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The Function of Adjectives in Modern English

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FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK The Function of Adjectives in Modern English 1

CONTENT INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………… 3 CHAPTER I Adjective is one of the main parts of speech . 1.1 Problem of Parts of Speech …………………………………………… 6 1.2 How do Adjectives make speech more Expressive …………………… 19 1.3 Problem of degrees of Adjectives ……………………………………….. 23 Chapter II Syntactic Function of Adjectives 2.1 Position and Order of Adjectives…………………………………….… 33 2.2 Adjectives with prepositions, ‘to’-infinitive and ‘that’-clauses ……….. 37 2.3 Syntactic Functions of Adjectives………………………………………. 44 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………. 48 Used literatures ……………………………………………………………….. 50 2

INTRODUCTION English became one of the important instruments of achievement of success in modern life. Knowledge of English is some kind of indicator of many qualities of the modern person. It is already just impossible to imagine the university graduate who hasn't knowledge of Basic English. The resolution of the first President of Uzbekistan “On measures to further improve system of foreign languages teaching” dated from 10 December 2012 1 ; the resolution of the Ministers’ Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan “About the Affirmation of the Education Standards on Foreign Languages in Education System” dated from 8 May 2013; The resolution No 4947 of the President of Uzbekistan “Strategies of Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Five Priority Directions for 2017 - 2021 years

Preparing scientific-pedagogical personnel, to produce highly qualified translators, scientific-research works in the country, engaged in the training and retraining of specialists in the field, as well as the areas of preparing research and teaching materials. The decree of our president gives much possibility to linguists for implementing various researches in the field of FL. Analysis of the English adjectives is significant from practical point of view. Training students in the context of professional and specific aspects of the foreign languages, and also studying its genres helps them in the future to establish correct intercultural communication, to be well informed about linguistics, obviously helps to improve literacy skills, to become among colleagues authoritative, stimulates p

The scientific novelty of the work : The analyses of adjectives are used to carry the specific meaning we intend to convey in many different ways. I mean that the same adjective can have more than one meaning depending on the context. It is not the same in all situations. The subject of the graduation work: is devoted to the peculiarities of the adjectives in English and also, the analysis of various signs of the adjectives. The practical value : is that the material and the results of the given qualification work can serve the material for theoretical courses of lexicology, stylistics, typology as well as can be used for practical lessons in translations, home reading, conversational practice and current events. For realization of the above-stated problems, the following methods were used

Chapter I The problem of Parts of Speech 1.1 Adjective is one of the Main Parts of Speech It is a very common statement that Modern English is an ana lytical language, as distinct from Modern Russian, which is synthe tical. Occasionally this statement is slightly modified, to the effect that English is "mainly analytical" and Russian "mainly synthe tical". These statements, on the whole, are true, but they remain somewhat vague until we have made clear two important points, viz. (a) what we mean by "analytical language'', and (b) what are the peculiar features distinguishing Modern English from other analytical languages, for instance, Modern French. It would be a gross error to suppose that English and French, being both analyt ical, are exactly alike in their

in these cases. The lexi cal m eani ng of the formation resides in the participle or infinitive following the verb have, be or do. Some doubt has been expressed about the for mations shall invite and will invite. There is a view that shall and will have a lexical meaning. 1 We will not go into this question now and we will consider shall and will as verbs serving to form the future tense of other verbs. Thus, have, be, do, shall, and will are what we call auxiliary verbs, and as such they constitute a typical feature of the analytical structure of Modern English. Whi le t he existence of anal yt ical f orm s of t he Engl ish verb cannot be disputed, the existence of such forms in adjectives and adverbs is not nowadays universally recognised. The question whether such formations as more viv

that matter: the notion of tense cannot be applied to them. Tense is one of the distinctive features characterising the verb as against every other type of word. However, the question is much less simple with reference to some other types of words, and a general definition of the principles on which the classi fication of parts of speech is based becomes absolutely necessary. We cannot her e go i nt o t he contr over sy over these pr inci pl es t hat has last ed a consi derabl e t ime now, and we will l im it our selves to stating the principles of our classification and pointing out some difficulties inherent in it. The principles on which the classification is based are three in nu mber, viz. (1) meaning, (2) form, (3) function. Each of these requires some additional explanations. 1) By

that, for example, a verb combines with a following noun (write letters) and also with a following adverb (write quickly). As to (b), i. e. the syntactical function of a verb in a sentence, it is that of a predicate. 1 Two additional remarks are necessary before we proceed to the analysis of parts of speech in detail. In the first place, there is the question about the mutual relation of the criteria. We cannot be sure in advance that all three criteria will always point the same way. Then, again, in some cases, one of them may fail (this especially applies to the criterion of form). Under such circumstances, it may prove necessary to choose between them, i. e. to attach to one of them greater value than to another. We may say, provisionally, that we shall treat them in the order in which

It can also be an objec tive predicative (painted the door green). So far we have been considering parts of speech as they are usually termed and treated in grammatical tradition: we have been considering nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc. Some modern linguists prefer to avoid this traditional grouping and terminology and to establish a classification of types of words based entirely on their morphological characteristics and on their ability (or inability) to enter into phrases with other words of different types. Thus, for instance the words and and or will fall under one class while the words because and whether will fall under another class. There is not much to be said about the English adjective from the morphological point of view. As is well known, it has neither number, nor case, nor

meaningful, etc. But alongside of these we also find spoonful, mouthful, handful, etc., which are nouns. On the whole, the number of adjectives which can be recog nised as such by their suffix seems to be insignificant as compared with the mass of English adjectives. The only morphological problem concerning adjectives is, then, that of degrees of comparison. The adjective expresses the categorial semantics of property of a substance. It means that each adjective used in tile text presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as its material, color, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both permanent and temporary. It follows from this that, unlike nouns, adjectives do not possess a full nominative value. Indeed, words like long, hospit

On the other hand, if the adjective is placed in a nominatively self-dependent position, this leads to its substantivi zation . E.g.: Outside it was a beautiful day, and the sun tinged the snow with red. Cf.: The sun tinged the snow with the red colour . Adjectives are distinguished by a specific combinability with nouns, which they modify, if not accompanied by ad juncts, usually in pre-position, and occasionally in post position; by a combinability with link-verbs, both functional and notional; by a combinability with modifying adverbs. Adjectives are the third major class of words in English, after nouns and verbs. Adjectives are words expressing properties of objects (e.g. large, blue, simple, clever, economic, progressive, productive, etc) and, hence, qualifying nouns.Adjectives in En

the noun. So while in English we might say ‘The beautiful woman.’ in French we would say ‘Le femme jolie.’ which may be literally translated as ‘The woman beautiful.’ While most adjectives in English are able to be used just as easily either in an attributive or a predicative sense, there are some which are restricted to one role or the other. For example, the adjective sole can be used grammatically only as an attributive adjective, as can be seen in the sentence: This is the sole survivor. On the other hand, trying to use the adjective sole in the predicative role would result in the ungrammatical sentence: This survivor is sole. Other English adjectives, such as alone, may be used only as a predicative adjective, while attempts to use them attributively result in ungrammatical sentences

description using only nouns, with a verb perhaps to flavor it, such as ‘The sun was a blazing inferno.’ instead of ‘The sun was hot.’ English also uses abstract nouns, for example to turn ‘An important statement.’ into ‘A statement of import.’ There is not much to be said about the English adjective from the grammatical point of view. As is well know, it has neither number, nor case, nor gender distinctions. Some adjectives have, however, degrees of со mparis о n, which make part of the morphological system of a language. Thus, the English adjective differs materially not only from such highly inflected languages as Russian. Latin, and German, where the adjectives have a rather complicated s у stem о f f о rms, but even f го m Modern French, which h as preserved number and gender distin с

E.g.: wood – a wooden hut; mathematics – mathematical precision; history – a historical event; table – tabular presentation; colors – colored postcards; surgery – surgical treatment; the Middle Ages – mediaeval rites. The nature of this «relationship» in adjectives is best revealed by definitional correlations. Cf.: a wooden hut – a hut made of wood; a historical event – an event referring to a certain period of history; surgical treatment – treatment consisting in the implementation of surgery; etc. Qualitative adjectives, as different from relative ones, denote various qualities of substances which admit of a quantitative estimation, i.e. of establishing their correlative quantitative measure. The measure of a quality can be estimated as high or low, adequate or inadequate, sufficient or

In the second place, many adjectives considered under the heading of relative still can form degrees of comparison, thereby, as it were, transforming the denoted relative property of a substance into such as can be graded quantitatively. Cf.: a mediaeval approach–rather a mediaeval approach – a far more mediaeval approach; of a military design – of a less military design – of a more military design; a grammatical topic ~ a purely grammatical topic – the most grammatical of the suggested topics. In order to overcome the demonstrated lack of rigour in the definitions in question, we may introduce an additional linguistic distinction which is more adaptable to the chances of usage. The suggested distinction is based on the evaluative function of adjectives. According as they actually give som

The degrees of comparison are essentially evaluative formulas, therefore any adjective used in a higher comparison degree (comparative, superlative) is thereby made into an evaluative adjective, if only for the nonce (see the examples above). Thus, the introduced distinction between the evaluative and specificative uses of adjectives, in the long run, emphasizes the fact that the morphological category of comparison (comparison degrees) is potentially represented in the whole class of adjectives and is constitutive for it. Among the words signifying properties of a neural referent there is a lexemic set which claims to be recognized as a separate part of speech, i.e. as a class of words different from the adjectives in its class-forming features. These are words built up by the prefix a –

the first of the three forms (large) sh о uld not be in с 1uded, as it does n о t express any со mparis о n. 5 We are going to investigate one of the important parts of speech in modern English. We have chosen this theme because we like adjectives from our early school age. It was interesting for us to investigate adjectives and to find something new that we didn’t know before. First of all we found out the basical definitions of adjectives to describe it as part of speech. We used many theoretical books to do our research work, such as: B. Ilyish, The Structure of Modern English, V.N. Zhigadlo, I.P. Ivanova, L.L. Iofik «Modern English language» (Theoretical course grammar), Moscow, 1956 y., Baker, Mark. 2005., Lexical Categories - Verbs, nouns and adjectives. Cambridge University Press, e

1.2 How Do Adjectives Make Speech More Expressive? A message void of adjectives is the least expressive one. Therefore adjectives are somehow the backbone of any expression we want to make accurate and clear in encoding the message. Adjectives help us respect real and straight communication rules. So, do you «adjective» your messages so well that people can understand you well? 7 Without the use of adjectives, actually, we lose a lot; and we may be short in expressing our emotions, opinions, and the impressions we have about a given subject. We are going to see to what extent the use of adjectives (esp. adjectives of quality) is helpful in our interactive contact with the others?! See this example: Yesterday, I bought a car. This sentence seems stiff and dull. It may make you respond to it

adjectives on our «stiff» sentence. What is the most appropriate word-order we should respect to reach a complete multi-adjectival statement? Suppose the speaker wants to tell us about the size of the car; and he chooses to depict his car as «small». Where shall he place the new word in the sentence? Before or after the previous adjective, namely: «red»? Look at it this way: Yesterday, I bought a small red car. The sentence in its new structure gives more information about the car. We, lucky as we are, have the opportunity to know that the car in question is not a big one. Thanks to this adjective we become able to make our image of the car a little bit clearer though some more details are still in need. These details cannot be provided, so to speak, unless other adjectives come to complet

famous car as being made in Japan. How can the speaker introduce this new important information? Yesterday, I bought a beautiful, small, red, Japanese car. The beautiful small car is made in Japan, which we didn't know before the use of the adjective «Japanese». It improves the picture of the car in our minds and also in the way we conceive the object. The car hasn't got an American or European origin. It is simply Japanese. The newly introduced adjective has to be placed at the end of the list of adjectives already stated. However, it is not the last in the order. Another adjective, notably the one which gives us information about the material with which the car was constructed, is the last ring of the chain. That's amazing, isn't it? Let's go on with it and see the wa

*/ There is a lovely, large, multicolour, Moroccan, woollen carpet in my room. */ She was wearing an attractive, long, auburn, Indian, silky dress. As you can see in these sentences, as well as in the former ones, each pair of adjectives is separated by a comma (,). When there are more than one adjective before the noun in a sentence, we usually use commas except for adjectives of colour which we separate by «and» instead. e.g.: A black and white Djellaba A blue, white and red flag. Adjectives are used to carry the specific meaning we intend to convey in many different ways. I mean that the same adjective can have more than one meaning depending on the context. It is not the same in all situations. The adjectives of quality have the ability as to «metamorphose» in their implications once t

1.3 Forming degrees of Adjectives The only morphological problem concerning adjectives is, then, that of degrees of comparison. The first question which arises here is, how many degrees of comparison has the English adjective (and, for that matter, the adjective in other languages, such as Russian, Latin, or German)? If we take, for example, the three forms of an English adjective: large, larger, (the) largest, shall we say that they are, all three of them, degrees of comparison? In that case we ought to term them pos itive, comparative, and superlative. Or shall we say that only the latter two are degrees of comparison (comparative and superlative), whereas the first (large), does not express any idea of comparison and is therefore not a degree of comparison at all? Both views have found

Hemingway the hero compares the ways one and the same word sounds in different languages: Take dead, mort, muerto, and todt. Todt was the deadest of them all. But as a rule adjectives having such meanings do not appear in forms of comparison. A more complex problem in the sphere of degrees of comparison i s t h at of t h e f o r m a t i on s m or e di f f i c ul t , ( t h e) m os t di f f i c ul t , or more beautiful, (the) most beautiful. The question is this: is more difficult an analytical comparative degree of the adjective difficult? In that case the word more would be an auxiliary word serving to make up that analytical form, and the phrase would belong to the sphere of morphology. Or is more difficult a free phrase, not dif ferent in its essential character from the phrase very diff

com par i son woul d r un r oughl y l i ke t hi s. No f or m at i on shoul d be interpreted as an analytical form unless there are compelling r e as on s f or i t , an d i f t h er e a r e co ns i d er at i o ns co nt r ad i c t i ng su ch a view. Now, in this particular case there are such considerations: ( 1 ) The wor ds more and most have t he same m eani ng i n these phrases as in other phrases in which they may appear, e. g. more time, most people, etc. (2) Alongside of the phrases more difficult, (the) most difficult there are also the phrases less difficult, (the) least difficult, and there seems to be no sufficient reason for treat ing the two sets of phr ases i n diff er ent ways, sayi ng that more difficult is an analytical form, while less difficult is not. Besides, the ver y fa

more. Should these formations be acknow ledged as suppletive forms of the adjectives good, bad, etc., or should they not? There seems no valid reason for denying them that status. The relation good: better = large: larger is indeed of the same kind as the relation go: went = live: lived, where nobody has expressed any doubt about went being a suppletive past tense form of the verb go. Thus, it is clear enough that there is every reason to take better, worse, etc., as suppletive degrees of com parison to the corresponding adjectives. The category is constituted by the opposition of the three forms known under the heading of degrees of comparison: the basic form ( positive degree ), having no features of corn" parison; the comparative degree form, having the feature of restricted superio

analytical forms of comparison perform a double function. On the one hand, they are used with the evaluative adjectives that, due to their phonemic structure (two- syllable words with the stress on the first syllable ending in other grapho-phonemic complexes than -er, -y, -le, -ow or words of more than two-syllable composition) cannot normally take the synthetical forms of comparison. In this respect, the analytical com parison forms are in categorial complementary distribution with the synthetical comparison forms. On the other hand, the analytical forms of comparison, as different from the synthetical forms, are used to express emphasis, thus com plementing the synthetical forms in the sphere of this im portant stylistic connotation. Cf .: The audience became more and more noisy , and so

All adjectives other than those enumerated above form their comparative by using the intensifier more and their superlative by using the intensifier the most. Positive Comparative Superlative Interesting more interesting the most interesting Generous more generous the most generous Personal more personal the most personal In a very few cases, English permits a choice between the two devices: commoner / more common, commonest / the most common. Ordinary, when one form is prescribed by the rules, the other is forbidden. A few adjectives have irregular forms for the degrees of comparison. They are: good - better - the best bad - worse - the worst far - farther - the farthest (for distance) - further - the furthest (for time and distance) late - later - the latest (for time) - last (for order

e.g. His skin was not so bronzed as a Tahiti native’s. The sun is not so hot today as I thought it would be. You are not as nice as people think. c) comparison of superiority (... –er than, ... –est of (in, ever) e.g. He looked younger than his years, much younger than Sheila or me. To my mind the most interesting thing in art is the personality of the artist. My mother was the proudest of women, and she was vain, but in the end she had an eye for truth. It’s the biggest risk I’ve ever had to take. d) comparison of inferiority ( less ... than) e.g. John is less musical than his sister. He had the consolation of noting that his friend was less sluggish than before. e) comparison of parallel increase or decrease (the ... the, ...-er as) e.g. The longer I think of his proposal the less I like

e ) no ( none the ) worse for – хуже не станет (не стало) от ... e.g. You’ll be no worse for having her to help you. You are none the worse for the experience. f) if the worst comes to the worst – в худшем случае e.g. If the worst comes to the worst, I can always go back home to my parents. g) to go from bad to worse – становиться все хуже и хуже e.g. Thinks went from bad to worse in the family. h ) as best - в полную меру старания, как только можно e.g. He made a living as best he could. i) at (the) best - в лучшем случае e.g. She cannot get away from her home for long. At (the) best she can stay with us for two days. The structure of the analytical degrees of comparison. The structure of the analytical degrees of comparison is meaningfully overt; these forms are devoid of the feature of

The reasons advanced, though claiming to be based on an analysis of actual lingual data, can hardly be called con vincing as regards their immediate negative purpose. Let us first consider the use of the most -combillation with the indefinite article. This combination is a common means of expressing elative evaluations of substance properties. The function of the elative most -construction in distinction to the function of the superlative most -'construction will be seen from the fol lowing examples: The speaker launched a most significant personal attack on the Prime Minister . The most significant of the arguments in a dispute is not necessarily the most spectacular one. While the phrase "a most significant (personal) attack" in the first of the two examples gives the idea of

worst experience for both of us. No doubt Mr. Snider will show you his collection of minerals with the greatest pleas ure. And this fact gives us a clue for understanding the ex pressive nature of the elative superlative as such — the na ture that provides it with a permanent grammatico-stylistic status in the language. Indeed, the expressive peculiarity of the form consists exactly in the immediate combination of the two features which outwardly contradict each other: the categorial form of the superlative on the one hand, and the absence of a comparison on the other. That the categorical form of the superlative (i.e. the su perlative with its general functional specification) is essen tial also for the expression of the elative semantics can, how ever paradoxical it might appear, be very

two different marks (if not quite rig orously separated in actual uses) by the article determina tion treatment. Chapter II The Syntactic Function of Adjectives. 2.1 Position and Order of Adjectives. 1. Most adjectives can be used in a noun group, after determiners and numbers if there are any, in front of the noun. e.g. He had a beautiful smile. She bought a loaf of white bread. There was no clear evidence. His choice had been to stay in the deep dark water. That was the saddest thing. 2. Most adjectives can also be used after a link verb such as ‘be’, ‘become’, or ‘feel’. e.g. He was pleased. I'm cold. He felt angry. Nobody seemed amused. 3. Some adjectives are normally used only after a link verb. afraid asleep due ready unable alive aware glad sorry well alone content ill sure For

For example, we talk about ‘an atomic bomb’, but we do not say ‘The bomb was atomic’. He sent countless letters to the newspapers. This book includes a good introductory chapter on forests. 5. When we use an adjective to emphasize a strong feeling or opinion, it always comes in front of a noun. absolute outright pure true complete perfect real utter entire positive total Some of it was absolute rubbish. He made me feel like a complete idiot. I don’t think I can eat an entire one. 6. Some adjectives that describe size or age can come after a noun group consisting of a number or determiner and a noun that indicates the unit of measurement. Deep long tall wide high old thick He was about six feet tall. The water was several metres deep. The baby is nine months old. Note that you do not say ‘t

For example, ‘the concerned mother’ means a mother who is worried, but ‘the mother concerned’ means the mother who has been mentioned. It's one of those incredibly involved stories. The people involved are all doctors. I'm worried about the present situation. Of the 18 people present, I knew only one. Her parents were trying to act in a responsible manner. We do not know the person responsible for his death. Order of Adjectives. 1. We often want to add more information to a noun than you can with one adjective, so we need to use two or more adjectives. In theory, we can use the adjectives in any order, depending on the quality you want to emphasize. In practice, however, there is a normal order. When we use two or more adjectives in front of a noun, we usually put an adjective that

This means that if we want to use an ‘age’ adjective and a ‘nationality’ adjective, we put the ‘age’ adjective first. We met some young Chinese girls. Similarly, a ‘shape’ adjective normally comes before a ‘colour’ adjective. e.g. He had round black eyes. There was only the heavy sharp blue head and the big eyes and the clicking, thrusting all-swallowing jaws. Other combinations of adjectives follow the same order. Note that ‘material’ means any substance, not only cloth. e.g. There was a large round wooden table in the room. The man was carrying a small black plastic bag. He could see their wide, flattened, shovel-pointed heads now and their white tipped wide pectoral fins. 4. We usually put comparative and superlative adjectives in front of other adjectives. e.g. Some of the better Engl

2.2 Adjectives with prepositions, with ‘to’-infinitive or ‘that’-clauses 1. When we use an adjective after a link verb, we can often use the adjective on its own or followed by a prepositional phrase. e.g. He was afraid. He was afraid of his enemies. 2. Some adjectives cannot be used alone after a link verb. If they are followed by a prepositional phrase, it must have a particular preposition: aware of unaware of fond of accustomed to unaccustomed to used to e.g. I've always been terribly fond of you. He is unaccustomed to the heat. 3. Some adjectives can be used alone, or followed by a particular preposition. used alone, or with ‘of ’ to specify the cause of a feeling afraid critical jealous suspicious ashamed envious proud terrified convinced frightened scared tired They may feel jea

I turned the job down, which was stupid of me. She was a kind of woman. used alone or with ‘to’, usually referring to: similarity: close equal identical related similar marriage: married engaged loyalty: dedicated devoted loya rank: junior senior e.g.My problems are very similar to yours. He was dedicated to his job. used alone, or followed by 'with' to specify the cause of a feeling bored displeased impatient pleased content dissatisfied impressed satisfied e.g. I could never be bored with football. He was pleased with her. used alone or with ‘at’, usually referring to: strong reactions: amazed astonished shocked surprised ability: bad excellent good hopeless useless e.g. He was shocked at the hatred they had shown. She had always been good at languages. used alone, or with ‘for’

cruel good nasty rude friendly kind nice unfriendly generous mean polite unkind e.g. It was rude of him to leave so suddenly. She was rude to him for no reason. used alone, with ‘about’ to specify a thing or ‘with’ to specify a person angry delighted fed up happy annoyed disappointed furious upset e.g. She was still angry about the result. They're getting pretty fed up with him. Adjectives with ‘to’-infinitive or ‘that’-clauses 1. After link verbs, we often use adjectives that describe how someone feels about an action or situation. With some adjectives, we can add a ‘to’-infinitive clause or a ‘that’-clause to say what the action or situation is. afraid disappointed happy sad anxious frightened pleased surprised ashamed glad proud unhappy If the subject is the same in both clauses, we

3. Some adjectives are not usually used alone, but have a ‘to’-infinitive clause after them to say what action or situation the adjective relates to. able due likely unlikely apt inclined prepared unwilling bound liable ready willing e.g. They were unable to help her. They were not likely to forget it. I am willing to try. I'm prepared to say I was wrong. 4. When we want to express an opinion about someone or something, we often use an adjective followed by a ‘to’-infinitive clause. difficult easy impossible possible right wrong e.g. She had been easy to deceive. The windows will be almost impossible to open. Am I wrong to stay here? 5. With some adjectives, we use a ‘that’-clause to express an opinion about someone or something. awful extraordinary important sad bad funny interesting

Adjectives ending in ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’. We use many ‘-ing’ adjectives to describe the effect that something has on our feelings, or on the feelings of people in general. For example, if we talk about 'a surprising number', we mean that the number surprises us. alarming charming embarrassing surprising amazing confusing exciting terrifying annoying convincing frightening tiring astonishing depressing interesting welcoming boring disappointing shocking worrying e.g. He lives in a charming house just outside the town. She always has a warm welcoming smile. Then came the same delicate pullinig touch again. We use some ‘-ing’ adjectives to describe something that continues over a period of time. ageing decreasing existing living booming dying increasing remaining e.g. Britain is an ageing

It had a wire leader and a medium-sized hook. Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife on the wall. It was cold after the sun went down ans the old man’s sweat dried cold on his back He rested sitting on the unstepped mast. His hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords. Note that the past participles of irregular verbs do not end in ‘-ed’, but can be used as adjectives. e.g. The bird had a broken wing. His coat was dirty and torn. They were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated. He ate all of the wedge-shaped stripes of fish. 4. Like other adjectives, ‘-ing’ and ‘-ed’ adjectives can be: a) used in front of a noun: They still show amazing loyalty to their parents. The old man could see the slight bulge in the water that the big d

There is nothing very surprising in this. She was quite astonished at his behaviour. He was a very disappointed young man. He is very thoughtful. Never have I had such a strong fish. Perhaps he is too wise to jump. What a great fish he is. d) used in the comparative and superlative His argument was more convincing than mine. He became even more depressed after she died. This is one of the most boring books I've ever read. She was the most interested in going to the cinema. That was the saddest thing I ever saw ith them, the old man thought. 5. A small number of ‘-ed‘ adjectives are normally only used after link verbs such as ‘be‘, ‘become‘, or ‘feel‘. They are related to transitive verbs, and are often followed by a prepositional phrase, a ‘to‘-infinitive clause, or a ‘that‘-clause. co

In the sentence the adjective performs the functions of an attribute and a predicative . Of the two, the more specific function of the adjective is that of an attribute, since the function of a predicative can be performed by the noun as well. There is, though, a profound difference between the predicative uses of the adjective and the noun which is de termined by their native categorial features. Namely, the predicative adjective expresses some attributive property of its noun- referent, whereas the predicative noun expresses various substantival characteristics of its referent, such as its identification or classification of different types. This can be shown on examples analysed by definitional and transfor - mational procedures. Cf.: You talk to people as if they were a group . —> You

To the derivational features of adjectives belong a number of suffixes and prefixes of which the most important are: - ful (hopeful), - less (flawless),- ish (bluish, - ous (famous), - ive (decorative), - ic (basic); un - (unprecedented), in - (inac curate), pre - (premature). Among the adjectival affixes should also be named the prefix a -, constitutive for the stative sub- class which is to be discussed below. As for the variable (demutative) morphological features, the English adjective, having lost in the course of the history of English all its forms of grammatical agreement with the noun, is distinguished only by the hybrid category of com parison. Adjectives may serve in the sentence as: 1) an attribute e.g. Do you see the small green boat, which has such an odd shape? The lights of

e.g. He stood silent, with his back turned to the window. She lay motionless, as if she were asleep. 4) an objective predicative e.g. I thought him very intelligent. She wore her hair short. You give me much good counsel. 5) a subjective predicative e.g. The door was closed tight. Her hair was dyed blonde. It should be noted that most adjectives can be used both attributively and predicatively, but some, among them those beginning with a-, can be used only as predicatives (e.g. afraid, asleep, along, alive, awake, ashamed and also content, sorry, well, ill, due, etc.) A few adjectives can be used only as attributes (e.g. outer, major, minor, only, whole, former, latter and some others). We investigated the substantivization of Adjectives. Sometimes adjectives become substantivized. In this

Some adjectives denoting nationalities (e.g. English, French, Dutch) are used in the same way. e.g. The English are great lovers of tea. There were a few English people among the tourists. 2) Substantivized adjectives may also indicate an abstract notion. Then they are singular in meaning and take a singular verb.e.g. The good in him overweighs the bad. My mother never lost her taste for extravagant. CONCLUSION The subject of our qualification paper was adjectives. The only 47

morphological problem concerning adjectives is, then, that of degrees of comparison. The first question which arises here is, how many degrees of comparison has the English adjective (and, for that matter, the adjective in other languages, such as Russian, Latin, or German)? If we take, for example, the three forms of an English adjective: large, larger, (the) largest, shall we say that they are, all three of them, degrees of comparison? In that case we ought to term them pos itive, comparative, and superlative. Or shall we say that only the latter two are degrees of comparison (comparative and superlative), whereas the first (large), does not express any idea of comparison and is therefore not a degree of comparison at all? Both views have found their advocates in grammatical theory. Now,

Substantivized adjectives may have two meanings: 1) They may indicate a class of persons in a general sense (e.g. the poor = poor people, the dead = dead people, etc.) Such adjectives are plural in meaning and take a plural verb. Some adjectives denoting nationalities (e.g. English, French, Dutch) are used in the same way. 2) Substantivized adjectives may also indicate an abstract notion. Then they are singular in meaning and take a singular verb. In the sentence the adjective performs the functions of an attribute and a predicative . Of the two, the more specific function of the adjective is that of an attribute, since the function of a predicative can be performed by the noun as well. There is, though, a profound difference between the predicative uses of the adjective and the noun which

1. Decree of the first President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Measures For Further Enhancement Of The System Of Teaching Of Foreign Languages”. Tashkent, December 10, 2012, № PD-1875. 2. I.A.Karimov “Harmoniously developed generation is a basis of progress of Uzbekistan “. 1998. 3. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan SH.M. Mirzyoev “On establishing Alisher Navoiy state university of Uzbek language and literature” Tashkent, May 13, 2016. 2976 . 4. Мирзиёев Ш . М . Миллий тара ққиёт йўлимизни қатьият билан давом эттириб янги босқичга кўтарамиз. Тошкент “ Ўзбекистон ” 2017 . 5. Buranov J.B, Muminov A.A. Practical Course in English Lexicology. T. “Ukituvchi” 1990. p. 54. 6. Ж. Жалолов. Чет тил ўқитиш методикаси – Тошкент 201 2 й. 7. Ирисқулов М. Тилшунослика кириш. Т. Ўқ

23. I.V. Arnold. The English Word. M. 1973. 24. L.T. Boboxonova, Ingliz tili stilistikasi. 25. Dixon, R. M. W. (1977). Where have all the adjectives gone? Studies in Language, 1, 19-80. Cambridge University Press 26. Dixon, R. M. W. (1994). Adjectives. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 29-35). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943- 4. (Republished as Dixon 1999). 27. Dixon, R. M. W. (1999). Adjectives. In K. Brown & T. Miller (Eds.), Concise encyclopedia of grammatical categories (pp. 1-8). Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0- 08-043164-X. 28. Ilyish B., The Structure of Modern English. 29.Warren, Beatrice. (1984). Classifying adjectives. Gothenburg studies in English (No. 56). G ц teborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. ISBN 91-7346-133-4. Internet reso

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