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The comparative analysis of the typological categories of gender

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The comparative analysis of the typological categories of gender Plan: Introduction 1. Main part 1.1 The problem of Parts of speech 1.2 Typological category of case 1.3 Typological category of gender 1.4 Typological category of plurality 2. Typological category of person 2.1 Typological categories of tense and aspect Conclusion

Introduction A silence would be a lonely world. To listen, to answer, to share our thought and ideas through speech and hearing this is one of the most exciting ports of being human. It is no doubt true that students grow toward maturity and independence of thought as they progress through the grades; but this growth is not as a rule a sharp and sudden one, nor does the psychology of the students undergo any great change during the various levels of the fundamental principles that underlie the work of the University remain the same from year to year. The need in every level is to bring about academic growth by providing near and broader experiences. While working at school found out how difficult for the students of the secondary school, definite the national groups, to learn English, beca

Materials and literature which she used were «The comparative typology of English and Turkic languages», the lectures on «Comparative typology» and «Theory of phonetics» by A. Abduazizov. The qualification work consists of several parts where she opened and analyzed the theme.

1. Main part A word is known as the smallest naming unit of the language. According to L. Bloomfield, word is a minimum free form. Close observation and comparison of words clearly shows that a great number of words have a composite nature and are made up of smaller units, each possessing sound-form and meaning. In other words, the term word denotes the basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of a particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a grammatical employment is a word is therefore simultaneously a semantic, grammatical and phonological unit. The words of every language fall into classes which are called parts of speech. The problem of parts of speech is one of the controversial problems of modern linguistics. The theoretical side of this pro

All words of the comparing languages may be divided into three main groups: 1. Notional words 2. Structural words 3. Independent elements Notional words have distinct lexical meanings and perform independent syntactic functions in the sentence structure, they serve as primary or secondary parts of the sentence. To this group belong the following parts of speech: Noun, verb, adjective, pronouns, numerals, statives and adverbs. It should be kept in mind that statives in Uzbek are otter interchanged with adjectives and not treated as an independent part of speech. Structural words differ from the notional words semantically their lexical meaning is of a more general character than that of the notional words. Moreover they sometimes altogether avid it that they are independent syntactic functi

Independent class of words include modal words, interjections, words of affirmation and negation. It is noteworthy that the decision of words into parts of speech can be accepted only with certain reservation there are words which cannot be classed among any of the above motioned parts of speech such as a please, anyway ҳар қалай. Typological categories of English and Uzbek words The words of any language are characterized by their ability to express definite notions existing in this society, thus changing their forms. Most of the notions existing in the society have common peculiarities, i.e. they have universal character. Among the linguistic categories which can be traced in most of the languages of the world we can see the categories which display typologically general character but ca

of the English nouns. The most common view is that they have only two case: common (subject) and possessive (genitive) cases. The common case is characterized by a zero morpheme (suffix) e.g. child, boy, student, ir. and the possessive case by the indexing is and its phonetic variants as [s] and [z]. The Uzbek бош келишиги ( common or subject case) corresponds in meaning and function to the English common case both of them are unmarked member of the case opposition and perform similar syntactic function in the sentence structure. English common case and other five cases of Uzbek are marked members of the case opposition in both languages. The English possessive case is marked by the stiffly is which can sometimes be substituted by the preposition of (e.g. my father’s room, the room of may

куда мне теперь идти на лечение ?) Some English grammarians O. Curme, M. Doutschbein recognize word order in English as dative case. Dealing with this case one has to keep in mind the structure of the sentence i.e. the word order in the sentences of the comparing languages – sov (in Uzbek e.g. мен укамни курдим) and svo (in English I saw my brother») The Uzbek урин пайт келишиги denotes he place of the thing or a person in the space and it can be rendered in English by means of prepositions at, in, an, by, over, above, among, between, behind etc. (e.g. У : китоб жавонда. The book is in the bookcase.) It should be kept in mind that most of the English preposition may contain (more) additional meaning denoting the place of the thing or a person. ( с u in – мчи -behind - орқасида , between -

Uzbek nouns, because the authors consider Uzbek nouns not to have this category at all. In accordance with their lexical meanings the nouns of the comparing nouns may be classed as belonging to the masculine, feminine and neuter genders. Names of male beings are usually masculine (e.g.: man, husband, boy, son, nephew, bull, ox, ram(whether), cock, stallion – ота, уғил, эркак, ҳукиз, буқа, новвос, қучқор, хуроз, айғир) and names of female beings are feminine (e.g.: woman, lady, girl, daughter, wife, niece, cow heifer(ғунажин), ewe [ju:] (совлиқ), hen, mare - ауол, хоним, қиз(бола), қиз (фарзанд), хотин, сигир, ғунажин, соблиқ, макиуон, байтал).All other nouns are said to be neuter gender (e.g.:pencil, flower, rain, bird, sky-қалам, гул, уомғир, парранда, қуш, осмон). Gender finds its formal

In order denote the gender syntactic way is also possible. In this case different kinds of combinations of words are formed in which adjunct word (modifier) usually denotes the sex of the head word. e.g.: man servant – қарол , amid servant - оксоч , boy friend- ўғил бола уртоқ , girl friend- қиз бола ўртоқ , tom cat - еркак мушук , tabby cat - урғочи мушук , he-wolf - еркак бўри , she wolf - урғочи бўри , he goat - така , she goat - она ечки , etc. As is seen from these examples English gender denoted by a syntactic combination (man servant she goat can be expressed in Uzbek both by syntactically and lexically, ( қарол , она ечки ). In most cases gender can be expressed lexically, i.e. by the stem of the noun only. e.g.: father - ота , uncle - амаки , niece – (қиз) жиян , sister-in-law - к

number. From the logical point of view proper nouns usually denote a single thing or a person. e.g.: John, Собир, London , Тўйтепа, etc. The common nouns are used to denote common type of things, of course, logically more than one. As we know that the category of plurality denotes more than oneness of things, people or phenomena. Grammatically it can be based in English on the opposition of `zero morpheme and the suffix – s, – en, and root changing abilities of some nouns: i.e. – s, – en, in Uzbek it is based on the opposition of zero morpheme and suffix – лар , i.e. – лар . Among the parts of speech this category is distinguished grammatically by nouns, pronouns and verbs. In comparing languages this category may also be denoted lexically by numerals. (i.e. two, fifteen, thirty, thousand

b) by means of suppletive forms of auxiliary verbs: am, is-are; was-were; have-has-had; The Uzbek verbs usually express plurality by means of the following suffixes: a ) – лар (келди) лар ; б) – миз, – сиз, – гниз, дилар (бора-миз, келадилар) ; с) – ш, – иш (кел-ишди) ; This category can be expressed by means of personal pronouns in both languages; Cl.: I-we; me-us; he/she/ it-they; In Uzbek: мен-бизж сен-сизлар ; у- улар . Lexically this category may be expressed in both languages with the help of numerals. e.g.: anmy- қзниш , dual - иккилик , majority - кўпчилик , family - оила , pair - жуфт , double - икки (лантирилган) , etc. Plurality can sometimes be expressed by means of prepositions (between, among - орасида, ўртасида)_adverbs (arm-in-arm - йўлланилиб), indefinite pronouns (some

classes of personal pronouns denoting respectively the person(s) spoken to (the second person) and the person(s) (or things) spoken about (the third person). singular plural 1 - person-the speaker the speaker and same other people 2 - person-a person spoken to more than one people spoken to 3 - person-a person of a thing spoken about some people or things spoken about The category of person in verbs is represented by the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd person and it expresses the relations between the speaker, the person or people spoken to and other person or people spoken about. However this system doesn’t hold good for the modern English verb and this is for two reasons: 1) there is no distinction of persons in the plural number. Thus the form live may within the plural number be connected with a su

notional verbs in speech giving them additional meanings of notions as ability permission, necessity or obligation etc. The verb «be» has a system of its own both in the present indicative and in the past I Am Was He Is Was She Is Was It Is Was You Are Were They Are Were There is own more special class of the English verbs called impersonal verbs. Having the suffix – s in the third person singular of the present simple they do not denote any person or thing as the doer of the action. Such verbs usually denote natural phenomena such as to rain, to hail to snow to drizzle, to thunder, to lighten, to warm up, e.g. it often rains in autumn. It is thundering and lightening. The personal system of the Uzbek verbs is as follows Indic mood Person Singular Plural Past I Bordim bordik II Bording Bor

Dealing with the category of person attention must be to the use of the pronominal forms in transposition. The value of such 'metaphors' may be traced in many modern languages. The first to be mentioned in English is the use of the personal pronouns 'we, you, they' in patterns where they are synonymous with the formal generic 'one' which denotes anyone who occurs in a definite situation. Semantically it corresponds to the Uzbek generic words as ' одам , киши , инсон . e.g.: You (we) don ' (know what to do in such a situation. One doesn’t know what to do in such a situation. Бундай холатда нима килишингни билмайсан киши Инсон зоти борки яратгани унутиб фарзанди томон интилади. The so called 'editorial 'we’ (Lat. plural is modestial) is well for instan

Tense is the form of the verb which indicates time of the action from the point of view of the moment of speech, hi English we distinguish three tenses; past, present and past. Past tense denotes an action which has taken place at a definite time before the moment of speech. Present tense denotes a regular or recurrent action happening around the moment of speech. Future tense denotes an action which will or going to happen after the moment of speech. The English verbs also distinguish the category of aspect continuous process. The notion of aspect can also be described as a form of the verb that shows habituality, continuance or completion of the action or state expressed by the root of the verb. In Uzbek grammars aspect is not studied as a separate category of the verb as it not always e

The verbs in the present simple may often be accompanied by adverbs of frequency such as often, sometimes, usually, seldom, never, etc. indicating habitual action. The main indicator of the English verb forms in the present simple is the opposite 'live | live – s'. (See the preceding chapter.) As has been mentioned above Past simple denotes an action which happened at a definite time before the moment of speech. Definite time of the action may be clarified by means of such time expressions as 'yesterday, last week, two years ago, when I was a child, etc. The main indicator of the verb form in the past simple of the English verbs is the formant '–ed' (for the regular verbs) and the change of the root vowels (or consonants) for the irregular verbs, e.g.; live – d, help –

Plural Аяпчилар Мокдалар Ишмокда The Present Continuous expresses three ideas; 1) an activity happening now, i.e. at the moment of speech. Cf.I It is raining. The child is crying. They are looking at you. 2) an activity happening around now, but perhaps not at the moment of speech. Cf.; I'm reading a very interesting book on astrology these days. 3) a planned future arrangement. Cf. I'm leaving for London next week, Past Continuous of the English verb is formed by means of the combination of 'was (were) ~P1 of the notional verb and denotes an action happening (in progress) at a definite time in the past. Definite time may be expressed by means of time expressions or by a. clause of time connected to the principle one with the; conjunctions while and when. In Uzbek in the past c

present tense. It looks back from the present into t р e past and expresses a completed action up to the present moment, I've travelled a lot in Africa. It can also express an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present. Present Perfect Continuous is used to express a) an activity which continues to the present.

Conclusion Now let me sum up my qualification work. My qualification work consists of for parts. The tasks and objectives are given in introduction. The idea of my work is given in the main part, where showed the novelty of the work, which contains the comparative analyses of the English language with the Uzbek language. The similarities in gender in the English language and in the Uzbek language are given in the qualification work, compared the tenses which exist in the English language with Uzbek language. The Present Continuous Tense expresses the prolongation of the action. Example: I am sitting in Uzbek language to express this tense is used only simple tense Мен утираман . Different examples are given in the work which shows the comparative analyses of both languages. In conclusion s

Bibliography 1. Modern English in Action, Henry I. Christ, DC Heath and company, Boston 2001. 2. Mountains are climbing, study book, Boston 2003y. 3. English phonetic, A.A. Abduazizov издательство « Укитувчи » Т . 1972 г . 4. Reference guide to English, Alice Maclin, USA Washington 1994 5. Improve your sentence, Ann M. Sala, McCraw-Hill, USA. 1999y 6. Language for daily use Mildred A Dawson New York, 2001y 7. New English voyages in English, Francis B. Connors, Loyola University. Press, Chicago 1991y 8. Writing skills, Suzanne Chance, Clencoe, McCraw-Hill. New York 9. Reading and writing, Natasha Haugnes 10. Contemporary English, Mechella Perrott, contemporary publisher group, Illinois USA. 11. Beginning English writing skills, Mone Scherago, National textbook company, Illinois USA. 12.

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