The infinitive as the predicate

Информация о документе

Цена	9000UZS
Размер	95.7KB
Покупки	0
Дата загрузки	26 Сентябрь 2019
Расширение	doc
Раздел	Дипломные работы
Предмет	Английский язык

The infinitive as the predicate

Купить

CONTENTS . Introduction. 3-7 Chapter I Main characteristics of the main part. 8-11 1.1. Subject and Simple predicate. 1.1.1. Compound nominal predicate. 1.1.2. Compound verbal predicate. Chapter II The use of the infinitive. 2.1. The forms of the infinitive. 2.2. Using the infinitive with the particle “to”. 2.3.Using the infinitive without particle “to”. 2.4. Infinitive as the predicate in a sentence. 2.4.1. Infinitive as the predicative . Conclusion . 1.Theoritical literature. 2.Original literature. 3.Dictionary. 4.Appendex. 1

Introduction . Our respected President Islam Abdiganimovich Karimov`s speech at the Law palate of Oliy Majlis and Senat`s joint session was the 4 th conception of deeping democratic reforms again and developing the society of citizenship in our country . “ Each part of this conception are regulations to project the future of our country .” 1 The great attention in the conception is paid to the role of the political parties , developing the activity of the chamber of Oliy Majlis , the priority of Law and other aspects . In this period much attention paid to increase the protection of private properity , to form the class of properity owners , to streng them the activity of farmers , to provide the liberalization of economy , to prepare the discretion especially small business , to erect the

philosophical and scientific works . Without the historical experience of ones` own nation and national and human values it is impossible to build a great future . That is why the problem of continuity of the knowledge and spiritual values of our ancestors , understanding and familiarity with such values by all citizens of the Republic has special significance . In all stages of the development of humankind one finds spirituality , morality and all the values and culture which enrich nature . Real humanism and benevolence are the highest spiritual – moral values . This ideas have been propagated by the best human minds over many centuries . I . A . Karimov said : “Humanism is the inalienable characteristic of the Uzbec people : cruelty and violence are alien to them . ” 2 Through a thousan

Appoint and relieve judges of regional, inter-district , district , city, martial and economic courts of their posts; Appoint and relieve khokims of regions and the city of Tashkent of their posts with their subsequent approval by relevant Kenghashes of people’s deputies. The President shall have the right to relieve , by his decision , khokims of districts and cities of their posts , should they violate the Constitution, laws or perform acts discrediting the honour and dignity of a khokim; Suspend and repeal acts passed by bodies of state administration, as well as khokimsSign and promulgate laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan; shall have the right to return a law, with his objections, to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the second discussion and vote .Announce condition o

My research work depends to the language . Because learning foreign languages is necessary at present time . The actuality of the theme is that this theme: is not studied thoroughly in theory and in practice . As a result of studying many grammar books , we found out that many great scientists such as Barhudarov , Kaushanskaya , B. Ilyish paid little attention to this problem of the predicate expressed by an infinitive . That`s why we chose this theme as our research work . The extent of studying the graduation diploma thesis . Many scientists studied the predicate thoroughly in their grammar works . They gave much opinions about the predicate .But they didn`t substantiate the infinitive as predicate theoretically and practically . And this theme does not studied as a safe research work .

1) The problem of the infinitive – predicate is settled down theoretically and practically . 2) The historical experience concerning to this theme has been studied . 3) Worked out scientific and methodic recommendations about this graduation diploma thesis . The scientific and practical importance of the graduation diploma thesis . During studying this graduation diploma thesis we found out this theme is not studied thoroughly and we tried to analyze the infinitive as predicate theoretically and practically . By studying this graduation diploma thesis we succeeded to prove the importance of infinitive predicate in the sentence patterns . The maintenance of the graduation diploma thesis . In the first chapter It was explained the main characteristics of main parts, the main parts of sentenc

explanations about this theme . That`s why we think that is necessary to study as graduation diploma thesis for us and analyze the infinitive as predicate theoretically and practically . As for as meaning is concerned, there seems to be no difference between the sentence “He was reported dead” and “He was reported to be dead” ( E.H. F.A. p- 114)” , or between the sentences “He seemed clever” and “He seemed to be clever” (G.J. Th.M.P. p-146). As far as structure is concerned, the second variant in each case is somewhat more complicated, in that the finite, which apparently is bound to be a predicative (since it comes after the link verb), but which is itself the infinitive of a link verb and therefore followed by another predicative. Besides the combination of different predicates already m

A linguistic experiment to prove the correctness of this view would be to take a sentence containing a subject, a predicate and a number of secondary parts and to show that any of the secondary parts might be removed without the sentence being destroyed ,whereas if either the subject or the predicate were removed there would be no sentence left : its “backbone ” would be broken. This experiment would probably succeed and prove the point in a vast majority of cases. We will therefore stick to the division of sentence parts into main and secondary, taking the subject and the predicate to be the main parts , and all the other to be secondary. The Subject and The Simple Predicate . The question arises, how are we to define the subject of a sentence? The question may also be put in a different

In a similar way , a definition of the predicate will have to include mention of the subject . Following the same pattern in the definition of the predicate , we arrive at the following result . The predicate is one of the two main parts of the sentence . 1 It denotes the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject . 2 It is not dependent on any other parts of the sentence. 3 Ways of expressing the predicate are varied and their structure will better be considered under the heading of types of predicate . Here I will suffice to say that among them are : a finite verb form and a variety of phrases , for instance , phrases of the following patterns “ finite verb + infinitive ” “ link verb + noun ”, “ link verb + adjective ”, “ link verb + preposition +noun ”, etc . The assertion

The ultimate result is of course the same in both cases . Most of the predicate types mentioned here do not call for any comment . However ,something has to be said on two questions : the simple nominal predicate and the limits of the compound verbal predicate . The simple nominal predicate ,that is , a predicate consisting merely of a noun or an adjective , without a link verb is rare in English language , but it is nevertheless a living type and must be recognized as such . The spheres of its use appear to be mainly two , one of this is found in sentences where the immediate neighborhood of the subject noun or adjective is used to suggest the impossibility or absurdity of the idea that they might be connected .Sentences with this kind of simple nominal predicate are always exclamatory ,

Smith`s speech, “so thoroughly English” adds another predicative to the first, “splendid game”, and also with no link verb to it. It changed in to the usually compound nominal predicate pattern, the sentence would run: “Gricket is splendid game; it is so thoroughly English” the meaning would be quite the same as in the original sentence but the specific colloquial coloring would be gone altogether. The Participle as Predicate. We should probably also class among sentences with a simple nominal predicate the sentence in which the function of predicate is performed by a participle. Sentences of this type received very little attention until quite recently, when they were discussed in a grammar by Proj N. Irtenyeva and in a dissertation by Y.Komissarova. It will perhaps be best to start discu

”cannot , it would seem , be taken as proof that the clause “ Clyde … waiting bus ” is a one-member clause . Such examples as these go a long way to show that the participle ,though it is a verbal , not a finite verb form , is able to perform by itself a function generally believed to be characteristic of finite verb form only , namely that of predicate . This possibility , as well as the ability of the infinitive to be , in certain circumstances , the main part of a one member sentence , should perhaps be taken into account in a definition of these forms and of verbals in general . An additional remark may not be out of peace here . In analyzing sentences having an infinitive or a participle as a predicate we have taken the predicate to be a nominal one . However , this view may be chalan

verbs “ wish , want , desire , hate , fear , begin , start , continue ”etc , gives rise to doubts and controversies . On the whole , there are two views expressed in this matter .According to one of them , all such phrases are also a compound predicate : the finite verb ( wish , begin , etc ) does not denote any action of its own , it merely denotes the subject`s attitude to the action expressed by the following infinitive ( in the cases of “ wish , fear , etc ,”) or a phrase in the development of that action , namely , its beginning , continuation , etc .( in the case of “ begin , continue , etc” ) . Consequently , it is argued , the phrase as a whole constitutes the predicate of the sentence : it is a compound verbal predicate , just as in the case of “ can , may or ought ”. This argumen

phenomena belong to the sphere of lexicology alone and are irrelevant for grammar, that is, for sentence analyses. First let` us formulate the structure of the definition itself. It is bound to contain the following items: 1) the meaning of the sub ject, i.e. its relation to the thought expressed in the sentence, 2) its syntactical relations in the sentence, 3) its morphological real ization: here a list of morphological ways of realizing the subject must be given, but it need not be exhaustive, as it is our purpose merely to establish the essential characteristics of every part of the sentence. The definition of the subject would, then, be something like this. The subject is one of the two main parts of the sentence. 1) It denotes the thing ' whose action or characteristic is expresse

occasionally some other parts , too . The reason for calling the subject and the predicate the main parts of the sentence and distinguishing them from all other parts which are treated as secondary, is roughly this . The subject and the predicate between them constitute the backbone of the sentence : without them the sentence would not exist at all , whereas all other- parts may or may not be there , and if they are there , they serve to define or modify either the subject or the predicate , or each other . A linguistic experiment to prove the correctness of this view would be to take a sentence containing a subject , a predicate , and a number of secondary parts , and to show that any of the secondary parts might be removed without the sentence being destroyed , whereas if either the subj

Thus, the decision between the two alternatives presented above rests with the scholar. This is, and most probably will always be, a matter of opinion rather than of proved knowledge. Before we go further in this matter, let us consider another case also belonging here, namely phrases of the type “come in, bring up, put down”, etc which we discussed in chapters, in studying parts of speech. Should these phrases be taken as the predicate, or should the predicate be limited to the verb alone (come, bring, put). This again is a matter of opinion. The phrase “come in” for instance, can equally well be analysed as the predicate of the sentence, as a combination of the predicate and a secondary part. On the other hand, the phrase “bring up” as in the sentence “They brought up three children”( C.

Though the term “link verb” is purely conventional, we will retain it, as it is in common use and an attempt to substitute another term term would stand little chance of success. Besides the verb “be” there are a number of other link verbs with different meanings which we need not discus here , for in “become, get, continue, grow, turn”. Then he grew thirsty and went indoors (D.M, Th. H.L. p-268): but presently the sea turned rough (Idiom).etc. It will be readily seen that some of them do not always perform this function but may also be predicate in themselves, for instance the verb “grow” in the sentences “The child has grow”( C.J. M.J. p-584), or,” We grow potatoes.”( C.T. B.T.-456) Of course it is only the meaning of the noun following the verb that shows whether the noun following the

tie between this group and the preceding words in the sentence can be imagined . It Is a peculiarity of this sentence that the predicative has three loose attributes belonging to it: “full of youth”, “warm of emotion”, and “easily bewildered by life”. They make this predicative group very weighty indeed. It may also be noted that the predicative group, a spoiled, selfish and untried girl, full of youth, warm of emotion, easily bewildered by life” represents the rheme of the sentence, while the preceding words in the sentence, represents its theme. Indeed, the contents, or the purpose of the sentence, is not to inform the reader that she did so. If the predicative (with its secondary parts) were to be dropped, the communication value of the sentence would be basically changed, and in the co

only. In this case the combination of the predicate verb and the infinitive usually acquires a peculiar meaning — the action of the predicate verb becomes pointless , its effect is , as it were , brought to naught by the action expressed by the infinitive. E .g.“The motor started again , only to stop again in a moment.”(H.L. T.K.M. p45 ) “He took off the receiver only to replace it.” (H.L. T.K.M. p-45) Chapter II The use of the Infinitive. The infinitive is the non-finitive forms of the verb (the verbals). Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals (the infinitive, the gerund and the participle) have tense, voice and aspect form, can be modified by adverbs and can take direct objects. So that we can say the Infinitive form of the verbals have tense, voice and aspect forms, The infinitiv

The Perfect forms of the infinitive: to have written, to have been written, to have been writing show that the action precedes that of the predicate. For instance: “I was glad to have spoken to him. You seem to have forgotten your promise. The Active and Passive forms of the infinitive show whether the subject of the infinitive acts or is acted upon. For instance: ”I want you to take him to a good doctor.” ( B.N. Th.F.S. p-325)” You are lucky to be taken to the circus.” ( B.N. Th.F.S. p-325) ”She wanted to be taken seriously.” ( B.N. Th.F.S. p-325) The Continuous forms of the Infinitive to be writing, to have been writing show that the action is a temporary and not a usual one. Compare: 1. She seems to lose her temper easily. (H.L. T.K.M. p-45) 2. She seems to be losing her temper. (H.L. T

One afternoon, about half past give, when Thomas was counting on working for an hour or two more, the telephone rang. Besides, the simple forms of the verbals themselves are capable of express depend on the lexical character of the verb and on the context. The infinitive tends to express an action following that of the predicate verb (a), but it may also denote an action simultaneous with it b)It is true that the simple form of the infinitive doesn`t express an action that precedes the action of the predicate verb (c.) E.g a)He felt a quick impulse to call the boy back. (Sh.I. C.S. p- 256 ) b)She was admiring his ability to concentrate on any task. (Sh.I. C.S. p-256 ) c)Sylvia was glad to run across her old schoolmate. (Sh.I. C.S. p-256 ) The ing-form tends to express actions simultaneous

Simple to take to To be taken Perfect have taken To have been take, Continous to be taking Perfect Continuous To have been taking The Ing -form Active Passive Simple taking being taken Perfect having taken having been taken The infinitive also differ from the finite verbs with regard to the subject of their action. Like the finite forms, they are always associated with a subject. But the way their subject is expressed differ greatly from that of the finite forms. Since the finite forms have the fanction of the predicate in the sentence it stands to reason that their subject of the sentence. But the subject of the verbals may be expressed in different ways. In a number of functions the subject of the verbals is the same as the subject of the sentence and , consequently, of the fini the verb

of the action. This becomes obvious if we compare the following examples: a) The maid who opened the door for b) The door opened and Mrs Knight me told me that Mr March was appeared with a tea tray. waiting for me. ( E.H. F.A .p-128). She closed the door softly and went The door closed and there was silence straight to the telephone, in the large room. (S.J. Th.G.W. p-657) In the examples under (a) the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action, but in the sentences under (b) it becomes the object — the door cannot actually open or close by itself, the action is performed by someone else. Yet examples of the second kind are also treated in' grammar as the Active Voice since the form of the verb is active. The Passive Voice serves to show that the person or thing de- noted by the

verb before the subject of the sentence . e.g. When was it done?. Notice that it is not shall itself that denotes promise, threat or warn ing. But the sentence as a whole. The meaning of obligation may also be traced in interrogative sen tences where shal l is used with the first and third persons to. Ask after the will of the person addressed. In this case it is also followed by the simple infinitive. E.g. Shall I get you some fresh coffee. Miss Fleur? Who shall answer the telephone. Major? (S.J. Th.G.W. p-657) Sentences of this kind are usually rendered in Russian with the help of the infinitive. In modern English the modal verb should is used with refe rence to the present or future and it remains unchanged in reported speech. Should has the following meanings: 1) obligation which in di

The use of should in this case does not seem to be very common as this meaning is normally rendered by must. In addition to the above mentioned cases showing the indepen dent use of should , this verb occurs in object clauses depending on the lexical character of the predicate verb in the principal clause and in adverbial clauses of condition, purpose and concession. Here its use is structurally dependent (for a detailed treatment of this use of the verb . E.g. I suggest that you should stay here as if nothing had happened. (G.J. Th. M.P. p-458) If he should drop in, give him my message. (G.J. Th. M.P. p-458) Should may have a peculiar function — it may be used for emotional colouring. In this function it may be called the emotional should. The use of the emotional should is structurally d

He was a little surprised that Ann should speak so frankly about it. (G.J. Th. M.P. p-458) The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed here. The perfect infinitive is used to show that the action of the subordinate clause pre- cedes that of the principal clause. E.g. I am sorry that you should have had a row with Kate about it. (G.J. Th. M.P. p- 458) b) In object clauses following the principal clause with a formal it as subject, e.g. It is absurd that such things should happen to a family like theirs. It struck him as exceedingly funny that his brother should be in love. In the principal clause we find such expressions as it wonderful ( natural ,strange, singular, absurd , terrible , monstrous, queer, odd and the like), it infuriated ( outraged, startled,surprised, puzzled and th

e.g. You should do it at once . ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) You ought to do at once. ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) Should and ought are very much alike in meaning and are often in - terchangeable. In using ought, however, we lay more stress on the mean ing of moral obligation, whereas should is common in instructions and corrections. e.g. You ought to help him; he is in trouble, ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) You should use the definite article in this sentence. It is not worthy that ought cannot be used instead of the emotional should. Must, ought and should serve to express supposition implying strong probability. Must , however, seems to be in more frequent use than the other two verbs. Should + Perfect Infinitive, Ought + Perfect Infinitive and Was , Were +Perfect Infinitive Compared Should + perfect infinit

Then there were week-ends when he would ride over to the house of one farmer or another and spend a couple of nights on the hills . When they express refusal to perform an action, e.g. The doctor knows I won't be operated on. He was wet through, but he wouldn't change. ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) This meaning is found in negative sentences; will (would) is followed by the simple infinitive. 3) when they are used with lifeless things to show that a thing fails to perform its immediate function, e.g. My fountain pen won't (wouldn't) write. The door won't (wouldn't) open. ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) In this meaning will (would ) is found in negative sentences and is followed by the simple infinitive. In Russian it is usually rendered as and the like. 4) when they are used with th

e.g. This will be the school, I believe. ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) You will have heard the news, I'm sure. ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) It should be noted that the use of will in this meaning is not common. 2) Would may be used rather sarcastically to express that something was to be expected. It is found in affirmative and negative sentences. e.g. "Auntie Meg has been very brave." ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) "Yes. She would be brave." ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) That was to be expected of her under the circumstance. "I don't understand him and I don't approve of his decision." ( D.M. Th.H.L. p- 542) "No, you wouldn't." (I did not expect you would). ( D.M. Th.H.L. p-542) This meaning is rendered in Russian as something like 3) Notice the use of in the following sen

The infinitive can also perform adverbial function .For instance : the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose , consequyence , time , manner . E .g. “ I came here to discuss matters with you .” ( A .P. “ Th.P.Th.”p-465) I had only to hear her voice to know what she felt . ( A .P. “ Th.P.Th.”p- 466) The infinitive may also have purely verbal function . This occurs in two different cases . This may be distinguish in two different way . a) They may occasionally , in certain sentence patterns ,serve as the predicate of the sentence . E .g. “ Why not go with me ?” ( C .T. “ B.S” p-487) “What about to have lunch ? “ (C .T. “ B.S” p-487 ) b) As is well known , in the absolute majority of English sentences the predicate is expressed by a finite verb . But the infinitive may serve to express

E .g. “ That year winter set in early . To relieve my feeling , I wrote a letter to Robert “ (D.M. Th.H.L. p-365 ) But with the infinitive , the secondary parts are always found in postposition . The infinitive may be preceded only by certain adverbs and particles . Yet even instances of this kind are infrequent . E.g. Critically to axamine newcomers was one of the amusements at the boarding house . (D.M. Th.H.L. p-547 ) The negatives “ not ” and “ never ” always precede the infinitive , even if they are analytical forms . E .g. “I had learned a long time ago not to show what I felt ”(A.R. D.H. p- 128) “ She knew that he had gone never to return ” (A.R. D.H. p-229). In addition to the above described properties which the infinitive has in common , the infinitive prosesses peculiarities of

$E .g. Can you tell me when ( I ) to leave ? ( Sh.I. C.S. p-687) I asked Mr Black where ( I ) to go . ( Sh.I. C.S. p-687) I didn`t know what to say . ( Sh.I. C.S. p-687) I couldn`t decide whether to speake or not . (A.R. D.H. p-329). A . How When Why to do smth Where E .g. “ How to get across was the problem ” (A.R. D.H. p-229). “ You will be told when to begin . Wait , please . ” ( Sh.I. C.S. p-458) “ John tald his friends why not to come to the wedding party yesterday ” ( Sh.I. C.S. p-481). “ She simply didn`t know where to turn for help ”. ( H.E. F.A. p-234) B. What Who\\ m to take ( choose ) Which E .g.“What to say and what to leave unsaid was delicate point”(H.E. F.A. p- 234) Why didn’t you explain to him what to do? He explaned me whom to apply. Well have you finally made up your mind$

E .g. “ I intend to call on him and discuss this questions.” ( Sh.I. C.S. p-458) “I asked him to telephone to me on Monday or wire.” ( Sh.I. C.S. p-458) After according verbs the infinitive always is used with the particle ”to” № The infinitives Translations 1 Afford qurbi yetmoq 2 agre rozi bo’lmoq,kelishmoq 3 appear ko’rinmoq 4 arrange uyushtirmoq 5 ask so’ramoq 6 attempt urinmoq 7 beg yalinmoq 8 care qiziqmoq 9 claim davo qilmoq 10 consent rozi bo’lmoq 11 manage eplamoq 12 mean kuzda tutmoq 13 need kerak bo’lmoq 14 offer taklif qilmoq 15 plan rejalashtirmoq 16 prepare tayyorlamoq 17 pretend mug’ombirlik qilmoq 18 promise vada bermoq 19 refuse rad etmoq 20 regret afsuslanmoq 21 remember eslamoq 22 decide qaror qilmoq 23 demand talab qilmoq 24 deserve arzimoq 25 desire qattiq istamoq 26 e

39 try urinmoq 40 volunteer yordamini taklif qilmoq 41 wait kutmoq 42 want istamoq, xoxlamoq 43 wish istamoq, talamoq E .g. “She pretended to push a bit of hair to neatness (S.J “Th.G.W. p- 41) “He wanted to be a good guy.” (S.J “Th.G.W. p- 42) “I tired to move sideways. “ ( H.E. F.A. p-234) After these verbs the infinitive is used with particple “to”, as ; it was used noun or pronoun after this verbs. 1 advise maslahat bermoq 2 allow ruxsat bermoq 3 ask so`ramoq 4 beg yalinmoq 5 cause sabab bo`lmoq 6 challenge chaqirmoq 7 convince ishontirmoq 8 dare botinmoq 9 encourage undamoq 10 expect umid qilmoq 11 forbid ta`qiqlamoq 12 force majbur qilmoq 13 hire yollamoq 14 instruct ko`rsatma bermoq 15 invite taklif qilmoq 16 need kerak , zarur bo`lmoq 17 order buyurmoq 18 permit ruhsat bermoq 19 pe

“I kept it all the time to remind me (of you) to wait you.” ( H.E. F.A. p- 234) “Ruthie begged us to come.” (S.J “Th.G.W. p- 137) “We needed Chris to help us figure out the solution.” ( Sh.I. C.S. p-458) The Infinitive is used with the particle “ to ” like this conditions . The Infinitive may be used as an object to a verb. It is lexically depended in this function. We find it after the following verbs : to agre, to arrenge, to ask, to request ,to attempt , to begin , to care , to like , to cease , to choose, to claim , to come, to consent , to continue , to decide , to desrue , to dermine , to expect , to fail, to fear , to forget, to go on, to hate , to help , to hesitate , to hope, to intend, to learn, to long, to love , to manage,to mean, to need, to prejer, to pretend, to promise, to

№ The Infinitives Translations 1 able qobiliyatli 2 afraid Qo`rqqan 3 aghast esankiragan 4 amused Kulgili 5 annoyed G`azablangan 6 anxious Tashvishli 7 apt Moyil 8 ashamed Uyalgan 9 astonished Hayratlangan 10 bound Qaram 11 careful E`tiborli 12 certain Aniq 13 content Mamnun 14 crazy Aqldan ozgan 15 curious Qiziquvchan 16 delighted Zavqlantiradigan 17 determined Belgilangan 18 difficult Qiyin 19 disposed Joylashtirilgan 20 distressed Charchagan 21 due Burchli 22 eager Xoxlaydigan 23 easy Oson 24 entitled Nomlangan 25 fit Most keladigan 26 fortunate Omadli 27 free Erkin 28 frightened Qo`rqqan 29 furious Qaxrli 30 glad Xyrsand 31 grateful Minnatdor 32 good Yaxshi 33 happy Xursand 34 hard Og`ir 35 helpless Nochor 36 horrified Charchagan 37 impatient Besabr 38 inclined Ixlosmand 39 interested

43 lucky Baxtli 44 moved Siljigan 45 obliged Qarzdor 46 pleased Mamnun 47 possible Bo`lish ehtimoli bor 48 powerless Kuchsiz 49 prepared Tayyorlangan 50 proud Mag`rur 51 puzzled Jumboq 52 quick Tezkor 53 ready Tayyor 54 relieved Xotirjam 55 reluctant Istar istamas bajaruvchi 56 resolved Maqsad qilgan 57 right To`g`ri,xaq 58 safe Xavfsiz 59 scared Xayajonli 60 set Qo`nim topgan 61 slow Sekin 62 sorry Afsusli 63 sufficient Yetarli 64 sure Amin bo`lgan 65 surprised Ajablangan 66 thankful Minnatdor 67 touched Iztirobli 68 useless Foydasiz 69 willing Tayyor 70 wise Dono 71 wonderful Ajoyib 72 worthy Arzirli 73 wrong Hoto`g`ri E .g. “ It was so hard to remember home ” (A.P. “ Th.P.Th.” p - 28) “ I was good to see a light in her eyes ” (A.P. “ Th.P.Th.” p - 34) “ Some of the owner men were a litt

“ I found them getting ready to go out . ( H.E. F.A. p-212) . In a vast majority of cases the subject of the infinitive is the persin or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence . Hpwever , when the infinitive follows the adjectives easy , difficult , wonderful and hard , the subject of the sentence becomes the object of the action expressed by the infinitive . E .g. “ It is better to eat ” ( H.E. F.A. p-143) . “ It was so difficult to go home ” (A.P. “ Th.P.Th.” p - 128) Occasionally a for-phrase is used to indicate the subject of the infinitive . The infinitive tends to express an action following that of the predicate verb , but it may also denote an action simultaneous with it . It is true that the simple form of the infinitive doesn`t express an action that precedes the action of

3 to get Olmoq 4 to make Yasamoq 5 to hear Eshitmoq 6 to know Bilmoq 7 to experience Sinab ko`rmoq 8 to let Ruxsat bermoq 9 to notice Anglamoq 10 to see Ko`rmoq 11 to help Yordam bermoq 12 to watch Tomosha qilmoq E .g. “ He made me read this book ” ( H.E. F.A. p-134). “ Teacher let him go there .” (S.J “Th.G.W. p- 64). “ I saw her leave the room .” (A.P. “ Th.P.Th.” p - 138) The subject + see ( watch , hear , feel) + noun , pronoun + verb E .g. “ I hear her sing songs .” ( H.E. F.A. p-234). If the verb according are used in passive voice , it comes particle “ to ” after them . The infinitive has no special mood forms and cannot represent an action lither as a real fact or as something unreal. It may in some functions express certain modal meanings – necessity, possibility, purpose . E .g.

In interrogative – negative sentences the implication is that there is nothing to prevent one from performing the action. E.g.”c ” Why not apologize if you know you're wrong? “ ( C.J. M.J. p-426) 1)The subject of the infinitive in this kind of sentences is always the person or the persons engaged the conversation. 2) The infinitive may be used as the predicate of an exclamatory sentence. The purpose of the sentence is to show that the person denoted by the subject is unlikely to perform the action of the infinitive , the speaker rejects the very idea as impossible . The infinitive may be used with or without particle “ to”. For instance : “ You—a man-of-the-world— to suggest this. You know it's impossible. ( Ch.A. “ M.I.Th.M.p298”) "Try to write , " she said , " you&#39

The infinitive of subsequent action always follows the predicate and is used with the particle “ to”. The lexical meaning of the verbs followed by this infinitive is not , on the whole , restricted . Yet actually the most commonly occurring verbs are those of motion , such as to tur n, to come, to reach , to hurry , to run , to rush , to walk , to return , and their synonyms as well as the verbs : to look or to glance ( followed by up , down , across , about , round , toward, etc.) to wake up , to awake , to be awakened . The infinitive of subsequent action itself may also be expressed by a wide range of verbs of different lexical character , but by far the most frequently occurring verbs are to find , to discover , to see , to hear and their synonyms. E.g.”He turned to find her sad, calm

E .g. “The job of a reporter is to expose and record.” (H.L. T.K.M. p-52) “His greatest wish was to tell her everything.” (H.L. T.K.M. p-53) ”The only sensible thing is for you to go away.” (H.L. T.K.M. p-57) The infinitive in this function always has appositive meaning , i.e. it explains the meaning of the subject of the sentence . Hence , sentences of this kind have the following structural peculiarity — the subject of the sentence can be expressed only by a limited number of nouns . They are nouns denoting abstract notions which admit of and sometimes even require an explanation of their meaning . The most commonly occurring of these nouns are : act , action , advice , aim , ambition , answer , business , consequence , custom , desire, diffi- culty , duty , function , habit , hope , ide

a) The infinitive as subject may be used only in declarative sentences , it is never used in interrogative sentences. b) The infinitive is always placed at the head of the sentence ; it is never preceded by any secondary parts. c) We generally find the nominal predicate in sentences of this kind (see the examples above ). Sometimes another infinitive is used as predicative.The use of the infinitive as subject is mainly found in literary English but even there it is infrequent . The Infinitive as Object .The infinitive may be used as an object to a verb . It is lexically dependent in this function . We find it after the following verbs : to agree , to arrange , to ask ( to request) , to attempt , to begin , to care to like ), to cease , to choose to prefer) , to claim , to come (= to begin

puzzled, quick, ready, relieved, reluctant, resolved, right, safe, scared, set C= determined), shw, sorry, sufficient, sure, surprised, thankful, touched, useless, (un)willing, (un)'uS}(se, wonderful, worthy, wrong, etc. Some participles are used only as adjectives in present-day English, e.g. Tire , interested , accustomed and others. There are a number of adjectives ending in -ed which are homonymous to participles. They are actually adjectives formed from nouns, e.g. stockinged legs , propertied classes, a bearded face , a gifted person , a talented,musician, etc. Adjectives built up on this pattern mean having stockings , having property, having a beard, ;tc. The use of all the three verbals is characterised by one more peculiarity the frequency of their occurrence varies greatly i

Conclusion . In this final section we considered some general questions of predicate expressed by infinitive . Over the last few decades many new problems have arisen in the study of sentence structure . Some of them are strictly grammatical, others tend in some measure to reach into the lexical and semantic sphere . One of this problem is that of infinitive as predicate . These terms denote the difference between the none- finite forms of the verb and the finite forms of the verb which is given in tense forms . There are three verbals in English : the infinitive , the ing-form and the participle . The infinitive is a plan verb stem which is usually preceded by the unstressed particle “ to ”,e.g. “to take “. In addition to the simple form , the infinitive has tense forms . It is common in

of the idea that they might be connected . Most of the predicate types mentioned not call for any comments . However, something has tobe said on two questions : the simple nominal predicate and the limits of compound verbal predicate . The use of the infinitive as predicate is used in interrogative sentences beginning with “ why ” and implying a suggestion . We always find an infinitive without particle “ to ” in this case . “ Why waste your time on this kind of work ? ” ( C.J. M.J. p-426) In interrogative – negative sentences the implication is that there is nothing to prevent one from performing the action. The subject of the infinitive in this kind of sentences is always the person or the persons engaged the conversation. The infinitive may be used as the predicate of an exclamatory sen

9.M .Irisqulov . A .” Kuldashev . Theoritical Grammar of the English Language Toshkent “ 2008 . 10.Muzaffar . Choriyev . Muhammadi .Gafforov . English Grammar .Toshkent . 2004 . 11. Poutsma.H.“A grammar of Late Modern English ”Noordhoff- Groningen,1916 12. Roberts. P. “ Patterns of English ” Harcourt Brace , 1956. 13. Strang .B.M.N. “ Modern English Structure ” London . 1962 . 14. Zangvoort R. W.A. “ A Handbook of English Grammar ” Longmans .1958. Original literature . 1.Aldington .Richard “ Death of a Hero ”. Leningrad . 1971 . 2.Abrahams . Peter . “ The path of thunder ” . Moscow .1971. 3.Balchin. Nigel . “ The fall of the Sparrow ” . Moscow .1978. 4.Barstow . Stan . “ A kind of loving ” . Moscow .1973. 5.Capote . Truman . “ Breakfast at Tiffany`s ” . Leningrad . 1971 . 6.Cary . Joyce .

9.Dickens . Monica . “ The heart of London ” . Leningrad .1982. 10.Durrell . Lawrence . “ The Dark Labirinth “ . Moscow .1978 11Galsworthy . John . “ The Man of Property ” . Leningrad .1971. 12.Green . Grahams . “ The quiet American ” . Moscow .1979. 13.Golding . William . “ Lord of. the flies ” . Moscow.1976. 14.Hartley . L. P. “ The Go- Between” . Moscow .1968. 15.Hemingway . Ernest . “A farewell to Arms “. Moscow .1971. 16.Huxley .Aldous . “Point –Counter Point “ . Moscow .1965. 17.Mansfield . Katherine . “ The Garden Party ” . Moscow .1972. 18.Maugham .W.Somerset .“ The Complete short stories” . Leningrad . 19.Priestly .John . “ Saturn Over the water ”. Moscow .1979. 20.Steinbeck .John . “ The grapes of wrath ” . Leningrad .1978. 21.Shaw. Irwin . “Collected stories “ Moscow .1969. 48

Купить

Информация о документе

Продавец

The infinitive as the predicate

Похожие документы