The influence of society to the vocabulary system of the language

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The influence of society to the vocabulary system of the language

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Contents Introduction ………………………………………………………………..……...3 Chapter I. Some notes on Sociolinguistics ……………………………………….7 1.1. Sociolinguistics and its place in the science of Linguistics……………………7 1.2. Knowledge of language and society………………………………………….14 1.3. The impact of Neologisms in the Society…………………………………….22 Chapter II. Language and its vocabulary system ………………………….…..35 2.1. Some words about the vocabulary system of the language…………………..36 2.2. The problem of neologisms in Modern Uzbek……………………………….39 Conclusion …………...…………………………………………………………...45 The list of used literature ………………………………………………………..53 Glossary …………………………….………………………………………….....55 Introduction 2

“In Uzbekistan, all spheres are developing dynamically; outstanding achievements have been made especially in the socio-cultural, economic, scientific and educational spheres. All these, of course, epitomize the development of education system. It should be noted that government policy in Uzbekistan in this area is built on universal values, historical experience, national ages-old spiritual, cultural and scientific traditions of its people, as well as prospects for the development of society” 1 . Successive reforms embarked on under the leadership of President Islam Karimov in education sphere have been contributing to fostering highly skilled, competitive personnel for all industries, to raising the quality and content of education to a higher level. “Uzbekistan has for ages been known

It’ll be attempted an equally comprehensive definition of language: a language is what the members of a particular society speak. However, as it will be seen, speech in almost any society can take many very different forms, and just what forms we should choose to discuss when we attempt to describe the language of a society may prove to be a contentious matter. Sometimes too a society may be plurilingual; that is, many speakers may use more than one language, however, language will be noted that the definitions of language and society are not independent: the definition of language includes in it a reference to society. A language grows by infusion of new words. Anyone who has been on the Internet for more than a few days knows what a webmaster is. Yet only a few years ago if we came acro

followed by 100 zeros) was coined by a nine-year-old boy, inspiration behind the naming of the Google search engine. It can be redefined in old words. The Google name, in turn, became genericized as a verb meaning to search for something, not necessarily on the Web. It can be added two existing words (web + master) or can be fused them together: lexpert (lex + expert), someone who is an expert in words. Such an amalgamated word is also known as a portmanteau (from French, meaning a bag for carrying clothes, one that opens on two sides) since Lewis Carroll gave them this moniker in his 1872 classic "Through the Looking-Glass". Carroll himself coined some great portmanteaux, such as chortle (chuckle + snort), and slithy(slimy+lithe). The actuality of the present qualification work is

qualification work it has been widely used analogical, comparative and morphologic methods. The theoretical importance of this qualification work is in the fact it will present some theoretical basis for working out concrete practical recommendation in studying neologisms in the vocabulary system of any language. The practical importance of this qualification work. Therefore, the problem of neologisms is apparently of vital importance for it serves as the necessary parts of linguistics. The structure of the qualification work . This diploma paper consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, the list of the used literature and the glossary of new words that come to existence in the uzbek language. The sources of the qualification work. While investigating the qualification paper

Chapter I. Some notes on Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the sociology of language focuses on language's effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned recently. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity,

Australian English; Austrian/German/Swiss German;Bosnian/ Croatian/ Montenegrin/ Serbian Serbo-Croatian). For example, a sociolinguist might determine through study of social attitudes that a particular vernacular would not be considered appropriate language use in a business or professional setting. Sociolinguists might also study the grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of this sociolect much as dialectologists would study the same for a regional dialect. The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determining language in its contextual environment. Code-switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations. William Labov is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics. He is especi

memories. Of course, the most sought after type of speech is the casual style (CS). This type of speech is difficult if not impossible to elicit because of the Observer's Paradox. The closest one might come to CS in an interview is when the subject is interrupted by a close friend or family member, or perhaps must answer the phone. CS is used in a completely unmonitored environment where the subject feels most comfortable and will use their natural vernacular without overtly thinking about it. While the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which many sociolinguistic inquiries depend. Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a distinct group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselv

be realised on the level of the individual sound/phoneme, as Labov discovered in investigating pronunciation of the post-vocalic /r/ in the North-Eastern USA, or on the macro scale of language choice, as realised in the various diglossias that exist throughout the world, where Swiss-German/High German is perhaps most well known. An important implication of sociolinguistic theory is that speakers 'choose' a variety when making a speech act, whether consciously or subconsciously. Understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the social networks in which language is embedded. A social network is another way of describing a particular speech community in terms of relations between individual members in a community 1 . A network could be loose or tight dependin

language (internal language) and E-language (external language). In this context, internal language is linguistic knowledge that a native speaker of language has. It applies to the study of syntax and semantics on the abstract level. External language applies to language in social contexts, i.e. behavioral habits shared by a community. Internal language analyses operate on the assumption that all native speakers of a language are quite homogeneous in how they process and perceive language. External language fields, such as sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case. Many sociolinguists reject the distinction between I- and E-language on the grounds that it is based on a mentalist view of language. On this view, grammar is first and foremost an interactional (soci

system he used to classify the various speech patterns for different social classes. He claimed that members of the middle class have ways of organizing their speech that are fundamentally very different from the ways adopted by the working class. However, not being native upper class speakers, they often hypercorrect, which involves overcorrecting their speech to the point of introducing new errors1. The same is true for individuals moving down in socio-economic status. In any contact situation, there is a power dynamic, be it a teacher-student or employee- customer situation, this power dynamic results in a hierarchical differentiation between languages. The use of context by members of working class to imply what they mean, therefore, may be a "non-verbal code". However, this ty

Today, most linguists agree that the knowledge speakers have of the language or languages they speak is knowledge of something quite abstract. It is a knowledge of rules and principles and of the ways of saying and doing things with sounds, words, and sentences, rather than just knowledge of specific sounds, words, and sentences. It is knowing what is in the language and what is not; it is knowing the possibilities the language offers and what is impossible. This knowledge explains how it is we can understand sentences we have not heard before and reject others as being ungrammatical, in the sense of not being possible in the language. Communication among people who speak the same language is possible because they share such knowledge, although how it is shared – or even how it is acquire

This social group also uses language in a way that brings unity between people, and members often do not need to be explicit about meaning, as their shared knowledge and common understanding often bring them together in a way that other social language groups do not experience 1 . The difference with the restricted code is the emphasis on 'we' as a social group, which fosters greater solidarity than an emphasis on 'I'. The time when "restricted-code" matters is the day when children start school where the standard variety of language is used. Moreover, the written form of a language is already very different from the everyday form. Children with restricted-code, therefore, struggle at school more than those who speak an "elaborated-code". The type of commun

two speakers who are bilingual, that is, who have access to two codes, and who for one reason or another shift back and forth between the two languages as they converse by code-switching are actually using a third code, one which draws on those two languages. The system (or the grammar , to use a well-known technical term) is something that each speaker ‘knows,’ but two very important issues for linguists are just what that knowledge is knowledge of and how it may best be characterized 1 . In practice, linguists do not find it at all easy to write grammars because the knowledge that people have of the languages they speak is extremely hard to describe. It is certainly something different from, and is much more considerable than, the kinds of knowledge we see described in most of the gramma

before and reject others as being ungrammatical , in the sense of not being possible in the language. Communication among people who speak the same language is possible because they share such knowledge, although how it is shared – or even how it is acquired – is not well understood. Certainly, psychological and social factors are important, and genetic ones too. Language is a communal possession, although admittedly an abstract one. Individuals have access to it and constantly show that they do so by using it properly. As we will see, a wide range of skills and activities is subsumed under this concept of ‘proper use.’ Confronted with the task of trying to describe the grammar of a language like English, many linguists follow the approach which is associated with Chomsky, undoubtedly the

attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance. This seems to me to have been the position of the founders of modern general linguistics, and no cogent reason for modifying it has been offered. To study actual linguistic performance, we must consider the interaction of a variety of factors, of which the underlying competence of the speaker–hearer is only one. In this respect, study of language is no different from empirical investigation of other complex phenomena.From time to time we will return to this distinction between competence and performance. However, the knowledge we will seek to explain involves more than knowledge of the grammar of the language for it will become apparent that speakers know, or are i

entities as sounds, words, grammatical structures, and so on. It is these items, their status, and their arrangements that language theorists such as Chomsky concern themselves with. On the other hand, social theorists, particularly sociologists, attempt to understand how societies are structured and how people manage to live together. To do so, they use such concepts as ‘identity,’ ‘power,’ ‘class,’ ‘status,’ ‘solidarity,’ ‘accommodation,’ ‘face,’ ‘gender,’ ‘politeness,’ etc. A major concern of this book is to examine possible relationships between ‘linguistic items’ on the one hand and concepts such as ‘power,’ ‘solidarity,’ etc. on the other. We should note that in doing so we are trying to relate two different kinds of entities in order to see what light they throw on each other. That

structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure. This is the view that is behind the Whorfian hypothesis, the claims of Bernstein, and many of those who argue that languages rather than speakers of these languages can be ‘sexist’. A third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional: language and society may influence each other. One variant of this approach is that this influence is dialectical in nature, a modern view put forward by Dittmar (1976), who argues that ‘speech behaviour and social behaviour are in a state of constant interaction’ and that ‘material living conditions’ are an important factor in the relationship. A fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure

such However, as Gumperz and others have been quick to indicate, such studies do not exhaust sociolinguistic investigation, nor do they always prove to be as enlightening as one might hope. It is a well-known fact that a correlation shows only a relationship between two variables; it does not show ultimate causation 2 . To find that X and Y are related is not necessarily to discover that X causes Y (or Y causes X), for it is also quite possible that some third factor, Z, may cause both X and Y (or even that some far more subtle combination of factors is involved). We must always exercise caution when we attempt to draw conclusions from such relationships. A worthwhile sociolinguistics, however, must be something more than just a simple mixing of linguistics and sociology which takes conce

Specific points of connection between language and society must be discovered, and these must be related within theories that throw light on how linguistic and social structures interact. Holmes says that ‘the sociolinguist’s aim is to move towards a theory which provides a motivated account of the way language is used in a community, and of the choices people make when they use language.’ For example, when we observe how varied language use is we must search for the causes. ‘Upon observing variability, we seek its social correlates. What is the purpose of the variation? How is it evaluated in the community? What do its variants symbolize? 1 .For Chambers these questions ‘are the central questions of sociolinguistics.’ Chambers is not alone in holding such views. Others too believe that s

of language by exhibiting co-variation with linguistic variables . . . and as long as internal analyses are quite strongly biased in favor of linguistic, rather than social, phenomena, the quantitative paradigm will be to that extent impeded in its attempts to explain the social “life” of language and the social origins of language change.’ I have already mentioned this idea of necessary social engagement and I will return to it later 1 . However, one point is clear in the above disagreement: sociolinguistics, whatever it is, is about asking important questions concerning the relationship of language to society. 1.3.The impact of Neologisms in the society Neologisms are often created by combining existing words or by giving words new and unique suffixes or prefixes . Portmanteaux are combi

" McJob ", from Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture by Douglas Coupland ; " cyberspace ", from Neuromancer by William Gibson ; " nymphet " from Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov . Sometimes the title of a book becomes the neologism, for instance, Catch-22 (from the title of Joseph Heller 's novel). Alternately, the author's name may become the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as " Orwellian " (from George Orwell , referring to his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four ) and "Ballardesque" or "Ballardian" (from J.G. Ballard , author of Crash ). The word "sadistic" is derived from the cruel sexual practices Marquis de Sade described in his novels. Kurt Vonnegut &#

dictionary is reliable, it ceases to be a neologism. If a new meaning is recognized as an element in the semantic structure of a lexical unit, it ceases to be new.. However, if we wish to divide the word-stock of a language into chronological periods, we can conventionally mark off a period which might be called new. Every period in 'the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words, or new meanings of established words. Most of them do not live long. They are not 'meant to live long. They are, as it were, coined for use at the moment of speech, and therefore possess a peculiar property -that of temporariness. The given word or meaning holds only in the given context and is meant only to "serve the occasion." However, such is the power of the written la

of one generation, can be regarded as established? It is suggestive that the latest editions of certain dictionaries avoid the use of the stylistic notation "neologism" apparently because of its ambiguous character. If a word is fixed in a dictionary and provided that the dictionary is reliable, it ceases to be a neologism. If a new meaning is recognized as an element in the semantic structure of a lexical unit, it ceases to be new.. However, if we wish to divide the word-stock of a language into chronological periods, we can conventionally mark off a period which might be called new. Every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words, or new meanings of established words. Most of them do not live long. They are not 'meant to live long. They

who worked at compiling a four-volume supplement to NED says that averagely 800 neologisms appear every year in Modern English. It has also become a language-giver recently, especially with the development of computerization. New words, as a rule, appear in speech of an individual person who wants to express his idea in some original way. This person is called «originater». New lexical units are primarily used by university teachers, newspaper reporters, by those who are connected with mass media. Neologisms can develop in three main ways: a lexical unit existing in the language can change its meaning to denote a new object or phenomenon. In such cases we have semantic neologisms, e.g. the word «umbrella» developed the meanings: « авиационое прикрўтие », » политическое прикрўтие ». A new l

In the modern English society there is a tendency to social stratification, as a result there are neologisms in this sphere as well, e.g. belonger - представитель среднего класса , приверженец консервативных взглядов . To this group we can also refer abbreviations of the type yuppie /young urban professional people/, such as: muppie, gruppie, rumpie, bluppie etc. People belonging to the lowest layer of the society are called survivers, a little bit more prosperous are called sustainers, and those who try to prosper in life and imitate those, they want to belong to, are called emulaters. Those who have prospered but are not belongers are called achievers. All these layers of socety are called VAL /Value and Lifestyles/ . The rich belong also to jet set that is those who can afford to travel

a) food e.g. «starter»/ instead of «hors d’oevres»/, macrobiotics / raw vegetables, crude rice/, longlife milk, clingfilm, microwave stove, consumer electronics, fridge-freezer, hamburgers /beef-, cheese-, fish-, veg- /. b) clothing, e.g. catsuit /one-piece clinging suit/, slimster , string / miniscule bikini/, hipster / trousers or skirt with the belt on hips/, completenik / a long sweater for trousers/, sweatnik /a long jacket/, pants-skirt, bloomers / lady’s sports trousers/. c) footwear e.g. winklepickers /shoes with long pointed toes/, thongs /open sandals/, backsters /beech sandals with thick soles/. d) bags, e.g. bumbag /a small bag worn on the waist/, sling bag /a bag with a long belt/, maitre / a small bag for cosmetics/. There are also such words as : dangledolly / a dolly-talism

chute/. Here also belong: call-and-recall - вўзов на диспансеризацию , bioastronomy -search for life on other planets, rat-out - betrayal in danger , zero- zero (double zero) - ban of longer and shorter range weapon, x-rated /about films terribly vulgar and cruel/, Ameringlish /American English/, tycoonography - a biography of a business tycoon. There are also abbreviations of different types, such as resto, teen /teenager/, dinky /dual income no kids yet/, ARC /AIDS-related condition, infection with AIDS/, HIV / human immuno-deficiency virus/.Quite a number of neologisms appear on the analogy with lexical units existing in the language, e.g. snowmobile /automobile/, danceaholic /alcoholic/, airtel /hotel/, cheeseburger /hamburger/, autocade / cavalcade/.There are many neologisms formed by

forth the invention and introduction of an immense number of new words and changed the meaning of old ones, e.g. aerobics, black hole, computer, hardware, software, isotope, feedback, penicillin, pulsar, super-market and so on. For a reliable mass of evidence on the new English vocabulary the reader is referred to lexicographic sources. New additions to the English vocabulary are collected in addenda to explanatory dictionaries and in special dictionaries of new words. One should consult the supplementary volume of the English-Russian Dictionary edited by I.R.Galperin, the three supplementary volumes of The Oxford English Dictionary, The Longman Dictionary of New Words and the dictionaries of New English which are usually referred to as Barnhart Dictionaries. The first volume covers words

There are also different types of activities performed with the help of computers, many of them are formed with the help of the morpheme «tele», e.g. to telework, to telecommute / to work at home having a computer which is connected with the enterprise for which one works/. There are also such words as telebanking, telemarketing, teleshopping / when you can perform different operations with the help of your computer without leaving your home, all operations are registered by the computer at your bank/, videobank /computerized telephone which registers all information which is received in your absence/.In the sphere of lingusitics we have such neologisms as: machine translation, interlingual / an artificial language for machine translation into several languages / and many others. In the sp

 New science and technology  Business and Economy  Health and Medicine  Law and Government  Sports  Popular culture  Food and Drink  Internet and Computer  Political and Social trends  Slang  International English  Miscellaneous  Foreign borrowings New science and Technology Octothrope – one of a number of names used for the gate “#” symbol on telephones and keyboards. Maryculture – the cultivation of marine organisms, plants and animals. Business and Economy Capataz – the manager of a farm estate; Golden handcuffs – special benefits offered to an employer as an inducement to continue service. Viral Marketing – a marketing sustem whereby product infomation or advertising is disseminated by its users. Health and Medicine Iscador – an anti-cancer treatment. Linezolit – the first

Sports Monoboarding – the sport of skiing downhill on a large single ski. Peloton – the body of riders in a bicycle race. Popular culture Headbanger – a musician who performs a hard rock Voguering – a style of dancing to house music incorporating the movements and gestures of models displaying clothes. Food and Drink Bird-dog – hot-dog made from bird meat. Franken-food – genetically engineered food. Internet and Computer terms G-mail – electronic message sent on GSM mobile phone Server-farm – a large group of Internet servers at a single location. Political and Social terms Eco-friendly – not harming the environment Gorbymania – an extreme enthusiasm for the former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev. Slang Dead Presidents – US money in the form of bills. Jack – money Phat – excellent Fore

other needs. This process of self-regulation of the lexical system is a result of overcoming contradictions between the state of the system and the demands it has to meet. The speaker chooses from the existing stock of words such words that in his opinion can adequately express his thought and feeling. Failing to find the expression he needs, he coins a new one. It is important to stress that the development is not confined to coining new words on the existing patterns but in adapting the very structure of the system to its changing functions. The concept of adaptive system permits us to study language as a constantly developing but systematic whole, The adaptive system approach gives a more adequate account of the systematic phenomena of a vocabulary by explaining more facts about the fun

development of science and industry has called forth the invention and introduction of an immense number of new words and changed the meaning of old ones, e.g. aerobics, black hole, computer, hardware, software, isotope, feedback, penicillin, pulsar, super-market and so on. For a reliable mass of evidence on the new English vocabulary the reader is referred to lexicographic sources. New additions to the English vocabulary are collected in addenda to explanatory dictionaries and in special dictionaries of new words 1 .One should consult the supplementary volume of the English-Russian Dictionary edited by I.R.Galperin, the three supplementary volumes of The Oxford English Dictionary, The Longman Dictionary of New Words and the dictionaries of New English which are usually referred to as Barn

traditional lexicological grouping is known as word-families in which the words are grouped according to the root-morpheme, for example: dog, doggish, doglike, dogg) , to dog, dogged, doggedly, doggedness, dog-days, dog-biscuit, dogcart, etc. Antonyms а r е words belonging to the same pan of speech different in sound, and characterised by semantic polarity of their denotational meaning. According to the character of semantic opposition antonyms are subdivided into antonyms proper, complete and conversitives. The semantic polarity in antonyms proper is relative, the opposition is gradual, it may embrace several elements characterised by different degrees of the same property. They always imply comparison. Large and little or small denote polar degrees of the same notion, i.e. size. Compleme

groups are groups of words joined together by common contextual associations within the framework of the sentence and reflect the interlinking of things and events in objective reality. Contextual association are formed as a result of regular co-occurrence of words in similar repeatedly used contexts. Thematic or ideographic groups are independent of classification into parts of speech. Words and expression are here classed not according to their lexico-grammatical meaning but strictly according to their signification, i.e. to the system of logical notions (e.g. tree - -grow - green; journey - train, taxi, bass - ticket; sunshine - brightly - blue - sky) 1 No language stands still. New words and expressions are always being created, usually because something new is invented or sometimes ju

Advertocracy: pursuit of public policy by mass advertising campaigns Destatisation: withdrawal of the state from areas that were previously state- controlled as in the (former) Soviet bloc in the 80s and 90s Gorbymania: extreme enthusiasm for the former Soviet President, Mikhail Gorbchev Newmannery: behaviour of the new man (gentle, caring, non-sexist) Couch potato: a lazy person who prefers watching TV to being active  New words from other languages Fatwa: formal legal opinion delivered by an Islamic leader (Arabic) Karaoke: singing pop songs solo to recorded music in bars (Japanese) Glasnost: policy of openness or frankness (Russian)  New forms or meanings for old words Ageism: prejudice against someone because of their age Nostalgize: to indulge in nostalgia Pre-schooler: a child not

of the English-Russian Dictionary edited by I. R. Galperin, the three supplementary volumes of The Oxford English Dictionary, The Longman Dictionary of New Words and the dictionaries of New English which are usually referred to as Barnhart Dictionaries. The first volume covers words and word equivalents that have come into the vocabulary of the English-speaking world during the period 1963-1972 and the second-those of the seventies 1 . A new lexical unit can develop in the language to denote an object or phenomenon which already has some lexical unit to denote it. In such cases we have transnomination, e.g. the word «slum» was first substituted by the word «ghetto» then by the word-group «inner town». A new lexical unit can be introduced to denote a new object or phenomenon. In this case w

operations with the help of your computer without leaving your home, all operations are registered by the computer at your bank/, videobank /computerized telephone which registers all information which is received in your absence/.In the sphere of lingusitics we have such neologisms as: machine translation, interlingual / an artificial language for machine translation into several languages / and many others.In the sphere of biometrics we have computerized machines which can recognize characteristic features of people seeking entrance : finger- print scanner / finger prints/, biometric eye-scanner / blood-vessel arrangements in eyes/, voice verification /voice patterns/. These are types of biometric locks. Here we can also mention computerized cards with the help of which we can open the d

parachutists, which is the period between jumping and opening the chute/. Here also belong: call-and-recall - вызов на диспансеризацию, bioastronomy -search for life on other planets, rat-out - betrayal in danger , zero-zero (double zero) - ban of longer and shorter range weapon, x-rated /about films terribly vulgar and cruel/, Ameringlish /American English/, tycoonography - a biography of a business tycoon .There are also abbreviations of different types, such as resto, teen /teenager/, dinky /dual income no kids yet/, ARC /AIDS-related condition, infection with AIDS/, HIV / human immuno-deficiency virus/. Quite a number of neologisms appear on the analogy with lexical units existing in the language, e.g. snowmobile /automobile/, danceaholic /alcoholic/, airtel /hotel/, cheeseburger /hamb

word first appears in the SL, the interpreter could either borrow the SL term in its original form and bring it into the TL as a loanword, or create an equivalent neologism in the TL. The interpreter should then quickly add on a brief explanation of the meaning of the new term. The next time the word appears in the SL, the interpreter could simply use the loanword or the newly created neologism without any further explanation. As interpretation must take place in a very limited amount of time, the interpreter will not be able to repeat time after time the meaning of the new term. It should be noted that interpreters are not scholars of language, and therefore do not play the role of protecting the purity of the Uzbek language or coining socially recognized neologisms. Interpreters need onl

language. New words could come into use, and existing words could take on new meanings to reflect the changes in society, leaving the interpreter with the ongoing task of making continuous efforts for top-level language proficiency. Language is organic in that it continuously changes in tune with changes in the times, social reality, and the political, cultural, economic environment. In Korea, many neologisms are being used in various fields. Interpreters must be sensitive to neologisms, and therefore must continuously work on understanding new words and on expressing new concepts in easy-to-understand ways. Some changes in the vocabulary system of the Uzbek language by the model of classification of Avrorin V.A. have been considered in the following:  The branch of housing  The socio-po

Қандолат, Чипта, Видеобар, Супермаркет, Тафтиш, Дискотека 4) News in the system of education reflects in this group of word: Грант, Магистратура, Лицей, Компьютерлаштириш, Бакалавриат, Услуб Тест, Рейтинг, Талаба, Жорий назорат, Якуний назорат, Нотиқ, Коллеж, Дорилфунун, Гимназия,Таълим дастури, Дастур, Назорат 5) A lot of activated and new words are obderved in the literature also. Besides that several fiction are published in these years of independence. 6) The branch of mass media expresses the relation of the language and society, their pecularities, the actual events and progress of the society: Ойнаи жахон , Рўзнома , Теледастур , Ойнома , Мавзу , Котиб , Нашр , Котибият , Ношир , ЎзА Мухаррири , Ўзбекистон Миллий Ахборот Агентлиги , Мухарририят , ЖахонАА , Муассис , Муаллиф , Мусаҳ

12) Old traditons and customs that dealt with the Islamic religion of the Uzbeks also were returned after getting the country’s independence. The following words and terms of theology are observed in the vocabulary of nation: Ислом , Ваххобийлик , Хизбут тахрир , Экстремизм , Террорчилик , Қурбонлик . The following groups were also divided into the spheres of its usages: - Family treatment - The treatment in manufacture - Treatment in social group - The limited places - Temporal center of the people - Treatment among the nations - International treatment - Human treatment Language is peculiar only for the human being, it serves only for communicating people. Being the most important communicative means language deals with the society, its culture, with all the members of the society that

been affected by internal conditions-having admitted the independence of the republic. And in its turn various external factors had an influence on the vocabulary system and the usage of the language. Our investigation consists of several of them; they are: the change of social system and in its result increasing the possibilities of the economy, manufacture, changes in the science, ideological processes are the reasons of language development. The events that take place in the society demonstrate every nation must have its national language, national culture and national spirit in spite of its quality. ____________________________________________ 1 Current trends in Textlinguistics. – Ed. by W.U.Dressler. – Berlin, 1974 CONCLUSION 47

Changing requirements and conditions of human communication and cultural and other needs. This process of self-regulation of the lexical system is a result of overcoming contradictions between the state of the system and the demands it has to meet. The speaker chooses from the existing stock of words such words that in his opinion can adequately express his thought and feeling. Failing to find the expression he needs, he coins a new one. It is important to stress that the development is not confined to coining new words on the existing patterns but in adapting the very structure of the system to its changing functions. The concept of adaptive system permits us to study language as a constantly developing but systematic whole, The adaptive system approach gives a more adequate account of t

The list of used literature 1) Karimov I.A. “On measures to further improvement of foreign language learning system” Xalq so’zi, December 10,2012 2) 1) Karimov I.A. “High spirituality- an invincible force” Tashkent, Ma’naviyat, 2008. 3) Арнольд И. В. Стилистика современого английского языка. - Л: Просвещение, 1981. 4) Гальперин И.Р. Информативность единиц языка: Пособие по курсу общего языкознания. М.: Высшая школа, 1974 5) Boboxonova L . Ingliz tili stilistikasi. -T. : O’qituvchi, 1995. 6) Гальперин И.Р. Очерки по стилистике. – М.: Литература на иностраных языках, 1958. 7) Жирмунский.В.М. Вопросы теории Литературе. Сб. статей. Л. «Acamedia» 1928. c.354 8) Потебня А.А. из записок по теории с Ловесности, Харьков. 1905. с.204. 9) Стилистика современого английского языка /А.Н.Мороховский, О.

2) Hornby A.S.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Oxford un Press, 1995 3) Quronov D., Mamajonov Z. Adabiytoshunoslik lug’ati, Toshkent, 2010 Web-sites: 1) www.homeenglish.ru 2) www.neologisms .com 3) www.neologisms . com fromwikipediathefreeencyclopedia 4) www.wikidict.com 5) www.wikipedia.com 6) www.stylisticdevices.com 7) www.stylistics.com from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia 51

Glossary № Translation English variant Definition 1 Агентлик Agency,noun a business or organization providing a particular service on behalf of another business, person, or group 2 Аргумент Argument, noun exchange of views: dispute: case: evidence, proof 3 Ай под iPod, noun a small portable digital audio player capable of storing thousands of tracks downloaded from the internet or transferred from a CD 4 Акт Қонун, дипломатик ҳужжат Act, noun a law that has been officially accepted by Parliament or Congress 5 Акция Action, noun The fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim 6 Апелляция, шикоят, норозилик Appeal, noun A formal request to a court to someone in authority asking for a decision to be changed 7 Арт-бюро Art-bureau, noun Bureau for the expression or applicat

19 Globalization, noun businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start opening on an international scale 20 Грант Grant, noun A sum of money given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose 21 Корреспонденция Correspondence, noun 1. the letters exchanged between people, especially officials or business letters 2. the process of sending and receiving letters 3. a relationship or connection between two or more ideas or facts 22 Дебет Debit, noun An entry recording a sum owed, listed on the left- hand side or column of an account. The opposite of credit 23 Делегация Delegation, noun A body of delegates or representatives: a deputation 24 Диверсификация Diversification, noun The spreading of an investment portfolio over a wide range of asserts to

2 8 Зеро сам Zero sum, noun No particular quantity of money 29 Инвестиция Investment, noun Long term investment of capital: property in which money is invested 30 Инвестор Investor, noun A person or organization that invests money 31 Инвертаризация Inventory, noun A complete list of items such as property, goods in stock, or the contents of a building (in accounting) the entire stock of a business, including materials, components, work in progress and finished product 32 Индустрия Trade, noun The people engaged in a particular area of business 33 Индустриализация Industrialization, noun To accelerate industrialization 34 Инфратузилма (инфраструктура) Infrastructure, noun The goods and services, usually requiring substantial investment, considered essential to the proper functioning of an e

38 Camera, noun of photographs, movie film or video signals 39 Кастинг Casting, noun The choosing of actors for a production 40 Кватр-пайп Quart-pipe, noun A wind instrument consisting of a single tube with holes along its length that are covered by the fingers to produce different notes 41 Киднеппинг Kidnapping, noun An act of abducting someone and holding them captive 42 Коалиция Coalition, noun 1.a union of two or more political that allows them to form a government or fight a election together 2.a group of people who join together to achieve a particular purpose, usually a political one 43 Композиция Composition, noun A creative work, especially a poem or piece of music, the action or art of producing, an essay, especially one written by a school or college student, the artistic arrang

46 Консерватизм Conservation, noun 1.opposition to change and innovation 2. a political philosophy advocating the preservation of the best of the established order in society and opposing radical change 47 Конфронтация Confrontation, noun A situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreements between two people or groups with very different opinions 48 Концепция Conception, noun 1. the action of conceiving a child or of one being conceived 2. the forming or devising of a plan or idea 49 Концептуал модел Conceptual model, noun 1. relating to or based on mental concepts 2. a thing used as an example to follow or imitate 50 Корпорация Corporation, noun A large company or group of companies authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law 51 Корреспондент Correspondent, n

75 Реализация Realization, noun The process of achieving something that you have planned or hoped for or the moment when this happens 76 Рейл Rail, noun A bar or series of bars fixed on upright supports or attached to a wall or ceiling, serving as part of a barrier or used to hang things on 77 Ресурс Resource, noun A stock or supply of money, materials, staff and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively 78 Савдо-сотик Commerce, noun The activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale 79 Сайт Site, noun Short for website 80 Селекция Selection, noun The action or fact of carefully choosing someone or something as being the best or most suitable 81 Сертификат Certificate, noun 1. An official document attesting a fact, in partic

$83 Спектр Spectrum, noun A band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength 84 Стереотип Stereotype, noun A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing 85 Стратегик Strategic, noun Relating to the identification of long term or overall aims interests and the means of achieving them 86 Телекоммуникация Telecommunication, noun The science and technology of sending information by telephone, radio or television 87 Тенденция Tendency, noun Often with infinitive an inclination towards a particular characteristic or type of behavior or a group within a larger political party or movement 88 Ток-шоу Talk show, noun A chat show, especially one in$

particular purpose 93 Форум Forum, noun A meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged 94 Фракция Fraction, noun A group of party parliament 95 Фукаролик жамияти Civil society, noun The elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc., that make up a democratic society 96 Экобог Eco park, noun Short for ecology, a large public garden or area of land used for recreation 97 Эксперт Expert, noun A person who is very knowledgeable about or skilful in a particular area 98 Экстремист Extremist, noun A person who holds extreme or fanatical political or religious views, esp. one who resorts to or advocates extreme action 99 Электрон версия e-version, noun An electronic version of a printed book or another thing or program that can be read on a pe

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The influence of society to the vocabulary system of the language

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