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Translation problems of compound nouns with the structure “Man”

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www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Contents Introduction …………………………………………………….…............3-7 Chapter I. Theoretical Study of Compounds………………………….........8-27 1.1. Review of the Linguistic Literature on Compound Words ………..........8-14 1. 2. Classification of Compound Words ……………………………............15-18 1. 3. Compounds and Their Semantic Relations …………………………….19-27 Chapter II. Translation Problems of Compound Nouns with the Structure “Man”……………………………………………………................................28-48 2. 1. Translation Activity and Practice of Translation..………………............28-34. 2. 2. Comparative study of Uzbek compound words with Englishones ……..35-37 2. 3. Translation Analysis of Compound Nouns with component “Man”........38-48 Conclusion …………………………………………………………...........49-50 Bibliography

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan I am VaziraDoniyorova graduating from the Faculty of Foreign Languages, Department of the English Language and Literature, Karshi State University. I am a citizen of my beloved country – Independent Uzbekistan, which is a real paradise for a human being just to be born in and enjoy living, studying and working for the further prosperity of the gifted, friendly and laborious multinational Uzbek people who are today equal among equals and continuing to make their worthy contribution to the development of the world civilization. Our country is only 2 3 years old, but each year of this period, I think, may be compared to decades just to deeply estimate the ever high growth of my country in every walk of life: spirituality, economy, science, technique and cu

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan in the country, a comprehensive foreign languages’ teaching system, aimed at creating harmoniously developed, highly educated, modern-thinking young generation, further integration of the country to the world community, has been created. During the years of independence, over 51.7 thousand teachers of foreign languages graduated from universities, English, German and French multimedia tutorials and textbooks for 5-9 grades of secondary schools, electronic resources for learning English in primary schools were created, more than 5000 secondary schools, professional colleges and academic lyceums were equipped with language laboratories. However, analysis of the current system of organizing language learning shows that learning standards, curricula and tex

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan compound nouns with the structure “Man”, which is devoted to one of the interesting topics in lexicography and translation theory. The structural cohesion and integrity of a compound may depend upon unity of stress, solid or hyphenated spelling, semantic unity, unity of morphological and syntactic functioning or more often, upon the combined effect of several of these or similar phonetic, graphic, semantic, morphological or syntactic factors. The integrity of a compound is manifested in its indivisibility that is impossibility of inserting another word or word-group between its elements. Translation Studies is nowadays overwhelmed by a number of attempts to discard prescriptive standpoints and adopt new, descriptive directions. As a consequence, the res

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan The object of the qualification paper is learning translation problems, their equivalences, adequacy and translation analysis of compound nouns. The functions of the paper are: 1. To define the compound words 2. To distinguish non-idiomatic and idiomatic compounds 3. Translation difficulties of compound nouns with component “Man” 4. To compare English and Uzbek compounds 5. And other related problems Methods of the research are: Comparative method, descriptive method, method of opposition, and contextual analysis. Methodology of the research: 1. И.А. Каримов , Баркамол авлод орзуси, -Тошкент: 1999. 2. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On education” and the National Programme for Training. 3. “Chet tilio’qitishtiziminingyanadatakomillashtirishchora

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 11. Швейцер А.Д. Перевод и лингвистика. М. 1973. The novelty of the qualification paper is that we have the problems of compound nouns, non-idiomatic and idiomatic compounds. The theoretical significanceof the present qualification paper . By learning translation problems of compound words, we think, the results of the present work will enrich new attempts in this field. Detailed analysis and different reader-oriented results of this paper will give an opportunity for a translator/interpreter to gain much knowledge on how to deal with the compound words. The practical value of the paper is that it is of great importance by either lexical or theoretical point. It may be useful for students investigating compounds in general. Due to its connection to tran

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 1.1 Review of the linguistic literature on compound words Compound words are words consisting of at least two stems that occur in the language as free forms. A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme . In a compound word the immediate constituents obtain integrity and structural cohesion that make them function in a sentence as a separate lexical unit. The structural cohesion and integrity of a compound may depend upon unity of stress, solid or hyphenated spelling, semantic unity, unity of morphological and syntactic functioning or more often, upon the combined effect of several of these or similar phonetic, graphic, semantic, morphological or syntactic factors.The integrity of a compound is manifested in its indivisibility that is im

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan corresponding syntactic group. Thus, a bellman is very different from a bell man . Its essential feature is being a calling man: not every man with bell is a bellman. A bellman may be not a bell at all but a man who calls or summons other people. His bell is not necessarily be carried: it may be used as a symbol. Thus bellman - a man who calls for something . A beadsman is not a simple man; he is a person who preys a great deal without saying anything important. The same denotational character is observed in the compound assemblyman . It is also idiomatic, as it does not name an assemble but a person who speaks and acts in assembly. A fuss-pot is a person easily excited and nervous about trifles. Thus far the original motivation of the idiomatic compoun

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan morphemes; when used in actual speech, it may occur in different word- forms, and signal various meanings. Being the central element of any language system, the word is a sort of focus for the problems of phonology, lexicology, syntax, morphology and also for some other sciences that have to deal with language and speech, such as philosophy and psychology, and probably quite a few other branches of knowledge. All attempts to characterize the word are necessarily specific form each domain of science and are therefore considered one - sided by the representatives of all other domains and criticized for incompleteness. The variants of definitions were so numerous that some authors collecting them produced woks of impressive scope and bulk.A few examples wi

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan approaches. It has been syntactically defined for instance as «the minimum sentence» by H. Sweet and much later by L. Bloomfield as « a minimum free form». This last definition, also structural in orientation, may be said to be, to a certain degree, equivalent to Sweet’s, as practically it amounts to the same thing: free forms are later defined as «forms which occur as sentences». E. Sapir takes into consideration the syntactic and semantic aspects when he calls the word «one of the smallest, completely satisfying bits of isolated meaning, into which the sentence resolves itself.» Sapir also points out one more, very important characteristic of the word, its indivisibility: «It can not be cut into without a disturbance of meaning, one or two other or bo

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan The sentence may be regarded as a sequence of ten morphemes, which occur in a particular order relative to one another. There are several possible changes in this order which order yield an acceptable English sentence: slow- ly- the- boy- s- walk- ed- up- the- hill up- the- hill- slow- ly- walk- ed- the- boy- s Yet under all the permutations certain groups of morphemes behave as ‘blocks’-they occur always together, and in the same relative to one another. there is no possibility of the sequence s-the-boy, ly-slow,ed-walk. «One of the characteristics of the word is that it tends to be eternally stable (in terms of the order of the component morphemes), but positional mobile (permutable with other words in the same sentence)». A purely semantic treatment

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan functional alone. This addition is necessary because it permits us to create a basis for the oppositions between the word the phrase, the word and the phoneme, and the word and the morpheme: their common feature is that they are all units if the language, their difference lies in the fact that the phoneme is not significant, and a morpheme cannot be used as a complete utterance.Another reason for this supplement is the widespread skepticism concerning the subject. It has even become a debatable point whether a word is a linguistic unit and not an arbitrary segment of speech. This opinion is put forth by S. Potter, who writes «unlike a phoneme or a syllable, a word is not a linguistic unit at all». He calls it a conventional and arbitrary segment of utte

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan basic unit of the language. The main points may now be summarized.The word is one of the fundamental units of language. It is a dialectical unity of form and content. Its content or meaning is not identical to notion, but it may reflect human notions, and in this sense may be considered as the form of their existence. Notions fixed in the meanings of words are formed as generalized and approximately correct reflections of reality; therefore in signifying them words reflect reality in their content. The acoustic aspect of the word serves to name the objects of reality, not to reflect them. In this sense the word may be regarded as a sign. 14

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 1.2 Classification of compound words Compound words may be described from different points of view and consequently may be classified according to different principles . they may be viewed from the point of view: 1) of general relationship and degree of its semantic independence of components; 2) of the parts of speech compound words represent; 3) of the means of composition used to link the two italics together; 4) of the type of semantics that are brought together to from a compound; 5) of the correlative relations with the system of free word - groups.Each type compound words based on the above –mentioned principles should also be described from the point of view of the degree of its potential power, i. e . its productivity , its relevancy to the sys

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan b ) compounds formed by joining the phonically variated rhythmic twin forms which either alliterate with the same initial consonant but vary the vowels as in chit – chat , zig –zag , sing –song , or rhyme by varying the initial consonants as in clap – trap , a walkie – talkie , helter – shelter. This subgroup stands very much apart. It is very often referred to pseudo – compounds and considered by some linguists irrelevant to productive word – formation owing to the doubtful morphemic status of their components. The constituent members of compound words of their own, are not found as stems of independently functioning words. They are motivated mainly through the rhythmic doubling of fanciful sound- clusters. Coordinative compounds of both subgroups (a,

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan vague. It often happens that one and the same compound may with equal right be interpreted either way - as a coordinative or a subordinative compound, e.g. a woman - doctor may be understood as ‘a woman who is at the same time a doctor’ or there canbe traced a difference of importance between the components and it may be primarily felt to be ‘a doctor who happens to be a woman’, also a mother - goose, a clock - tower.In subordinative compounds the components are neither structurally nor semantically equal in importance but are based on the domination of the head – member which is, as a rule , the second. The second italics thus is the semantically and grammatically dominant part of the word, which preconditions the part - of - speech meaning of the whol

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components. Examplesbywordclass : Modifier Head Compound noun noun football adjective noun blackboard verb noun breakwater preposition noun underworld noun adjective snowwhite adjective adjective blue-green verb adjective tumbledown preposition adjective over-ripe noun verb browbeat adjective verb highlight verb verb freeze-dry preposition verb undercut noun preposition love-in adverb preposition forthwith verb preposition takeout preposition preposition without 1.3 Compound nouns and their semantic relations Within the class of compound nouns we distinguish e n d o c e n t r i c and e x o c e n t r i c compounds. In endocentric nouns the referent is named by one of the elem

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan stem is determined by another noun stem. This is a most productive type, the number of examples being practically unlimited. Type countryman also consists of noun stems but the relationship between the elements is different. Countrymanis an appositional com pound. The second element denotes a wider sphere and the first element restricts the sphere. Type flyman shows a combination of a derived verbal stem with a noun stem. Type fireman consisting of a verbal stem and a noun stem is of a comparatively recent origin. Type fisherman has already been discussed. The first stem here very often is not an adjective but a Participle II: cutwork. Sometimes the seman tic relationship of the first element to the second is different. For instance, a green-grocer is n

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan the brush-off he’d had . Other examples are: comedown, draw back, drop-out, feedback, frame-up, knockout, set-back, splash-down, take- in, teach-in and many more. A special subgroup is formed by personal nouns with a somewhat derogatory connotation, as in go-between ‘ an intermediary’, start-back ‘ a deserter’. Sometimes these compounds are keenly ironical: diehard ‘ an irreconcilable conservative’, pin-up (such a girl as might have her photograph pinned up on the wall for admiration, also the photograph itself), pick-up ‘ a chance acquaintance’, ‘a prostitute’. More seldom the pattern is used for names of objects, mostly disparaging. For instance: “ Are these your books?” “Yes. They were a very odd collection of throw-outs from my flat.” The group of b

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan spotlight ([n+n]+onversion).Compound words like all other inseparable vocabulary units take shape in a definite system of grammatical forms, syntactic and semantic features. Compounds, on the one hand, are generally clearly distinguished from and often opposed to free word – groups, on the other hand they lie astride the border – line between words and word – groups and display close ties and correlation with the system of free word – groups. The structural inseparability of compound words finds expression in the unity of their specific distributional pattern and specific stress and spelling pattern . Structurally compound words are characterized by the specific order and arrangement in which bases follow one another . The order in which the two bases a

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan compounds are also marked by a specific structure of their own. no phonemic changes of bases occur in composition but the compound word acquires a new stress pattern, different from the stress in the motivating words, for example words key and hole or hot and house each possess their own stress but when the stems of these words are brought together to make up a new compound word, keyhole –a hole in a lock into which a key fits, or hot - house - a heated building for growing delicate plants , the latter is given a different stress pattern – a unity stress on the first component in our case. Component words have three stress patterns: a) a high or unity stress on the first component as in honeymoon, doorway, etc. b) a double stress, with a primary stress

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan words and phrases . This mostly refers to level stress pattern. In most cases the level stress pattern is accompanied by other structural and graphic indications of inseparability. Graphically most compounds have two types of spelling – they are spelt either solidly or with a hyphen. Both types of spelling when accompanied by structural and phonetic peculiarities serve as a sufficient indication of inseparability of compound words in contradistinction to phrases. It is true that hyphenated spelling by itself may be sometimes misleading, as it may be used in word – groups to emphasize their phraseological character as in e. g. daughter – in – law , man – of war , brother – in – arms or in longer combinations of words to indicate the semantic unity of a s

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan based on the homogeneous attributive semantic relations unlike compound words . This system of nominal phrases exists side by side with the specific and numerous class of nominal compounds which as a rule carry an additional semantic component not found in phrases.It is also important to stress that these two classes of vocabulary units – compound words and free phrases - are not only opposed but also stand in close correlative relations to each other.Semantically compound words are generally motivated units. the meaning of the component is first of all derived from the combined lexical meanings of its components. the semantic peculiarity of the derivational bases and the semantic difference between the base and the stem on which the latter is built is

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan individual lexical meaning of each component. In this connection we should also remember the significance of the differential meaning found in both components which becomes especially obvious in a set of compounds containing identical base. In English, words, particularly adjectives and nouns, are combined into compound structures in a variety of ways. And once they are formed, they sometimes metamorphose over time. A common pattern is that two words - fire fly, say - will be joined by a hyphen for a time - fire-fly - and then be joined into one word - firefly. In this respect, a language like German, in which words are happily and immediately linked one to the other, might seem to have an advantage. There is only one sure way to know how to spell compo

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan software I can't install this software on my PC. verb(-ing) + noun breakfast We always eat breakfast at 8am. washingmachin e Put the clothes in the red washing machine . swimmingpool What a beautiful swimming pool ! noun + verb(-ing) sunrise I like to get up at sunrise . haircut Youneed a haircut . train-spotting His hobby is train- spotting . verb + preposition check-out Please remember that check-out is at 12 noon. noun + prepositionalphras e mother-in-law My mother-in-law lives with us. prepositio n + noun underworld Do you think the police accept money from the underworld ? noun + adjective truckful We need 10 truckfuls of bricks.  The "solid" or "closed" forms in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one.

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan and in the UK differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, open, hyphenated, and closed forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets container ship / container-ship / containership and particle board / particle-board / particleboard . 27

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan CHAPTER II Translation problems of compound nouns with the component “MAN” 2.1 Translation activity and practice of translation As a kind of practical activities translation (or the practice of translation) is a set of actions performed by the translator while rendering ST into another language. These actions are largely intuitive and the best results are naturally achieved by translators who are best suited for the job, who are well-trained or have a special aptitude, a talent for it. Masterpieces in translation are created by the past masters of the art, true artists in their profession. At its best translation is an art, a creation of a talented, high-skilled professional. 3 As any observable phenomenon, translation can be the object of scientific st

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary, economical and other factors. Different aspects of translation can be studied with the methods of the respective sciences. Up to date most of theoretical research of translation has been done within the framework of linguistics. The linguistic theory of translation is concerned with translation as a form of speech communication establishing contact between communicants who speak different languages. The basis of this theory is linguistics in the broadest sense of the word, that is, macrolinguistics with all its new branches, such as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, communicative linguistics, etc., studying the language structure and its functioning in speech in their relation

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan translation deals, so to speak, with translation universals and is the basis for all other theoretical study in this area, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible.An important part of the general theory of translation is the theory of equivalence aimed at studying semantic relationships between ST and TT. It has been noted that there is a presumption of semantic identity between the translation and its source text. At the same time it is easily demonstrable that there is, hi fact, no such identity for even a cursory examination of any translation reveals inevitable losses, increments or changes of the information transmitted. The general theory of translation describes the basic principles which bold good for each and every tra

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan for which appropriate terms have not yet been invented. His duty is to translate diplomatic representations and policy statements, scientific dissertations and brilliant satires, maintenance instructions and after-dinner speeches, etc.Translating a play the translator must bear in mind the requirements of theatrical presentation, and dubbing a film he must see to it that his translation fits the movement of the speakers’ lips.The translator may be called upon to make his translation in the shortest possible time, while taking a meal or against the background noise of loud voices or rattling type-writers.In simultaneous interpretation the translator is expected to keep pace with the fastest speakers, to understand all kinds of foreign accents and defecti

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan may be established between units occupying dissimilar places in the system of respective languages. It follows that equivalent units cannot be discovered with confidence before a certain amount of TT’s have been compared with their ST’s. It is obvious that a description of translation equivalents, as opposed to the methods of the general theory of translation, should be bilingual, that is, it should always relate to a definite pair of languages. Moreover, a bilingual theory of translation should study two separate sets of equivalents, with either language considered, in turn, as SL and the other as TL. Nevertheless all bilingual theories of translation proceed from the identical basic assumptions as to the classification of equivalents and their role in

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan ST contents may sometimes be partially or fully misunderstood by the receptors of the translation or fail to produce a similar effect upon them. The translator has to assess the possible communicative effect of TT and take pains to ensure an adequate understanding of its message by TR. This may necessitate expanding or modifying the original message to make it more meaningful to the members of a different language community.A further pragmatic adaptation may be imperative if TT is addressed to some specific social or professional group of people or if the translation event has some additional pragmatic purpose. In some cases the pragmatic value of translation is the major factor in assessing the quality of the translator’s performance. Psychologically v

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan equivalence, namely, the situati о na1 (or referential) model is based on the identity of the situations described in the original text and in the translation, and the semantic-transformational model postulates the similarity of basic notions and nuclear structures in different languages. These postulates are supposed to explain the dynamic aspects of translation. In other words, it is presumed that the translator actually makes a mental travel from the original to some interlingual level of equivalence and then further on to the text of translation.In the situational model this intermediate level is extralinguistic. It is the described reality, the facts of life that are represented by the verbal description. The process of translating presumably consi

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan which are formed only by a core - component are called simple words. For example: ota, ona, suv, yaxshi, chiroyli. Simple words are also divided into two subgroups at the same time. They are root and composite words. Words which don’t have a word forming affix with them are called root words. For example: maktab, bola, kitob. Composite words are usually build by adding affix to the care component. For example: gul - chi, suv - chi, terimchi. We can also form compound and noun words by uniting the two or more than two care – words. For example: qo’lqop,beshiktervatar, o’qibbermoq, temiryo’l, teleminora. We can form a couple word also by two various meaningful care words. They are couple words. For example: katta – kichik, ona – bola, ota – bola, u–bu, uc

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 3) the names of geographic places which the second part compound nouns are formed by a common noun. For example: Oqdaryo, O’rtasaroy, Ko’kbuloq, Oltiariq. 4) common component nouns which have the affixes aro, umum, butun. For example: xalqaro, umumxalq, butunittifoq. The following types of compound nouns are written separately: 1. compound nouns which the second part of them are formed by nominal nouns. For example: butunrossiya, umumovrupa. 2. compoundnouns whose first parts are adjective and second parts are nominal nouns. For example: O’rtaChirchiq, KichikOsiyo, Ko’xnaUrganch. 3. compound nouns which mean the names of dynasty and (personal) sex. For example: Muxammadrizo, Muxammad Yusuf, MunavvaraMurodqizi. simple, compound and couple adjectives, the

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 1. Compound verbs of noun + verb form. 2. Compound verbs of verb + verb form. The first part of the first type above is usually considered a noun the noun part is called a leader part and the latter part is called (ko’makchi) part.The parts of second type of compound verbs are taken from verbs usually .The first part is actually taken from (ravishdosh) with the conjunctive -b, (-ib). It is considered the leading part because it carries the lexical meaning which compound verb has the second part is called auxiliary verb. Auxiliary verb serves for the formation of compound verb and add various meanings to it at the same time. For example: ishlabtur (the duration of action), ishlabbo’l (the end of action), ishlabyur (repeatition of the action). The parts o

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan The structural similarity of ST and TT implies that relationships of equivalence are established between correlated units in the two texts. TL units in TT that are used to render the meaning of the respective SL units in ST can be said to substitute for the latter as their functional equivalents (or correspondences). Since language units are often used in their accepted meanings many SL units have regular equivalents in TL which are used in numerous TT as substitutes to those units. For example: I. Gafurov translated “The old man and the sea”, in which he brilliantly renders the following sentences: They sat on the Terrace and many of the fishermen made fun of the old man and he was not angry. Others, of the older fishermen , looked at him and were sad.

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan grammatical.Coordinated words in two languages may correspond to each other in one or several components of their semantic structures, while not fully identical in their semantics. The choice of the equivalent will depend on the relative importance of a particular semantic element in the act of communication. For instance, the English word "barman" may denote a man who serves other with drinks. Its translation will depend on which of the aspects comes to the fore.For examples: England has several counties and there are county-boards in each county. These boards are made up by aldermen . Angliya bir necha graflikdan tashkil topgan bo‘lib, h ar bir graflik o‘zining kengashiga ega. Ushbu kengashlarni esa olderman deb ataluvchi kengash a’zolari tash

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan linguistic and situational. The linguistic context is made up by the other SL units in ST while the situational context includes the temporal, special and other circumstances under which ST was produced as well as all facts which the receptor is expected to know so that he could adequately interpret the message.It is only by assessing the meanings of SL units in ST against the linguistic and situational contexts that the translator can discover what they mean in the particular case and what equivalents should be chosen as their substitutes. For example: In every ceremony the bandsman stood and announced himself the start. – H ar bir tadbirda orkestrantning o‘zi turib tadbir boshlanishini e’lon qilardi. During the Great Fire in London a score of firemen

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Kuyovjo‘ra katta zalga Garrining orqasidan ergashib kirdi. MAN-compounds can be divided into four formal types in which MAN is preceded by a noun ( chairman ), an adjective ( madman ), a verb ( hangman) or a noun + s ( craftsman ). These formal types represent various semantic types, as given below. The capital letters N and V refer to noun and verb respectively. TYPE 1: N1 + N2 (= MAN), where N2 is occupied with the referent of N1 in different ways: a) N2 controls or works N1 ( chairman , fireman , gasman , postman , businessman ); N2 sells, delivers or manufactures N1 ( milkman , newspaper man ); N2 belongs to a specified professional group ( clergyman , policeman , seaman ) b) N2 is (like) N1 ( frogman , spiderman ). The implication is originally fig

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan colour( blackman ), as well as the ethnic combinations ( Englishman , etc.), excluded from this study. 10 TYPE 3: V + N. In present-day English, the verbal element is often identical in form with the corresponding noun, so that classifying these combinations as TYPE 3 instead ofTYPE 1 is rather a matter of interpretation. In this combination MAN functions as anagent who acts in the way expressed by the verbal element. The action may be transitive or intransitive. Thus a workman works and a hangman hangs (somebody). TYPE 4: N1 + s + N2. The first element may indicate a particular skill or a solidarity circle ( craftsman , oarsman , backwoodsman , clansman ). We can ignore the origin of s , whether genitival or plural. (Various explanations for different

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Aid-man – sanitar Air-man – uchuvchi Alderman – shaharboshqarmasininga’zosi Almsman – kambag‘al Ape-man – primat Ashman – axlatniyig‘ishtiribyuradigankishi Axe-man – daraxtkesuvchi Backwoodsman – qishloqi Badgeman – gadoy Bagman – sayyorsavdogar Bailsman – kafil Banksman – dastachi, sopchi Bargeman – barjajamoasia’zosi Barman – barmen Barnman – g‘allayanchuvchi Batman – ofitserningshaxsiyxizmatidagiaskar Batsman – to‘pniuribqaytaruvchi Beadsman –ibodatchi Bedesman – tilanchi, kambag‘al Bellman –jarchi, xabarchi Bestman – kuyovjo‘ra 43

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Boatman – qayiqchi Blind – man’s buf – ko‘zbog‘lasho‘yini Blind – man’s holiday – kechqurungig‘ira - shiravaqt Bondsman – kafil Bookman – o’qimishli, olimkishi Brahman – brahman Brake(s)man – shaxtadagi yuk ko‘taruvchi machinist Boken man – jamiyatdanchetlashibqolgankishi Butter – man – yog‘ sotuvchikishi Camera – man – fotosuratchi Cattleman – podachi Corner-man – anqov Counterman – sotuvchi Countryman – yurtdosh Cowman – firma ishchisi Cragsman – alpinist Door-man – shveytsar Draftsman – chizmachi Dragoman – tarjimon Drayman – izvoshchi Dustman – axlatchi 44

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Everyman – tor fikrlioddiyodam Fieldsman – qabulqiluvchio‘yinchi (kriket) Fireman – o‘to‘chiruvchi Flagman –signalchi Flyman – izvoshchi Footman – qarol Foreman – usta Freeman – shaharningfaxriyfuqarosi Freshman – birinchibosqichtalabasi Gag-man – askiyachi Gentleman – nazokatlikishi German – tug‘ishgan Gownsman – mantiyakiyuvchi Headman – ishboshchi Headsman – jallod Henchman – tarafdor Horseman – otliq, chavandoz Husbandman – dehqon, ziroatchi Iceman – muzqaymoqsotuvchi, alpinist Junkman – eskifurush Keyman – tajribalimutaxassis 45

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Kinsman – qavm – qarindosh Lady’s man – oshiq, xushtor Landsman – tajribasizdengizchi Leadsman – dengizchuqurliginio‘lchovchikishi Madman – devonakishi Mailman – pochtachi Marksman – mergan Newsman – muxbir Nightman – tungiqorovul Nobleman – oqsuyakkishi Oilman – neftsanoatixodimi One – man – birkishilik Penman – yozuvchi, xattot Postman – xattashuvchi Radioman – radio mutaxassisi Raftsman – sol oqizuvchi Ragman – eskifurush Rifleman – o’qotuvchi, mergan Salesman – sotuvchi Seaman – dengizchi Spaceman – kosmonavt 46

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Sportsman – sportchi Staman – changchi Statesman – davlatarbobi Steersman – rulniboshqaruvchi Superman – o‘taqudratliodam Talesman – sudmaslahatchisi Talisman – tumor Taximan – taksihaydovchisi Toyman – o‘yinchoqsotuvchi tradesman – savdogar watchman – tungiqorovul waterman – qayiqchi weatherman – meteorolog whaleman – kit ovlovchi wheelman – velosipedchi wheelsman – ruldaturuvchi woodman – o‘rmonqorovuli woodsman – duradgor yachtsman – yaxtaegasi yardman – park ishchisi yeoman – kichikyerxo‘jayini 47

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Conclusion 48

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Having analyzed compounds in English and their comparison with the Uzbek ones. As we looked through everything concerning with compounds and it essential for lexicology to determine the place and the role of compounds in English. As our investigation showed compound is one of the most necessary ways enriching vocabulary of a language. Thus we came to conclusion that: 1. Word-formation is the process of creating words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. 2. As a subject of study, word-formation is that branch of Lexicology, which studies the patterns on which the Eng lish language builds words. Like any other linguistic phe nomenon, word-formation may be studied synchronically and diachr

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan identical notions in the two texts means that the basic structure of the messages they convey remains intact. If in the previous types of equivalence the translation gave the information of “what the original message is for” and “what it is about”, here it also indicates “what is said in the original”, i.e. what aspect of the described situation is mentioned in the communication. For example:The sail was patched with fisherman and, furled; it looked like the flag of permanent defeat. And translation in Uzbek: Dag’almatodanto’qilganyelkanyamalaverib, baliqchihoriganbo’lib, o’rog’likholdayaksonchiqqanpolkningyalovigao’xshardi. Bibliography 50

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan Literature in Uzbek 1. И.А. Каримов , Баркамол авлод орзуси, -Тошкент: 1999. 2. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On education” and the National Programme for Training. 3. “Chet tili o’qitish tizimining yanada takomillashtirish chora - tadbirlari” Xalq so’zi December 10, 2012. 4. Бўтаев Ш.Т. “Ўзбекча – инглизча луғат”. Тошкент 20 13 . 403-бет 5. Мусаев Қ. Таржима назарияси. Тошкент. 2005 – 250 бет 6. Саломов Ғ. Таржима назариясига кириш. Тошкент. 1986 – 215 бет 7. Саломов Ғ. Таржима назарияси асослари. 1989 – 247 бет Literature in Russian 1. Амосова Н. “Основы английской фразеологии” (Санкт Петербург). 1963 2. Арнольд И.В. “ Лексикология современного английского языка”. М. 1959 3. Коммисаров В.Н. Прагматика языка. М. 1982 4. Комиссаров В.Н. Пособие

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 1. Arnold I.V. “The English word”. M. 1973 2. Buranov J., Muminov. O. “A practical course in English lexicology”. T.1992 3. Baker J.T. - Correct word, how to use it . Chicago 1911. 4. Brown I. - Say the word. London 1941. 5. Brown I. - Chosen words. London 1955. 6. Callahan J. J. - Words’ study. Pittsburgh 1939 7. Collins V. H. - The choice of words. London 1952 8. Dodge L. W. - Knowing and using words. Boston 1917. 9. Ginsburg R.S. “ A course in modern English lexicology”. M. 1966 10. Hatch E., Brown Ch. “Vocabulary; semantic and language education”. L.1992 11. Herbert A. P. - What a word. London 1935 12. Hixon J. C. and Conondy J. - Word ways. NewYork. 1939 13. James R.H., Heasley B. “Semantics: a coursebook”. L. 1994 14. Kempson R.M. “Semantic theory

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 20. Olga Akhamova - “Linguistic terminology” - Moscow Unversity 1977 21. Partridge E. “The words of words”. L . 1982 22. Peter Newman - “Approaches to translation” - Center for translation and languages studies University of Surrey, 1988 Prentice Hall International Group 23. Peter Newmark - “A textbook of translation” - Center for translation and languages studies University of Surrey, 1988 - Prentice Hall International Group 24. Ronnie C. “Formal semantics”. L 1982 25. Tom McArthur - “Lexicon of Contemporary English” - Longman “Longman Group Limited” 1981 26. World Book Encyclopedia - “World Book”, INC Scott Fetzer Company - Chicago Longman; 27. White G. - Words and their use. NewYork. 1947 List of the used web sites: 1. www.ziyonet.uz 53

www.arxiv.uz saytidan yuklab olingan 2. www.referataz.com 3. www.antithesis.google.com 4. www.wikipedia.com 5. http://www.phrases.org.uk 6. http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook107/01/part-195.htm 7. http://engblog.ru/subordinate-clauses 8. http://www.iep.utm.edu/conc-cl/ 9. www.krugosvet.ru 10. www.fulbright.ru 11. http://www.m-w.com 12. www.jiport.com 13. www.yourdictionary.com 14. www.onelook.com 54

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