 2 va 3 – kompanentlari 1 – yadroviy predikativ kompanent bilan emas, hatto o’zaro uyushgan ya’ni koordinativ bog’langan. Koordinativ bog’lanishning xususiyati shundaki, uni ifodalash bog’lash sifatida, qarama – qarshi sifatida va ayiruvchi bo’glovchilar sifatida ishlatiladi. Ya.G. Biryanbaum teng bog’lovchilar haqida quyidagilarni yozadi: “Teng bog’lovchi yordamchi so’z sifatida juda kerakki, u bir xil bo’lakli so’zlarni bog’laydi unda bu bog’lovchini

1 2 3 (4) 4 To Porson and wain wright Mr. Watking was less agressive ( H.W. p-136 ) HP 1 HP 1 NP 1 NP 2 2. How wide it was, and empth! How wide … and empty! How wide it was and … 3. He was very young seventeen or eighteen ( ZG p-178 ) 4. I felt lighter and helpless. 1 2 3 4 5 5. He made them bigger and better. NP 1 NP 2 P 1 HP 2 HP 2 Quyidagi oxirgi misolga diqqatimizni qaratadigan bo’lsak, kamaan – kam misollarda biz bog’lovchi fe’llarining tushib qolgan holatini kuzatamiz ya’ni murakkab to’ldiruvchi bilan ifodalangan bo’lsa. Biz murakkab to’ldiruvchining 2 qismdan: bosh kelishikdagi ot va obyekt kelishigidagi olmoshdan iboratligini bilamiz. Murakkab to’ldiruvchi odatda 5 ta sezgi fe’llari bilan ishlatiladi. to see to watch to hear to notice to fell

Bunga qo’shimcha qilib biz make va let fe’llarini ham kiritamiz. Misolda biz make ni “majburlamoq” deb tarjima qilamiz. Fikrlarimizni isboti sifatida biz tushib qolgan bog’lovchini qo’yib ko’ramiz: He made them to be bigger and better. yoki He made them get bigger and better. Appozitiv bog’lanish. Appozitiv sintaksem bog’lanish bir kompanentni ikkinchi kompanent bilan biriktiradi va gapning ikkinchi kompanenti orqali uchinchisiga bog’laydi. Yunuksion modelda appozitiv bog’lanish oxiridagi strelka chizig’i bilan emas, balki o’rtasida beriladi. Masalan: 1 (2) 2 3 4 1. There was red in hes cheeks. NP 1 NP 2 D 1 D 2 1 2 3 (4) 4 2. There, at the table, he sat asleep. ( B.Sh. p-86 ) D 1 D 2 NP 1 NP 2 Yunuksion modelda ko’rinib turibdiki, sintaktik appozitiv bog’lanish bir kompanentni ikkinchisi

There at the table he sat asleep … at the table he sat asleep There … he sat asleep. 3. Really, Jim, it isn’t bad – to be a painter. Introduktiv bog’lanish – kirish so’zlari orqali ifodalangan bog’lanish hisoblanadi. Masalan: at first, so may be, of course, perhaps, at last … 1 (2) 2 3 4 1. You ‘ll manage it, of course. NP 1 NP 2 D 1 1 2 3 (4) 4 2. Perhaps, my action was hasty. ( Z.G. p-20 ) D 1 NP 1 NP 2 1 2 3 4 (5) 5 3. So their vievs on life were same. D 1 NP 1 D 2 NP 2 4. May be, he was, only ill two days. ( OH p-109 ) Biz yuqorida elementar sintaktik birlikdan biri gapning kompanentli strukturasini misollar orqali ozmi – ko’pmi ko’rib chiqdik. Endi esa elementar sintaktik birliklarning ikkinchisi gapning sintaksemali strukturasini ko’rib chiqamiz. Sintakseme tushunchasini Moskvalik pr

ortiq kategoriyalarni o’z ichiga oladi deb ta’kidlangan. Ammo biz A.M. Muxin nazariyasiga ko’ra 3 ta katta sintaktik – semantic kategoriyalarga bo’lamiz. Ular: Substansial (narsani bildiruvchi), Kualikativ (narsaning xususiyatini) va Prosessual (ish-harakatni). O’z navbatida ularni ham kichik kategoriyalarga bo’lamiz. Lokativ (joyni), Temporal (vaqt), Stativ (holat), Relyativ (nisbiy belgilarni) va hakozolar. Lokativ sintaksema . Lokativ belgisi o’rin – joy, narsa yoki ish – harakatning va jarayonning sodir bo’ladigan joyini ko’rsatadi. Buni misollar orqali kuzatamiz: 1. I was asleep in my little room . ( H.W. p-48 ) 2. Shefford got a friendly greeting from bishop . ( Z.G. p-181 ) 3. The door were shut from – outside . ( M.G. p-100 ) 4. Cold dregs looked pasty in the cup. ( M.G. p-137 ) 5.

Temporal sintaksema. Agar sintaksema mazmunida temporallik (vaqt) ning sintaktik – semantik belgilari mavjud bo’lsa, biz uni temporal sintaksema deb ataymiz. Sintaktik – semantika zamirida temporallik belgilari mavjudligini aniqlash yoki isbot qilish uchun when ? (qachon?) ravishi bilan so’roq transformatsiyasidan then (o’sha vaqtda) now (hozir, endi) ravishlari bilan almashtirish transformatsiyasidan foydalanamiz: 1. You went white at the dinner When did you go white? 2. Before him five bottles were empty When were five bottles empty? 3. It became suddenly clear to everyone It became then clear to everyone. 4. He seems retrospective for a moment He seems retrospective now. Har qanday payt ravishlari temporal semantikani ifodalash mumkin. Where? va there o’rin ravishlari bilan almashtirib,

yuklamasining keragi bo’lmaydi, chunki qoidaga asosan ingliz tilida bitta gap tarkibida bitta inkor ma’nosini beruvchi so’z bo’lishi kerak. This adventure was never one of fancy. Quyidagi misolda: 1. I don’t feel guilty. (M.G.) Misolimizni o’zgartiramiz 2. I never feel guilty Quyidagi gaplar negativ sintaksemaga misol bo’la oladi: 3. It wouldn’t be difficult. (H.W) 4. Heshouldn’t lear to keep his mounth shut (MG) 5. Rosemary was not exactly beautiful. (KM) 6. They are not stupied (MG) 7. His voice was not like his own. (Z.G) 8. Why was not I happy?

Xulosa Xulosa qilib shuni aytish kerakki, bitiruv malakaviy ishimizni tadbiq qilish davomida, sifatning gapda predikativ vazifasida ishlatilishini, hamda sintaktik va semantik xususiyatlarini har tomonlama amaliy va nazariy jihatdan o’rganib chiqdi. Izlanishlar davomida ko’p professor olimlarimizning fikrlaridan foydalanib, ularni kengroq qilib yoritishga harakat qildik. 1 Shu bilan birga gapda sifatning predikativ funksiyasini yasashda, sifat va bog’lovchi fe’llarining bir-biriga uzviy bog’liqligini, hamda ular bir-birlarini inkor etmasliklarini kuzatdik. Shu o’rinda umumiy akademik kitoblarida “link verb” (bog’lovchi fe’l) tushunchasi haqida, u nafaqat bog’lashi, balki unga qo’shimcha qancha – qancha ma’no berishi haqida aytib o’tildi. 2 Bundan tashqari biz ishimizda sifatning aniqlovchi

Xulosaning yakunida shuni aytish kerakki, ingliz sifati haqida ko’p narsa aytilmagan bo’lsada, olimlarning sifat haqidagi muammoga qiziqishi ancha katta. Hali tilshunoslarning ko’plab hal qilinmagan masalalarni oydinlashtirish, amalga oshirilmagan vazifalarni bajarish zarurligini ko’rsatada, zamonaviy amerika va ingliz mualliflarining badiiy asarlarida sifat va predikativ funksiyali sifatlardan keng foydalanilgan. Shuningdek, u o’zining leksik ma’nodorligi bilan, ko’pgina ma’no nozikliklarini bo’rttirib ifodalash orqali ingliz badiiy adabiyotini bezab kelgan, hamda ko’tarinkilik ruhini berish uchun zarur bo’lganligini ko’rsatadi.

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