Uzbekistan history. History of Uzbekistan - История - Презентации

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Uzbekistan history. History of Uzbekistan

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The Pre-Tsarist (18th -19th centuries), the Tsarist (Russian empire-19th-20th centuries) and the Soviet communist period (1917-1991 yy ) In the khanates ( Kingdoms) that once comprised the present day Uzbekistan, people did not know what popular sovereignty meant. The khans ( Kings ) claimed their throne and asserted legitimacy on the basis of lineage and maintenance of sharia (Islamic rule). The ulema (Islamic clergy) was also important in sanctifying khans and convincing the population to submit to their rule www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

BukharaBukhara www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

People’s Soviet Republic of People’s Soviet Republic of Khwarizm (Khorezmian PSR).Khwarizm (Khorezmian PSR). The flag used by the khanate of Khiva during the civil war (1917-1922) www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

In December, 1917, the Kokand Autonomous State became independent under Mustafa Chokai- Beg who hoisted a flag modeled on the Turkish flag, Red over Dark Blue with the star and crescent in the center . The Kokand Autonomous Government fell in the Winter of 1918. www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

Enver Pasha directed the Young Turks of "Union and Progress". After World War I, he 1918 fled to Germany and later to Moscow, where he was sent to Central Asia to convince the Muslim peoples that the communism was good. Enver, secretly a Bolchevik enemy, arrived to the Bukhara republic and allied himself with the local leader (progesist) Pulat Khodja, president of the Republic, who held power after the fall of the emir. Pulat asserted the independence of the republic and with Enver created a Pan- Turkish movement originating from Bukhara, with the help of the strong movement Pan-Turkish in the former Russian Turkestan, which was named basmachi. The movement of the Pan-Turkish (Basmachis) started 1921, adopted a flag in Samarcanda in September 1921, in a meeting of the "Insurgen

Chronology 1922: The 10th All-Russian Congress of Soviets/1st All-Union Congress of Soviets takes place. Present are the RSFSR , the Transcaucasian SSR , the Ukrainian SSR , the White Russian SSR . In 1924 , the Uzbek and Turkmen SSR s are formed. In 1929 , the Tajik SSR is formed. The 1936 Stalin Constitution names 11 republics as forming the USSR: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the White Russian SSR, the Georgian SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR, the Kazakh SSR, the Kirghiz SSR, the Uzbek SSR, the Turkmen SSR, and the Tajik SSR. In March of 1940, the Karelian ASSR is upgraded to Karelo-Finnish SSR, pending the conquest of Finland. It is downgraded back to ASSR in 1956. In August of 1940, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania become the 14th, 15th, and 16th SSRs (in no particulate order).

22 July 1925 On 9 January 1926 the Arabic letters were replaced with latin letters (three times: in usbek, in russian and in tadjik ) The constitution of 1927 did not change the flag, but in 1931 the Tadjik ASSR was separated from Uzbekistan. The 103rd article of the constitution of 1931 described the flag without the letters in tadjik. The last change of the soviet era was made on 29 August 1952 (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet), when the striped flag was adopted. The emblem of the SSR was introduced on 14 February 1937 by art. 143 of the then constitution (according to Hesmer [hes92]) and it was replaced by the current one July 1992. The current emblem retains many parts of the old SSR one: the grain and cotton wreaths, the ribbon (in the national colours now, though) with

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 .  Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan _ Area 447,400 sq km 2,717,300 sq km 198,500 sq km 143,100 sq km 488,100 sq km  Population 26,851,195 15,185,844 5.146, 281 7,163,506 4,952,081  Independence 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991  Constitution 1992 1995 1992 (amended 2003 ) 1992 1992  Capital Tashkent Astana Bishkek Dushanbe Ashgabat Institutional design Semi-Presidential Semi-presidential Semi-presidential Semi-Presidential Semi-presidential Executive: President President President President President  Prime Minister Prime Minister Prime Minister Prime Minister Prime Minister Legislative: Bicameral Bicameral Bicameral Bicameral Unicameral Senate (100 seats) Senate (39 seats) Assembly of People’s Assembly of Representatives People’s Council Legislative Chambers Majilis

 Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan   Russians Russians Russians Uzbeks Russians  (8.3%) (34%) (17.1%) (25%) (9.5%)  Tajiks Ukrainians Uzbeks Pamiri Tajiks Uzbek  (4.7%) (4.8%) (13.8%) (3%) (9%)  Kazakhs Germans Ukrainians Russians Kazakhs  (4.1%) (3.4%) (1.8%) (1.7%) (2.5%)  Volga Tatars Uzbeks Tatars Tatars Ukrainians (0.8%)  (2.4%) (3..0%) (1.3%) (2.4%) Azeris (0.8%)  Uighurs (0.9) Armenians (0.7%)  Karakalpaks Kazakh (0,9 ) Volga Tatars Baluchis (0.8%)  (2.1%) German (0.8) (1.4%)   And etc., www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

Central Asian main Central Asian main political partiespolitical parties UzbekistanUzbekistan – People’s Democratic Party (NDP), Self-Sacrificer’s Party (alliance with Fatherland People’s Democratic Party (NDP), Self-Sacrificer’s Party (alliance with Fatherland Progress Party), Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party, Democratic National Progress Party), Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party, Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milliy Tiklanish), Liberal-Democratic party.Rebirth Party (Milliy Tiklanish), Liberal-Democratic party.  KazakhstanKazakhstan – Republican Party ‘Otan’, Republican Party ‘Asar’, Agrarian-Industrial Union of Workers Republican Party ‘Otan’, Republican Party ‘Asar’, Agrarian-Industrial Union of Workers (AIST), Democratic Party of Kazakhstan(AIST), Democratic Party

 The ERK ( Freedom ) Democratic Party grew out of the Birlik (Unity) Popular Front of The ERK ( Freedom ) Democratic Party grew out of the Birlik (Unity) Popular Front of Uzbekistan which was started by Muhammad Salih and two of his friends in November, Uzbekistan which was started by Muhammad Salih and two of his friends in November, 1988. ERK took its name from a Turkistani nationalist party of the same name that was 1988. ERK took its name from a Turkistani nationalist party of the same name that was active among intellectuals in Central Asia in the 1920s. The ERK party distinguished itself active among intellectuals in Central Asia in the 1920s. The ERK party distinguished itself from the rest of the Birlik movement by stressing the principle of "Independence First" from the r

Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenista n 2005 Presidential Presidential Parliamentary (1st and 2nd round) Parliamentary (1st and 2nd round) 2004 Parliamentary Parliamentary Parliamentary 2003 Parliamentary 2000 Presidential Parliamentary Presidential Parliamentary (1st and 2nd round) Parliamentary (low house) 1999 Parliamentary (1st and 2nd round) Presidential Parliamentary Presidential Referendum (Constitution ) 1998 Referendum (Constitution) 19961996 ReferendumReferendum (extended President (extended President termterm 19941994 Post –Soviet parliament Post –Soviet parliament election (Unicameral)election (Unicameral) 19911991 President election President election (first and last (first and last democratic election)democratic election) www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

Political liberalization and regime Political liberalization and regime type in Central Asiatype in Central Asia YearYear UzbekistanUzbekistan KazakhstanKazakhstan KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan TajikistanTajikistan TurkmenistanTurkmenistan 1991-921991-92 1993-991993-99 1999-20061999-2006 Soft autocracy (6.5 PF)Soft autocracy (6.5 PF) Hard autocracy(7,6 NF)Hard autocracy(7,6 NF) Hard autocracy (8.0 Hard autocracy (8.0 NF)NF) Soft auto (5,4 PF)Soft auto (5,4 PF) Soft auto(6,5 NF)Soft auto(6,5 NF) Soft auto(^6,5NF)Soft auto(^6,5NF) Soft A. (5,4 PF)Soft A. (5,4 PF) Electoral Electoral Democracy (4,4 Democracy (4,4 PF) PF) Until 2004 was Until 2004 was soft autocracy soft autocracy (5,5PF), after (5,5PF), after 2004 is electoral 2004 is electoral Democracy (3,5 Democracy (3,5 F)F) Electoral Electoral De

Civil rights in Central AsiaCivil rights in Central Asia Uzbekistan 6.86 Kazakhistan 5.67 Kyrgizstan 4.69 Tajikistan 6.36 Turkmenistan. 6.95 012345678 1 Mean (1992-2006) Uzbekistan Kazakhistan Kyrgizstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

Torture Scale In Central AsiaTorture Scale In Central Asia T orture in Central Asia Uzbekistan 6.02 Kazakhistan 3.54 Kyrgizstan 1.76 Tajikistan. 5.66 Turkmenistan 6.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Mean Torture Scale (1992-2006) C ountry Uzbekistan Kazakhistan Kyrgizstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

YearYear ____________________ CountriesCountries 1992 1993-1997 1998-2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20071992 1993-1997 1998-2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 UzbekistanUzbekistan 101.1 88-85 90.6-95.0 4.2 4.2 4.4 7.7 7.0 6.2 6.0101.1 88-85 90.6-95.0 4.2 4.2 4.4 7.7 7.0 6.2 6.0 KazakhstanKazakhstan 86.7 76.4 66.8-62.0 13.5 9.8 9.2 9.4 9.4 8.5 8.5 86.7 76.4 66.8-62.0 13.5 9.8 9.2 9.4 9.4 8.5 8.5 KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan 97.85 66.6 53.1-62.7 5.3 0.0 7.0 7.0 0.6 5.0 5.5 97.85 66.6 53.1-62.7 5.3 0.0 7.0 7.0 0.6 5.0 5.5 TajikistanTajikistan 91.o 64.9 57.7-48.9 10..2 9.5 10.1 10.6 6.7 8.0 6.091.o 64.9 57.7-48.9 10..2 9.5 10.1 10.6 6.7 8.0 6.0 TurkmenistaTurkmenista nn 92.1 82.8 63.6-55.3-64.1 20.4 23.0 21.0 10.0 6.5 6.5 92.1 82.8 63.6-55.3-64.1 20.4 23.0 21.0 10.0 6.5 6.5 www.arxiv.uzwww.ar

GDP Grows in 2001 -2007GDP Grows in 2001 -2007  Central AsiaCentral Asia 10.4 9.3 10.3 10.6 10.9 10.3 9.8 10.4 9.3 10.3 10.6 10.9 10.3 9.8 , People's Republic of China 8.3 9.1 10.0 10.1 9.9 9.5 8.8 Taiwan, The Republic of China - 2.2 4.2 3.4 6.1 4.1 4.4 4.0 www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

Rule of law in Central Asia Uzbekistan 2.5 Kazakhistan 3.54 Kyrgizstan 1.76 Tajikistan. 1.66 Turkmenistan 2.00 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1 quality of governance: rule of law scale (1996-2006) C o u n try Uzbekistan Kazakhistan Kyrgizstan Tajikistan Turkmenistanwww.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

Corruption perseption across Central Asia countries Uzbekistan 6.02 Kazakhistan 3.54 Kyrgizstan 1.76 Tajikistan. 5.66 Turkmenistan 6.00 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 1 Source: Transparency International (1992- 2006) C o u n try Uzbekistan Kazakhistan Kyrgizstan Tajikistan Turkmenistanwww.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

International dimensions of democracy  The absence of democratic reform and progress on The absence of democratic reform and progress on human rights in Uzbekistan has seen it becoming human rights in Uzbekistan has seen it becoming increasingly isolated from the international increasingly isolated from the international community. The EBRD has reduced its activities in the community. The EBRD has reduced its activities in the country, while the IMF has withdrawn completely.country, while the IMF has withdrawn completely.  The Soros Foundation shut down its offices, while the The Soros Foundation shut down its offices, while the OSCE has limited scope for carrying out its activities OSCE has limited scope for carrying out its activities in the country. During the post-9/11 period, Uzbeki

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Uzbekistan and China, Russia Uzbekistan and China, Russia relationsrelations www.arxiv.uzwww.arxiv.uz

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