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The expression of subject in Modern English

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“The expression of subject in Modern English” mavzusida yozgan BITIRUV MALAKAVIYBITIRUV MALAKAVIY ISHIISHI

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...................................................................................3 Chapter I. Parts of the sentence.............................................................7 1.1 Subject as the principal part of the sentence.......................................9 1.2 Agreement of the subject with the predicate......................................19 Chapter II. Ways of expressing the subject..........................................28 2.1 Parts of the speech as a way of expressing the subject.......................31 2.2 It as the subject of the sentence...........................................................38 2.3 Ways of expressing the subject in Fiction.........................................46 CONCLUSION....................................................

INTRODUCTION The actuality of the theme . Our Republic was faced with the necessity of creating new legislation corresponding with new realities, with the conditions of Independence after the Independence was proclaimed and the Parliament coped with this task, there have been adopted new Laws and new Resolutions. Under the guidance of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, special attention is paid to the formation of harmoniously developed, highly educated, modern thinking generation, able to take responsibility for the fate of the Homeland. Therefore , the task of education, the task of rising up a new generation who is capable of national renaissance will remain the prerogative of the state and constitute a priority. At present great importance is attached to the study and teaching of foreign la

reaching gradually deep theoretical interpretations of the subject in the institutions of higher education. Almost every sentence can be divided into certain components which are called parts of the sentence. Parts of the sentence are usually classified into main and secondary. The main parts of the sentence are the subject and the predi с ate. They constitute the backbone of the sentence. The secondary parts of the sentence are the object, the attribute, the apposition and the adverbial modifier. The secondary parts of the sentence modify the main parts or each other. Besides these two kinds of sentence components there are so-called independent elements, that is, elements standing outside the structure of the sentence, and therefore of lesser importance. The independent elements are pare

is a compound modal and a simple nominal predicate, the latter having no verb form at all. According to the meaning of its components, the predicate may denote an action, a state, a quality, or an attitude to some action or state ascribed to the subject. These different meanings find their expression in the structure of the predicate and the lexical meaning of its constituents. All the words of the English language are grouped into different types of classes. This classification is based on three main principles: 1) their grammatical meaning; 2) their form 3) their syntactical characteristics. By the first we understand the meaning common to all the words of the class, such as thingness for the noun or either process or state for the verb. By the second we mean the morphological characteri

American, Moldovan and Romanian authors and express It as the subject of the sentence. Scientifi с novelty and practical value of the work included parts of the sentences and parts of speech as a way of expressing the subject during for the last ten years by means of development and applying of the internet technologies.. The work could serve as a good source of learning English by young teachers at schools , colleges and universities. Construction of the theme is composed of three major parts: Introduction, Chapter I, Chapter II, conclusion and literature. Chapter I consists of Parts of the sentence . Chapter II deals with Ways of expressing the subject .The first chapter explains the common analysis of part of the sentence in Modern English. Here we analyzed subject as the principal part

Chapter I. Parts of the sentence It is common in grammatical theory to distinguish parts of the sentence into principal and secondary parts of the sentence. The principal parts of the sentence include subject and predicate. The secondary parts of the sentence contain the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier and the opposition. In distinguishing parts of the sentence into main and secondary we based on their typical “features”. As I wish said that The reason for calling the subject and the sentence and distinguishing them from all other parts which are treated s secondary is that the subject and the predicate between them constitute the backbone of the sentence without them the sentence would not exist at all, whereas all other parts may or may not be there, and if they are there,

Within the sentence we usually distinguish two syntactical levels of analysis, one belonging to the sentence proper, which is called the sentence level, and one belonging to various phrases treated as a whole and functioning in the sentence with the same force as separate words. This level is called the phrase level. The subject and the predicate belong to the sentence level only. The object, the adverbial modifier, the attribute, and the apposition may belong either to the sentence level or to the phrase level. He did not tell me anything about it. (Me, anything, about it are objects to the verb-predicate - the sentence level.) You are unhappy about something, aren’t you? (About something is an object to the predicative unhappy,which is part of the predicate - the sentence level.) He will

1.1 Subject is as the principal part of the sentence. The subject refers to the doer of the action or to what the sentence is all about. It can be either be a person, a place thing or an idea and can come in the form of a noun or a pronoun. Take a look at t he examples below: • During the exam Tommy slept in his chair. In this example, the verb is “slept” and the doer of the action is the noun “Tommy”, which is why he is the subject in this sentence. • They are extremely wealthy. The italicized verb in this example expresses the state of being of the pronoun “they” which is the subject in the sentence. • Joey and Phoebe went to the audition. In this sample sentence “Joe” and “Pheobe” are both the doers of the action went. Therefore, both of them are the subjects in this example. Ilyish re

require you to include the descriptive word (modifiers-just the main noun or pronoun will do. Examples: • The mighty superhero saved the day. The simple subject in this sentence is the noun “superhero” i because he is the doer of the action “saved”. • She is indeed the epitome of kindness. The simple subject is the pronoun “she” because it refers to the person being talked about in this sentence. 2. The complete subject simply refers to not only noun or pronoun but also it includes the descriptive words (modifiers). Example: The muscular man lifted the heavy table and transferred it to the other room. In this example, the doer of the italicized verbs “lifted” and-“transferred” is the man. But if you are asked to underline the complete subject, you must also include the descriptive words “t

“ship” plus the connector “and”. This considered as the compound subject because the captain and his ship were the ones who "were lost", or verb. Examples:Christmas and New year are my favorite holidays. This simple sentence is about two went namely, "Christmas" and "New Year". Therefore, these two nouns connected by the word "and" are considered as the compound subject in this sentence. If you are having difficulties figuring out what is the subject in a sentence an easy tip to remember is to identify the verb first.Once you have identified the verb, the next thing you should do is ask the question "what" or "who" is doing thing. For example:I went to telephone Jenny (E.SLS p14.) Men Jennyga telefon qilish uchun ketdim. Step 1-Ask "what

correlated with some words or complexes in the sentence which are regarded as national subject. The notional subject denotes or points out a person or non-person, that is, various kinds of concrete things, substances, abstract notions or happening. Persons: 1.Lady Markham ignored this sally paying more attention to choosing another biscuit. C.M.A.B. p.8. Markham xonim boshqa bir biskvitni tanlashga ko`proq diqqat qaratib, bu luqmani e`tiborga olmadi. 2.She gave me an underfriendly look. E.S.L. p3. U menga yomon qarash qildi. 3.Two girls were working there. E.S.L. p3. 4.Brader frowned, took Julia`s arm at the elbow, and walked her down the aisle. C.M.A.B. p77 Brader qovog`ini soldi, Julianing tirsagidan ushladi va uni yo`lakka boshladi. 6. Whoever said that was wrong. Kim aytgan bo`lsa ham

3.The Tortoise plodded on, and when the Hare awake from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning-post and could not run up in time to save the race (from popular tales). Quyon uyqudan uyg`onganida toshbaqa sudralib poyga chizig`iga yaqin qolganini va poygada yutish uchun vaqtida yugurib borolmasligini ko`rdi. 4.To be a friend takes time. (Cathy Maxwell “All tings beautiful”) Do`st bo`lish vaqt talab qiladi. The formal subject expressed by it is found in two patterns of sentences: those with impersonal it and those with impersonal it and those with inductor it. The formal subject it is impersonal when it is used in sentences describing various states of nature, things in general, characteristics of the environment or denoting time, distance other measurements. 1.It was dark and qu

ground, an infinitive gerundial phrase a predicative complex or clause. The sentence thus contains two subjects. The formal (introductory) subject it and the national subject, which follows the predicate. For example: 1.It`s impossible to deny this. 2.It thrilled her to be invited there. 3.It gave him a pain in the head to walk. 4.It was no good coming there again. 5.It would be wonderful for you to stay with us. 6.It was lucky that she agreed to undertake the job. 7.It didn`t occur to her that the idea was this.The idea was this. Sentences with introductory it can be transformed into sentences with the national subject in it`s usually position before the predicate. For example:It was impossible to deny this To deny this was impossible. The difference between the two structural types lies

know the place- That he didn`t know the place seemed (Transformation is impossible). b) Sentences with predicative adjectives preceded by too and followed by an infinitive. Ex: It was too late to start. Here it is used in sentences describing time, etc. and is therefore impersonal. The infinitive is an adverbial of consequence, not the subject and so cannot be placed before the predicate be placed before the predicate: It was too late to late to start To start was too late. c) Sentences with the predicate expressed by an infinitive. Ex: It was high time to take their departure. In such sentences it is also impersonal. The infinitives being attributes to the noun time. These sentences cannot therefore undergo the transformation which is possible in the case of sentences with introductory it

2.There was a needle and thread in her fingers. 3.There were a lot of people in the street. 4.There were a lot of films that we didn`t see and places and people that we didn`t visit. 5.There was a smile on his usually rock-like face. 6.There was once a sweet little girl who lived in a pretty little cattage at the end of the village (From fairy tales) 7.There were twenty-four stairs up to our flat, and I had to stop half way. (Erich Segal, Love story) As the national subject usually introduces a new idea, the noun expressing it is generally used with the indefinite article. By some noun-pronouns: a) indefinite. Ex: 1.Is there anybody there? 2.There was something wrong about the whole situation. 3. There are some items. I want included in the marriage contract. (Cathy Maxwell “All things bea

2.There was nothing to do. 3.There is no believing a liar, even when he speake the truth. (from fairy tales). 4.There was nothing more to say, really (Erich Segal, Love story). c)universal (only some of them) Ex: 1.There were all of them on the bank. 2.There were both of them present. The pronouns of these three classes are the most frequent in existential sentences. The ones that follow are very seldom used: d)detaching Ex:1.There was the other to be asked. 2.There are no others, my lady. The master took everyone off with him to his new home. (Cathy Maxwell “All things beautiful). e)demonstrative 1.There is this which is to be settled. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase. 1.There was no talking that evening. 2.There is no going against bad blood. By a clause First, there is what we might ca

2.One upon a time there lived a king. 3.Then there came a lighting Occasionaly the predicate may be a compound verbal modal predicate or a predicate of double orientation. In both cases their second parts are expressed by the verb to be, or one of the others mentioned above. a)There must be something wrong with him. There may come a time when you`ll regret this. b)There seemed to be only two people in the room. There did not appear to be anything of importance in what he said. There did not appear to be anything of importance in what he said. Negative sentences with introductory there are formed in the usual way for the verbs which are their predicates, that is, by means of appropriate auxiliaries for all the verbs but to be. In the latter case possible: a) either with the negative pronoun

1.2. Agreement of the subject with the predicate. In the English language the predicate agrees with the subject in person and number.Agreement implies that the use of one form necessitates the use of the other, for example a singular subject requires a predicate in the singular subject requires a predicate in the plural. Example:This evening there was no bright sunset, west and east were one cloud. According to Kaunshansky point of view these cases the predicate does not agree with the subject. Ex:The Durham family were at breakfast, father mother and seven children (O`conor) 2 Most sentences aren`t as simple noun + verb. For example, the subject and predicate can be inverted. In the street hurries the old woman. Clauses and phrases can sometimes come between the subject and predicate but

The verb-predicate is used in the singular if the subject is expressed by: 1. An infinitive or infinitives To love and to be loved was his dream. 2. A clause: How you persuaded them is beyond my understanding where you found them das not concern us the plural predicate is used. What I say and what I do are my own affair. 3. A numeral expression of arithmetic calculation( addition, subtraction, division ). Two and five is seven. Ten minus two is eight. Twenty divided by five equals four. Note: Multipication presents an exception as the verb may be in the singular or in the plural Twice then is/are twenty. 4.The word group “many a + noun”. Many a lie has been told. 5.Whit here there constructions followed by subjects of different number, the verb-predicate agrees with the first subject: Here

Note: The titles of some works which are collection of stories, etc. however, can be singular or plural: Ex: The Canterbury Tales exist/ exists in many manuscrips. Pronouns as subjects 1.Indefinite pronouns (some body, someone, something, anybody, anything); universal pronouns (everybody, everyone, everything, each); negative pronouns (nobody, no one, neither etc.) have a singular predicate: Everyone thinks he has the answer. There was nothing to attract our attention. Nobody has come except him. However the negative pronoun none may have a singular or a plural verb-predicate, it depends whether one-person is meant or more than one: Ex: None us understands/ understand it. 2.Interrogative pronouns who, what have a singular verb-predicate Who is this man? What is there. If the question refer

You are the one who is wrong. I don`t know the boys who live next door. Shish Kebab is one of those dishes which have to be locked outdoors. 4. The universal pronoun booth has a plural predicate: Which of these are yours? Both are mine. Ilyish claimed that the predicate agrees in number with the subject: when the subject is in the singular, the predicate is bound to be in the singular, and when the subject is in the plural, the predicate is bound to be in the plural as well. However, this statement is very doubtful. This is specially confirmed by sentences confirmed by sentences confirmed by sentences like. My family are early risers, where the plural number in the link verb shows the plurality of the acting persons, though the subject noun is in the singular. Besides it should be noted th

Bacon and eggs makes a traditional English breakfast (one dish is meant). If the article is repeated, the reference is to two persons or objects and the butter are on the table. (two separate objects are meant). 4 The painter and the decorator are here. (two people are meant). 2. With homogenous subjects connected by both…and. Examples: Both the bread and the butter are fresh. Both the teacher and the students have come. 3. With homogenous subjects connected by the conjuctions not only… but also, either…or-or neither… nor the verb-predicate agrees with the nearest noun subject. (This is so called “proximity rule”). Ex: Either my parents or my sister is at home. Neither you nor I am right. Neither I nor I am right. Not only my parents but also my brother knows about it. Is Tom or Mary eager

Kobrina also implied on national agreement. In modern English agreement there may be a conflict between form and meaning. It refers first of all to subjects expressed by nouns of multitude, which may denote plurality being singular in form. In such Cases the principle of observed and there appears the so called national agreement. When the choice of the number is based on the fact whether the group of beings is considered as one whole or, as a collection of individuals taken separately. Thus the nouns of multitude (band board, crew, committee, crowd, company, clergy, cattle, family, gang, group, guard, Gentry, infantry, jury, militia, police, poltry, team) May have both a plural verb-predicate and a singular one a single invided body or a group of separate individuals. Ex: A new government

National agreement is also observed with subjects expressed by word groups including nouns of quantity a/the number of… a/the majority of… (a) part of… the bulk of… a variety of… These admit of either a singular or a plural verb-predicate. Examples: The number of pages in this book isn`t large. It was Sunday and a number of people were walking about. Subjects expressed by such invariable plural nouns as goods, contents, riches, clothes, wages, saves, have a plural-verb. Ex: His wages were only 15 shillings a week. I asked her what the contents were about. His clothes were shabby. The goods were delivered on time. Subjects expressed by such invariable singular nouns as hair, money gate, information, funeral, progress, advice have a singular verb-predicate. These are called “singulariatantum

plural verb-predicate when denoting qualities, practical applications, different activities etc. Thus these nouns may be followed by either a singular or a plural verb. Ex: 1. Statistics is a rather modern branch of mathematics. 2. These statistics show death per 1. 000 of population. 3.Statistics on this subject are available. 4. Tactics is one of the subjects studied in military academs. Your tactics are obvious. Please don`t insult my intelligence. 5. Politics is a risky profession. Politics have always interested me.What are your politics? 6. Ceramics is my hobby. Where he lives isn`t the provinces as for as ceramics are concerned. It`s the metropolis. Subject expressed by substantivized adjectives denoting groups of people (the blind, the mute, the old, the poor, the rich etc.) always

An engine with a number of trucks was creeping up spluttering and snorting, halting and knocking (Lindsay). If two or more homogenous subjects are expressed by infinitives the predicate is in the singular. Ex: to labour in peace and devote her labour and her life to her poor son, was all the widow sought (Dickens). To leave the quiet court, to gain the strand, to hail a belated handsom was the work of a moment (Thurston). According to Mark Newson`s 6 point of view besides its privileged position in the sentence the subject also plays an important role in a number of different form depending on properties of the subject:Ex: a) I/you eat breakfast at 6.30. b) we/they eat breakfast at 8. c) He/she Ernie eats breakfast at 9. When the subject refers to either the speaker or the addressee, what

Chapter II Ways of expressing the subject As Ilyish said the definition of the subject be something like this. This subject is one of the two main parts of the sentence. It denotes the thing whose action or characteristics is expressed by the predicate. It is not dependent on any other parts of speech. It may me expressed by different part of speech. The most frequent ones being a noun in the common case, possessive case, a personal pronoun in the nominative case, a demonstrative pronoun occasionaly, a substantivized adjective, anumeral, non-finite forms of the verb-gerund and infinitive, it may also be expressed by a phrase. The subject also can be expressed by the construction there is... there are… a group of words which is one part of the sentence- syntactically indivisible group, a q

The grammatical phenomenon of the subject in English has been examined by a number of linguists, philologists and grammatical experts both of English and foreign origin in different epochs. This notion is defined in various interpretations; still the common backbone is identified in all of them. Let’s retrace this ‘common thread’, kept in all the definitions of the subject. Sidney Greenbaum in ‘The Oxford English Grammar’ notes that the subject of a sentence is the constituent that normally comes before the verb in a declarative sentence and changes position with the operator in an interrogative sentence. It is applicable, the verb agrees in number and person with the subject (I am ready): the subject ‘I’ is first person singular and so is ‘am’ Paul Roberts in ‘Understanding Grammar’ prese

According to I. P. Krylova in ‘A Grammar of Present Day’ the subject is a word or a group of words which names the person, object or phenomenon the sentence informs us about. Thus, we can identify the following common points: a) the subject is normally a noun phrase or a clause with nominal function; b) the subject occurs before the verb phrase in declarative clauses, and immediately after the operator in questions; c) the subject has number and person concord, where applicable, with the verb phrase. B Iliysh examines in « Стройсовременногоанглийскогоязыка » examines the question first of all by formulating the structure of the definition itself. It is bound to contain the following items: 1) The meaning of the subject, that is its relation to the thought expressed in the sentence. 2) Its

2.1. Parts of the speech as a way of expressing the subject. As we stated above any part of speech can be subject of a sentence. The subject can be expressed by a single word or a group of words. Thus it can be expressed by 1. A noun in the common case. 2. The subject can be expressed by proper nouns, common nouns, collective nouns, class nouns. It can be expressed by both singular and plural forms of nouns. 1. Peter rose from the sturdy but utilitarian chair (K.M.B. p 79). Julia so`zlovchiga qaradi. 2. Wolf leaned back in his chair an studied her (KMB p 30). Wolf stuliga suyandi va unikuzatdi. Note I occasionally a noun in the possessive case is used a subject. Clers Gummidge`s was a fretful disposition (Dicknes). Oh, my dear Richard Ada`s is a noble heart (Dickens). 2. A pronoun-persona

6. This is just the man f or Sylvia (A.Ch. Sh.S. p.36). Bu kishi Sylviaga mos. 7. It amused her at first. (A.Ch.Sh.S. p 136). Bu avvaliga uning kulgisini qistadi. 8. All were members of her class. (C.M.A. p100.) Barcha uning sinfi a`zolari edi. 9. I said “No one but me shall ever have you. No one”. (A.Ch.Sh.S. p136). Sen uchun mendan boshqahech kim bo`lmasligi kerak. Hechkim. 10. “That`s your problem” he said. (A.Ch.Sh.S. p146). “Bu sizning muammoingiz” dedi u. 11. Someone entered into the room (A.Ch.Sh.S. p 110). Xonaga kimdir kirdi. Note: The subject is often expressed by the indefinite personal pronoun one or the personal pronouns they, you we which refer not to people in General. Note that they is used when the speaker is excluded, one when the speaker is included. Example: 1. They say

3.There were twenty-four stairs up to our flat.(E.S.L.S. p 32). Bizning kvartiramizgcha yigirma to`rtta zina bor edi. 4.Of course, the two were quite unable to do anything (Wells). Albatta ikkalasi biror narsa qilishga qodir emasdi. 5.The first and fourth stood beside him in the water (Wells). Birinchi va to`rtinchi uning yaqinida suvda turardi. 6.Seven cannot be devided by two. Yettini 2 ga bo`lib bo`lmaydi. 7.The third was a young man with a dog. Uchinchisi iti bor yosh kishi edi. 8.Two of them were left in the camp. Ikkalasi lagerda yo`q edi. 9.The first was a tall lady with dark hair. Birinchisi qorasochli novcha xonim edi. 10.Two were indeed young, about eleven and ten. Ikkalasi haqiqatda yosh edi. O`n, o`nbirlaratrofida. A substantivized adjective or participle. Ex: 1.The wounded wer

An infinitive an infinitive phrase or construction. 1. To live is to work (Heym). Yashash ishlashdir. 2. To be a rich man Lieutenant is not always roses and beauty. Boy kishi bo`lish, Leytenant, har doim atirgullar va chiroy degani emas. 3. For him to come was imposible. Uning uchun kelish imkonsiz edi. 4. To explain is very difficult but when you come across a peculiar thing you notice it. A.Ch.S.S. p8. Tushuntirish juda qiyin ammo o`zgacha narsaga duch kelganingizda buni anglaysiz. 4.For her to fall a sleep in broad daylight was not at all usual. 5.To understand is to forgive. H.N.S. p2. Tushunish kechirishdir. 6.To deny the past is to deny the future. C.M.B. p115. O`tmishni inkor qilmoq, kelajakni inkor qilmoqdir. A gerund or a gerundial phrase. 1.Understanding dawned on him. C.M.B. p13

4.Understanding of her pain echoed from his dark eyes. C.M.B. p220. Uning dardini tushunish, uning ovozida va ko`zlarida aks etdi. 5.Lying doesn`t go well with me.(Heym) 6.Winnig the war is what counts(Heym) Urushda g`olib bo`lish nima sanaladi. 7.Annette`s being French might upset him a little (Galsworthy). Annetining fransuz ekanligi uni biroz xafa qilish imumkin edi. 8.There was no talking that evening. E.S.L.S. O`sha tunda suhbatlashilmadi. A group of words which is one part of the sentence is one part of the sentence i.e. a syntactically indivisible group. 1.Yet, at this very time their friend and defender is their friend and defendes is darkly groping towards the solution (Fox). Ayni vaqtda uning do`stlari va himoyachilari yechim tomonga bormoqda edi. Here the subject represents one

Yo`q, uningharqandayiltimosigaodatiyjavobiedi. There are some classifications given by different authors. For example, from the structural point of view and functional point of view From the point of view of the structure, the subject can be: 1. Simple , expressed by a word or a number of words in the nominal case, the combination of which represents one doer of the action. No glass renders a man’s form or likeness so true as his speech. (Ben Johnson, Timber) The proper force of words lies not in the words themselves, but in their application. (William Hazlitt, On Familiar Style) All things are admired either because they are new or because they are great. (Francis Bacon) Even in his novels Hardy’s pessimism is always a fighting pessimism. (T.A. Jackson, Thomas Hardy) What do you think the

The most typical semantic role of a subject is AGENTIVE; that is the animate being instigating or causing the happening denoted by the verb: John opened the letter. Apart from its agentive function, the subject frequently has an INSTRUMENTAL role; that is, it expresses the unwitting (generally inanimate) material cause of the event: The avalanche destroyed several houses With intransitive verbs, the subject also frequently has the AFFECTED role that is elsewhere typical of the object: Jack fell down The pencil was lying on the table We may also extend this latter function to subjects of intensive verbs: The pencil was on the table It is now possible to see a regular relation, in terms of clause function, between adjectives or intransitive verbs and the corresponding transitive verbs expre

2.2. It as the subject of the sentence. When the pronoun it used as the subject of a sentence it may represent a living being or a thing: then it is a national subject sometimes however, it does not represent any living being or thing and performs a purely grammatical function: then it is a formal subject. A when it is a national subject the pronoun it has the following meanings: 1.It stands for a definite thing or some abstract idea-the personal it. 1.Go Oliver, go, that was Jenny`s voice above the crowd, it was crazily, beautifully violent. E.S.L.S. p5. Olg`a Oliver, olg`a, bu olamon orasidagi Jennyning ovozi edi, u ishqibozona, chiroyli va kuchli edi. 2. I loved Sylvia devotedly, but I was jealous, absurdly jealous of anyone at wham she would smile. It amused her at first. Men Silviani

5. When I got into changing room, it was empty. E.S.L.S. p 21. Men kiyim almashtirish xonasiga kirganimda, u bo`sh edi. 2.It points out some person or thing expressed by a predicative noun, or it a refers to the thought contained in a preceding statement thus having a demonstrative meaning-the demonstrative it. 1.It would be a horrible scandal. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 31. Bu mudhish mojoro bo`ldi. 2.It is not Mr Parker. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 33. Bu Janob Parker emasdi. 3. It is a poison? I asked. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 53. Bu zaharmi?Men so`radim. 4. It was the chocolate box that started me on the track and yet up to the end I failed consistenly to keep it`s real significance! A.Ch.Sh.S p 56. Meni iziga tushirgan narsa shokolad qutisi edi va men hamon uning tub mohiyatiga yetolmayapman. 5.It was Old-stony face. E.S.L.S

1.The impersonal it is used to denote natural phenomena (such as the state of the weather, etc). or that which characterizes the environment. In such sentences the predicate is either a simple one, expressed by a verb denoting the state of the weather, or a compound nominal one, with an adjective as predicative. Ex: 1. It was bright and sunny morning F.F.T. Yorqin va quyoshli tong edi. 2.It was cold and dark outside. E.S.L.S. p 17. Tashqari sovuq va qorong`u edi. 3.It was very peaceful. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 86. Juda tinch edi. 4.It was a clear, still evening. A.Ch. 106. Tiniq va sokin kech edi. 5.It often rains in autumn. Kuzda tez-tez yomg`ir yog`adi. 6.It is cold in winter. Qishda sovuq bo`ladi. 7.It is stuffy in here. Bu yer dim. Note. The state of the weather can also be expressed by sentences

2.There was a fine rain falling over the trees, the flowers and the people sitting on the benches in the garden. 3. to denote time and distance and quantity . 1.It was half-past eight. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 82. 2.It was still some minutes of nine when he once more approached the garden door. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 86. U bog` eshigiga yaqinlashganida hamon to`qqizdan bir necha minut o`tgan edi. 3.It was five and twenty to nine. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 85. Yigirma beshta kam to`qqiz edi. 4.It was to be night. A.Ch.Sh.S. p 81. Tun edi. 5. It was quarter to nine. A.Ch.Sh.S. p86 O`n beshta kamto`qqizedi. 6.It is a long way to the station. Stantsiyagachauzoqyo`l. 7.It was a wild night. A.Ch.Sh.S. p48 4. The intructory or anticipatory it introduces the real subject. Ex: 1. It is common knowledge that the duns will be knocking

2.It is embrassing to acknowledge that my parents are such hardened gamester they would not spare a shilling for a governess or bother with any schooling for their only dowghter. C.M.B. p 12. 3.It is good to med you again, Mrs. Jenkins. C.M.B. p 174. Siz bilan yana ko`rishish yaxshi Jenkins xonim. 4.It was amazing to Alex to see the volcano that existed beneath the reserved exterior of the man she had thought she knew so well. A.Ch.Sh.S. p70 "A subject is normally essential in English sentence structure-.-so much so that a dummy subject must sometimes be introduced (e.g. It is raining ). Subjects are, however, usually missing from imperative sentences (e.g. Listen! ) and may be ellipted in an informal context (e.g. See you soon )." (Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner,

Examples of Null Subjects " Don't know as these shoes'll be much good. It's a hard road, I been down there before." (Davies in The Caretaker by Harold Pinter. Theatre Promotions Ltd., 1960) " Keep your trap shut and do your job . After the war's over, we'll straighten out whatever's gone wrong." (Harry Turtledove, The Big Switch . Del Rey, 2011) "Laura . . . was leaning up against the bathroom counter while I sat on the closed toilet seat, my fingers deep in the pile of suds on Timmy's head. "' Bubbles, Momma. Want more bubbles. '" (Julie Kenner, Carpe Demon . Jove, 2006) " He went up to one shelf, and scanned it. ' Hmm, seems to be a section missing, ' he said." (David Bilsborough, A Fire in the No

Three Types of Null Subjects in English "[T]he picture relating to the use of null subjects is complicated by the fact that, although English does not have finite null subjects . . ., it has three other types of null subject. "One is the kind of imperative null subject found in imperatives such as Shut up! and Don't say anything! . . . "Another is the kind of nonfinite null subject found in a range of nonfinite clauses in English (i.e. clauses containing a verb which is not marked for tense and agreement ), including main clauses like Why worry? and complement clauses like those bracketed in I want [to go home] and I like [playing tennis] . . .. "A third type of null subject found in English can be called a truncated null subj

 "Although null-subject structures like 'Went to the market' might be common in diary entries and also as truncated responses in conversations , they would be rare in British or American English for the kind of extended monologue exemplified by the data from Hui Man. "In contrast, in Singapore English null-subject sentences are very common. Gupta (1994: 10) lists their occurrence as one of the diagnostic features for colloquial Singapore English, but the educated Singapore English data from Hui Man also exhibits very frequent instances of null-subject structures . . .. (Instances of an omitted subject are indicated by the symbol 'Ø.') (74) so Ø only tried one or two dishes, Ø didn't really do much cooking {iF13-b:47} . . . (76) because durin

We based this squib in part on results from the literature. No outside research is required for Syntax II squibs. However, any outside resources must be cited. 2.3. Ways of expressing the subject in Fiction Practical part of the given project, presented in Chapter Two, brings to light subject features, investigated from theoretical point of view in Chapter One, in separate examples, drawn from fiction works. Opposing works of American and British English fiction, the paper is aimed at distinguishing subject peculiarities in both fiction sides. Thus, the investigated works are ‘The Book of Grotesque’ by Sherwood Anderson, ‘The Magic Barrel’ by Bernard Malamud, ‘The Last Leaf’, ‘The Gift of the Magi’ by O. Henry concerning American writers and ‘The Man with the Scar’, ‘The Door of Opportunit

The second preferable part of speech in the subject role is a noun in the nominal case. ‘Women thought a lot of him.’ ‘The blood spurted from the cut vein and dyed his shirt.’ ‘This scar spoke of a terrible wound and I wondered whether it had been caused by a sabre or by a fragment of shell.’ ‘But Alban had already a London look.’ ‘Anne quickly made friends with the shy, pretty native woman and soon was playing happily with the children.’ Other parts of speech in the Subject position are surely kept but in much less frequent periodicity. ‘That was how you thought a poet should look.’where ‘that’ is a demonstrative pronoun in the Subject role. ‘Two or three shouted back in answer.’where ‘two’ and ‘three’ are cardinal numerals occupying Subject position in the sentence. ‘The worst of it was

‘It was a room with twin beds and a bathroom.’ where ‘it’ is notional pointing out a thing expressed by a predicative noun. ‘It was a change, but Anne was always glad to get home.’ where the notional ‘it’ is the Subject pointing out a thing expressed by a predicative noun. ‘It was on account of the scar that I first noticed him, for it ran, broad and red from his temple to his chin.’ where both ‘it’s are notional subjects but first ‘it’ points out a thing expressed by a predicative noun whereas the second ‘it’ stands for a definite thing mentioned before. ‘It happened so quickly that many didn’t know what had occurred, but the others gave a cry of horror;’ where the notional subject ‘it’ again denotes a thing expressed by a predicative noun. ‘It was a busy, exhilarating scene, and yet, I k

‘The rebel advanced a step or two to meet her.’ where ‘the rebel’ in combination with the infinitive ‘to meet’ represents the complex Subject. ‘Alban, as was his way, tipped the porter generously and then went to the bookstall and bought papers.’ where ‘Alban’ represents the simple Subject. Concerning Classification 2 agentive and affected Subjects are essentially identified. ‘Burton came into the lounge presently and caught sight of me.’ where ‘Burton’ in relation with the predicate ‘came’ represents the affected Subjects and in combination with the predicate ‘caught’ – the agentive Subject. ‘A sort of sigh passed through those men crowded together..’ where ‘ a sort’ represents the instrumental Subject. ‘She stared into his blue eyes as if they were open windows.’ where ‘she’ carries the

‘Man made the truths himself and each truth was a composite of a great many vague thoughts.’ where ‘man’ represents the simple and agentive Subject whereas ‘truth’ performs the affected function in a simple structure. ‘The matchmaker appeared one night out of the dark fourth-floor hallway of the gray stone rooming house…’ where ‘the matchmaker’ represents a simple Subject carrying the agentive function. ‘Della finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag.’ where ‘Della’ is a simple Subject with an agentive function. ‘The magi brought valuable gifts, but that was not among them.’ where ‘the magi’ is again a simple Subject with an agentive function. Still, another types of the Subject are also distinguished. ‘Jim stopped inside the door, as immovable as a setter at the sce

The only peculiarity of American fiction in comparison with the British one in the Subject investigation is that the instrumental function of the Subject appears on the pages of the examined stories. The ways of expressing the Subject also maintain similar features of being presented by a noun or pronoun (esp. personal) in nominal case in the examined stories of American fiction. ‘She stood by the window and looked out dully at a gray cat walking a gray fence in a gray backyard.’ where she is personal pronoun in the Subject role. ‘After the doctor had gone Sue went into the workroom and cried a Japanese napkin to a pulp.’ where ‘the doctor’ and ‘Sue’ represent Subjects expressed by a common and a denominative nouns in nominal case. ‘The old man listed hundreds of the truths in his book.’ w

‘It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her.’ where the Subject ‘it’ is notional and denotes a definite object mentioned before. ‘No, it wasn’t a youth, it was a woman, young, and wearing a coat of mail like a knight.’ where the Subject ‘it’ is again notional and denotes a thing expressed by predicative noun. The introductory features of ‘there’ are kept on the pages of the American fiction as well. ‘There are only five left now’ ‘There was a pier-glass between the windows of the room.’ Thus, the Subject features in American fiction are predominantly similar to the ones kept in British literature; the only noticed peculiarity is the instrumental function of the Subject. 52

Conclusion On the basis of the theoretical and practical investigation of the Subject within the framework of distinguishing its features in American and British fiction conforming to the examined theory, we have reached the following results of the research work: The Subject justifies its definition of being ‘the main part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the predicate is grammatically dependent’ in combination with all the other characteristics mentioned by different grammarians of any languages practically throughout the investigated fiction. Classifications of the Subject presented in two variants reflect that from structural point of view, simple and complex types of the Subject are predominantly used. From fun

Regarding the other parts of speech that also can be used in the role of the Subject, that is substantivized adjective or participle, any part of speech used as a quotation, a group of words which is one part of the sentence, i.e. a syntactically indivisible group are less preferred both by the American and British writers within the given project. In reference to the feature differences in the usage of the Subject in American and British fiction, we can surely state that both cultures prefer to use common features of the Subject. The only characteristic of the American fiction touches the fact that instrumental function of the Subject is used a little oftener whereas British writers keep 100%-preference to the Subject expressed by nouns and personal pronouns. The implemented investigation

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