Stylistic modifications of speech sounds - Английский язык - Курсовые работы

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Stylistic modifications of speech sounds

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PLAN : INTRODUCTION 1. PHONOSTYLISTICS AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS 2. STYLISTIC MODIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS 3. MODIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS 4. ASSIMILATION CONCLUSION LIST OF USED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION Uzbekistan is directly and purposefully going forward on its own way of development that is thoroughly and basically thought over by the President of the Republic. World wide reforms in multinational state during the years of independence are being effected and will be effected for the noble goal itself- peace, prosperity and happy life. In the system of education we attach a great importance to teaching pupils not merely liberal arts and vocational skills, but also required learning of foreign languages, for this is critical for them to maintain pro-active communication with their counterparts abroad, get extensive knowledge of everything that is going on around the globe, and command the august world of intellectual treasure. Important in reforming the learning process and t

At present reputation and essence of science and scientists are increasing throughout the world. Because of rapid development of science and techniques, a number of countries develop thoroughly, they enter into the new way of progress and in that way improve their position. Essential work is carried out in our country in this matter too. No doubt that the Resolution “On accelerating the organization of scientific research activity” signed by President I.A.Karimov. And the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan also will be of high importance when organizing the scientific – technical activity and its development in the country. All the educational institutes of Uzbekistan aim at educational development. They follow certain principles, such as: -Modifying and furt

country, a comprehensive foreign languages’ teaching system, aimed at creating harmoniously developed, highly educated, modern-thinking young generation, further integration of the country to the world community, has been created. During the years of independence, over 51.7 thousand teachers of foreign languages graduated from universities, English, German and French multimedia tutorials and textbooks for 5-9 grades of secondary schools, electronic resources for learning English in primary schools were created, more than 5000 secondary schools, professional colleges and academic lyceums were equipped with language laboratories However, analysis of the current system of organizing language learning shows that learning standards, curricula and textbooks do not fully meet the current requirem

Theoretically to comprehend and approve importance of studying modification of speech sounds in English. During the work the following methods of research were applied: 1. The analysis of the scientific literature on a given theme; 2. The analysis of programs and internet resources such as official sites of foreign authors and websites of both domestic and foreign universities; Practical value of the given theme is included in the formation of modern scientific resources for language learners and students of the Higher Education. This course paper consists of the introductory, four chapters, conclusion and the list of used literature. 5

1. PHONOSTYLISTICS AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS The primary concern of linguistics is the study of language in use. It’s particularly relevant for phonetic studies. We’re interested in how the phonetic units are used in various social situation. It’s the extra linguistic situation that influences our choice of language means. There’s a special branch of linguistics that studies the way language means function in different situation. It’s called functional stylistics. It’s primary concern is functional style – a set of language means used in a particular situation. Phonostylistics is the study of the way phonetic units, both segmental (sounds) and suprasegmental (intonation), are used in a particular extralinguistic situation. Extralinguistic situation consists of 3 components: 1) the purpose

This component has several factors: - physical orientations of the participants (the distance between people, proximics studies it) Setting can be also described in the following terms: public/ non-public, formal/ informal, monoloquing/ poliloguing, dialoguing. It also includes the cannel of communication: face to face, public presentation, telephone, mass media. ( аксиальное – радиальное ) All the components of extralinguistic situation influence the choice of linguistic means. The Classification of Phonetic Styles: 1. Gaiduchic (correlates with functional styles of language) 1) solemn (торжественный) 2) scientific business (научно-деловой) 3) official business (официально-деловой) 4) everyday (бытовой) 5) familiar (непринуждённый) 2. Dubovsky (degrees of formality) 1) informal ordinary 2

The factors that determine the phonostylistic varieties of intonation in spoken discourse. Extralinguistic situations purpose participants setting the aim of communication (the style-forming factor) Style- modifying factors: - speaker’s attitude - the form of communication - the degree of formality - the degree of spontaneity The factors are interdependent and interconnected. The aim of communication is the main strategy of the speaker. We may want: to inform, to instruct, to convince, to entertain, to advertise. [9] In each case we choose intonation which will serve our purpose and make our speech effective. It basically determines the choice of intonation means, thus it forms the style (style-forming). Speaker’s attitude Any oral communication reflects a variety of attitudes and emotions

Monologues are usually more extended and characterized by a greater SOMETHING and grammatical cohesion ( связанность ). They are better organized. Polyloquing can be singled out. The Degree of formality. Discourse formal informal It reflects social roles and relations of the participants. In a formal situation the speaker tends to make his speech more distinct and precise while in informal situation speech is more careless and rapid. Rapid colloquial speech (assimilations, reductions…) The Degree of Spontaneity The types of speech prepared half-prepared spontaneous Spontaneous speech takes place when verbal formation is simultaneous to the formation of the idea in the speaker’s mind. Half-prepared speech - Full prepared – written and rehearsed in advance. All these factors determine the ch

There is another classification given by Gaiduchic (according to the spheres of communication): - solemn - scientific business - official business - everyday - familiar We distinguish 5 styles (aim of communication): - informational - academic - declamatory - publicistic - conversational Informational Style usage: Mass Media, business communication, classroom teaching. The aim is to convey information. There’s little personal involvement. The speaker is detached. The typical intonation patterns are: Falling/ Mid-level Head + Low Fall/ Low Rise/ Mid-level tone. The pitch level is generally medium or low and the pitch range is from medium to narrow. The tempo is not greatly varied. Hesitation pauses . Academic Style: is used in lecturing talk and conferences, academic discussion. The aim is

Publicistic style political speech, sermons, debates. Declamotary style on the stage, reciting literary texts. Conversational style – everyday communication . It’s important to have some expertise in phonostylistics because if your neglect stylistic modifications of intonation your speech will not be adequately perceived and you may have problems in perceiving. Intonation and non-verbal means of communication. In oral communication non-verbal means are very important. When we communicate we choose appropriate language means to convey the message but at the same time our verbal message is accompanied by a nonverbal display. It’s believed that 25% of communication is conveyed by non- verbal means. The non-verbal means: - facial expressions - gestures - postures Our faces can demonstrate a wi

other language means may compencate them Falling tone is often accompanied with a nod. But: silence (finger crossing the lips). More commonly kinesic means intensify information conveyed by intonation. A smile generally intensify positive feelings. In public speaking it’s very important. 1) it’s recommended to control your body language and to use it appropriately. 2) there are certain gestures that are typical of certain cultures: Asian cultures suppress facial expressions. British research the meaning of the head toss: 1) “come on” 2) antagonism 3) superiority 4) quarrying (queering?) 5) solution 6) rejection 7) direction Сев. Европа – нет Italy – other 13

2. STYLISTIC MODIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS The first thing that counts in the stylistic modifications of sounds is the character of relationship between the participants of discourse, which is manifested in the degree of formality. In formal situations the participants tend to monitor their linguistic behavior, their pronunciation tends to be careful. In informal situations where speakers are more relaxed speech is generally faster and less careful. Informal speech used in everyday conversation is often referred to as fast (rapid) colloquial speech. The most frequent modification of consonants in fast colloquial speech is assimilation, both complete and incomplete. - alveolar stops [t], [d] and in some cases [n] are modified under the influence of the following velar or labial consonant,

Great Britain [‘rei’pbrtn] In fast colloquial speech we can also observe elision of consonants. It is a complete loss of a speech sound, usually due to the increased rate of speech. What has he done; always, alright; next day; mashed potatoes, second term; and the reason for this. In fast colloquial speech reduction may also result in vowel elision, the complete loss of the unstressed vowel within one word or at word boundaries: History [`histri], phonetics [f`netiks], correct [krekt], get another, come along, after all. We have viewed the sound modifications mostly within the norm of English sound system, but without any special attention to their stylistic distinctions. However the number and degree of sound modifications depend not only on linguistic factors (such as the neighbouring so

in the listener’s mind and he/she is not usually aware of the changes since they do not affect the meaning. Here are some examples of sound simplifications typical of relaxed casual speech: · most vowels in unstressed positions are neutralized, especially in grammatical words: because [b ɪ kəz], according to [əˈkəd ɪ η ], have [əv]; · the diphthongoids [i:] and [u:] become diphthongs and then monophthongs: believe [bəˈl ɪ v], few [fi ʊ ]; · diphthongs are monophthongized and then might undergo qualitative reduction as well: where [w ɛ ], really [ˈr ɛ l ɪ ], now they [ˈna ðe] – [ˈn ʌ ðə]; · vowel elision is very frequent: it’s [ts], different [ˈd ɪ fr(ə)nt], phonetics [ˈfnet ɪ ks]; · the degree of voicing or devoicing of consonants increases and ends with the elision of the sound: must be [

symphony, just think, will you come, next time, often, tell the teacher, glad to see, right shoe, Ryan’s coat, treat, clean the board, cycle, stubborn, eagle, hot pie, plum pudding, opened, that’s the thing, open the book. 2. State the type of sound modifications in the following words and word combinations: drive, pool, blackboard, could you, thanks, mean, set three, give me, tune, ˈrecord, obˈject, locks, pools, is she, lounge, inch, dark garden, little, Ann’s, named, hotel, written, Kate’s, don’t go, sportsman, ˈobject, London, literature, schedule, museum. 3. Give your own examples of assimilation, accommodation, vowel reduction, vowel and consonant elision. 4. Find all the cases of sound modifications in the sentences which can be observed a) in formal careful speech; b) in rapid casu

3. MODIFICATION OF SPEECH SOUNDS The sound variations in words, their derivatives and grammatical form words, are known as sound alternations. For example: the dark [l] in spell alternate with the clear [l] in spelling; combine (n) [‘k σ mbain], combine [kəm’bain] where [n] in the stressed syllable of the noun alternates with the neutral sound. It is perfectly obvious that sound alternations of this type are caused by assimilation, accommodation and reduction in speech. To approach the matter from the phonological viewpoint, it is important to differentiate phonemic and allophone alternations. Some sound alternations are traced to the phonemic changes in earlier periods of the language development and are known as historical. Historical alternations mark both vowels and consonants, though

Alternations are also widely spread on the synchronic level in the presentday English and are known as contextual. In connection with contextual sound alternations there arises a problem of phonemic identification of alternated sounds. The study of the relationship between phonemes and morphemes is called morphophonemics. The interrelation of phonology and morphology is also known as morphophonology о r m о r р h о n о logy which is actually the phonology of morphemes. Morphonology studies the way in which sounds can alternate in different realizations of one and the same morpheme.[5] We are interested in the sound in its weak position. Scholars of different trends are not unanimous in solving the problem. The so-called morphological (Moscow phonological) school supports the theory of neut

suggested by R.I. Avanesov, demonstrates positionally determined realizations of the phoneme. Positionally alternating sounds are grouped into one phoneme whether they are similar or have common features (that is common allophones) with other phonemes. The Russian preposition с + noun may have the following realizations: с Колей — [c], с Тимошей — [c'], с Галей — [з], с Димой — [з'], с Шypoй — [ш]. с Женей — [ж], с Щукарём — [ш']. In the morphological conception the alternations of the phonemes are not analyzed apart from the morpheme, as form and content make dialectical unity. The phonetic system is not isolated from the grammatical and lexical structure of the language, and the unity between the form and the content cannot be destroyed. Yet as an answer to the problem is not

A neutralization can be said to occur only if there is uncertainty about the identity of the sound in the position of neutralization. Before two phonemes can be neutralized, they must have common qualities which do not occur in other phonemes. Thus [p], [b] can neutralize because they are the only labial plosives in the language, they share these two features, but no other sounds share them. However, [n] and [ŋ] cannot neutralize, so any neutralization of nasals must involve all the three of them - [n], [ŋ], [m]. Modifications of sounds in English Sounds in actual speech are seldom pronounced by themselves. To pronounce a word consisting of more than one sound, it is necessary to join the sounds together in the proper way. There exist several types of junction, some of which are common to

produces the sound of plosion before a vowel and in a word-final position before a pause. In English there are two principal ways of linking two adjacent speech sounds: I. Merging of stages. II. Interpenetration of stages. The type of junction depends on the nature of the sounds that are joined together. As all English sounds come under the classification of consonants and vowels we may speak of joining: (a) a consonant to a following vowel (C + V), as in the word [mi:] me; (b) a vowel to a following consonant (V + C), as in the word [ σ n] on; (c) two consonants (C + C), as in the word [blə υ ] blow: (d) two vowels (V + V), as in the word [riæləti] reality. Merging of stages, as compared with interpenetration of stages, is a simpler and looser way of joining sounds together. It usually ta

• t, d > post-alveolar before [r]: tree, true, dream, the third room • s, z > post-alveolar before [∫]: this shop, does she • t, d > affricates before [j]: graduate, could you • m > labio-dental before [f]: symphony • n > dental before [θ]: seventh • n > velar before [k]: thank 1.2. Manner of articulation • loss of plosion: glad to see you, great trouble • nasal plosion: sudden, at night, let me see • lateral plosion: settle, at last 1.3. Work of the vocal cords • voiced > voiceless: newspaper, gooseberry (and in grammatical …) has, is, does > [s]; of, have > [f] Notice: In English typical assimilation is voiced > voiceless; voiceless > voiced is not typical. 1.4. Degree of noise • sonorants > are partially devoiced after [p, t, k, s] 2. Accommodation 2.1. Lip position • consonant + back v

MODIFICATION OF VOWELS 1. Reduction 1.1. Quantitative 1.2. Qualitative 2. Accommodation 2.2 Positional length of vowels: knee - need - neat 2.3 Nasalization of vowels: preceded or followed by [n, m]: never, then, men ASSIMILATION There are some remarkable differences between the pronunciation of a word in isolation and of the same word in a block of connected speech. These changes are mostly quite regular and predictable. The modification of a consonant under the influence of the adjoining consonant in the flow of speech is known as assimilation. The term accommodation is often used to denote the interchanges of “vowel + consonant” type or “consonant + vowel” type. Assimilation may affect the work of the lips, tongue, soft palate walls of the pharynx. Consonants may be modified according t

place of obstruction ( in them, all that, his thoughts-alveolars are replaced by dentals); 2) the active speech organ (congress, concrete, conquest-the alveolar sonorant |n| is replaced by the back-lingual sonorant; ) ; 3) the work of the vocal cords (goose and berry- gooseberry |guzberi|) 4) the position of the lips (quick, twenty, language) -labialized variants of the phonemes |k|,|g|,|t| are used under the influence of the bilabial sonorant |w|. The term accommodation is often used by linguists to denote the interchanges of “vowel + consonant type” or “consonant + vowel type.(too, loose-an unrounded variant of |t| is replaced by a rounded |t| under the influence of a rounded sound |u|. One of the wide-spread sound changes is vowel reduction. Elision or complete loss of sounds, both vowe

CONCLUSION Concluding our course paper we can make some conclusions as: The phonetic units are used in various social situation. It’s the extra linguistic situation that influences our choice of language means. There’s a special branch of linguistics that studies the way language means function in different situation. It’s called functional stylistics. It’s primary concern is functional style – a set of language means used in a particular situation. Phonostylistics is the study of the way phonetic units, both segmental (sounds) and suprasegmental (intonation), are used in a particular extralinguistic situation. The first thing that counts in the stylistic modifications of sounds is the character of relationship between the participants of discourse, which is manifested in the degree of fo

What has he done; always, alright; next day; mashed potatoes, second term; and the reason for this. In fast colloquial speech reduction may also result in vowel elision, the complete loss of the unstressed vowel within one word or at word boundaries: History [`histri], phonetics [f`netiks], correct [krekt], get another, come along, after all. The number and degree of sound modifications depend not only on linguistic factors (such as the neighbouring sounds and distribution of sounds in connected speech) but on extra linguistic ones as well. Stylistic oppositions are usually observed in the two large marginal types of pronunciation - formal and informal. Formal speech suggests unemotional information on the part of the speaker. It is characterised by careful articulation and relatively slow

LIST OF USED LITERATURE : 1. Roach P. English Phonetics and Phonology. - Cambridge: Cambr. Univ. Press, 1987 2. Гальперин И.Р. Стилистика английского языка.- 2-е изд., испр. и доп.- М.: Высшая школа, 1977.- 332 с. 3. Головин Б.И. Из курса лексики по лингвистической статистике.- Горький, 1966.-285 с. 4. Лексикология английского языка: Р.З. Гинзбург, С.С. Хидекель, Г.Ю. Князева.- 2-е изд., испр. и доп.- М.: Высшая школа, 1979.- 269 с. 5. Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П. и др. Практическая фонетика английского языка - М.: Высшая школа, 1997. – 384 с. 6. Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П., Тихонова И.С., Тихонова Р.М. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка - М.: Высшая школа, 1997. – 384 28

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