XX - XXI Centuries English Poetry - Английский язык - Презентации

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XX - XXI Centuries English Poetry

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Plan: 1 Old English literature: c. 658–1100 2 Middle English literature: 1100–1500 3 English Renaissance: 1500–1660 4 Neo-Classical Period: 1660–1798 XX - XXI Centuries English Poetry www.arxiv.uz

The focus of this article is on literature in the English language from anywhere, not just the literature of England , so that it includes writers from Scotland , the whole of Ireland , Wales , as well as literature in English from former British colonies , including the US. However, up until the early 19th century, it deals with the literature written in English of Britain and Ireland . English literature is generally seen as beginning with the epic poem Beowulf , that dates from between the 8th to the 11th centuries, the most famous work in Old English , which has achieved national epic status in England, despite being set in Scandinavia . www.arxiv.uz

The next important landmark is the works of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400), especially The Canterbury Tales . Then during The Renaissance , especially the late 16th and early 17th centuries, major drama and poetry was written by William Shakespeare , Ben Jonson , John Donne and many others. Another great poet, from later in the 17th century, was John Milton (1608–74) author of the epic poem Paradise Lost (1667). The late 17th and the early 18th century are particularly associated with satire , especially in the poetry of John Dryden and Alexander Pope , and the prose works of Jonathan Swift . The 18th century also saw the first British novels in the works of Daniel Defoe , Samuel Richardson , and Henry Fielding , while the late 18th and early 19th century was

It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English, [1] dominated especially by Charles Dickens , but there were many other significant writers, including the Brontë sisters, and then Thomas Hardy , in the final decades of the 19th century. Americans began to produce major writers in the 19th century, including novelist Herman Melville , author of Moby Dick (1851) and the poets Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson . Another American, Henry James , was a major novelist of the late 19th and early twentieth century, while Polish-born Joseph Conrad was perhaps the most important British novelist of the first two decades of the 20th century www.arxiv.uz

Irish writers were especially important in the 20th century, including James Joyce , and later Samuel Beckett , both central figures in the Modernist movement. Americans, like poets T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound and novelist William Faulkner , were other important modernists. In the mid 20th century major writers started to appear in the various countries of the British Commonwealth , several who have been Nobel -laureates. Many major writers in English in the 20th and 21st centuries have come from outside the United Kingdom . The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World War II literature. It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period, relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox,

• A fuller discussion of literature in English from countries other than the UK and Ireland can be found in see also below. • For a discussion of literature from England in other languages than English, see British literature . www.arxiv.uz

Old English literature: c. 658–1100 The first page of Beowulf www.arxiv.uz

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late-14th-century Middle English alliterative romance . It is one of the better-known Arthurian stories of an established type known as the "beheading game". Developing from Welsh, Irish and English tradition, Sir Gawain highlights the importance of honour and chivalry. It is an important poem in the romance genre , which typically involves a hero who goes on a quest that tests his prowess. "Preserved in the same manuscript with Sir Gawayne were three other poems, now generally accepted as the work of its author. These are two alliterative poems of moral teaching, "Patience" and "Purity", and an intricate elegiac poem, Pearl . The author of Sir Gawayne and the other poems is frequently referred to as 'the Pearl

Geoffrey Chaucer Middle English lasts up until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard , a form of London -based English, became widespread and the printing press regularized the language. The prolific Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 1400), whose works were written in Chancery Standard, was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey . Among his many works, which include The Book of the Duchess , the House of Fame , the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde , Chaucer is best known today for The Canterbury Tales . This is a collection of stories written in Middle English (mostly written in verse although some are in prose ), that are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey fro

At this time literature was being written in various languages in England, including Latin, Norman-French, English, and the multilingual nature of the audience for literature in the 14th century can be illustrated by the example of John Gower (c. 1330 – October 1408). A contemporary of William Langland and a personal friend of Geoffrey Chaucer , Gower is remembered primarily for three major works, the Mirroir de l'Omme , Vox Clamantis , and Confessio Amantis , three long poems written in Anglo-Norman , Latin and, Middle English respectively, which are united by common moral and political themes. Significant religious works were also created in the 14th century, including works by an anonymous author in the manuscript called the Katherine Group , and by Julian of Norwich (ca.1

Medieval theatreIn the Middle Ages , drama in the vernacular languages of Europe may have emerged from religious enactments of the liturgy . Mystery plays were presented on the porch of the cathedrals or by strolling players on feast days . Miracle and mystery plays, along with moralities and interludes, later evolved into more elaborate forms of drama, such as was seen on the Elizabethan stages. Another form of medieval theatre was the mummers' plays , a form of early street theatre associated with the Morris dance , concentrating on themes such as Saint George and the Dragon and Robin Hood . These were folk tales re-telling old stories, and the actors travelled from town to town performing these for their audiences in return for money and hospitality. Mystery play

Nineteenth-century engraving of a performance from the Chester mystery play cycle . There are four complete or nearly complete extant English biblical collections of plays from the late medieval period ; although these collections are sometimes referred to as "cycles," it is now believed that this term may attribute to these collections more coherence than they in fact possess. The most complete is the York cycle of forty-eight pageants. They were performed in the city of York , from the middle of the fourteenth century until 1569. There are also the Towneley plays of thirty-two pageants, once thought to have been a true 'cycle' of plays and most likely performed around the Feast of Corpus Christi probably in the town of Wakefield , England during the late Middl

These biblical plays differ widely in content. Most contain episodes such as the Fall of Lucifer , the Creation and Fall of Man , Cain and Abel , Noah and the Flood , Abraham and Isaac , the Nativity , the Raising of Lazarus , the Passion , and the Resurrection . Other pageants included the story of Moses , the Procession of the Prophets , Christ's Baptism , the Temptation in the Wilderness , and the Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin . In given cycles, the plays came to be sponsored by the newly emerging Medieval craft guilds . Having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages, the morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment, which represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre

English Renaissance: 1500–1660 Following the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer , a lasting influence on literary language. The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. Like most of northern Europe, England saw little of these developments until more than a century later. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow in penetrating England, and the Elizabethan era in the second ha

Elizabethan and Jacobean period (1558–1625) During the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and then James I (1603–25), in the late 16th and early 17th century, a London-centred culture, that was both courtly and popular, produced great poetry and drama. English playwrights combined the influence of the Medieval theatre with the Renaissance 's rediscovery of the Roman dramatists , Seneca , for tragedy, and Plautus and Terence , for comedy. Italy was an important source for Renaissance ideas in England and the linguist and lexicographer John Florio (1553–1625), whose father was Italian, was a royal language tutor at the Court of James I , had furthermore brought much of the Italian language and culture to England. He was also the translator of Frenchman Montaigne into Eng

This Italian influence can also be found in the poetry of Thomas Wyatt (1503–42), one of the earliest English Renaissance poets. He was responsible for many innovations in English poetry and, alongside Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1516/1517–47), introduced the sonnet from Italy into England in the early 16th century. Wyatt's professed object was to experiment with the English tongue, to civilise it, to raise its powers to those of its neighbours. While a significant amount of his literary output consists of translations and imitations of sonnets by the Italian poet Petrarch , he also wrote sonnets of his own. Wyatt took subject matter from Petrarch's sonnets, but his rhyme schemes make a significant departure. Petrarch's sonnets consist of an " octave ", rhyming

Edmund Spenser (c. 1552–99) was one of the most important poets of this period, author of The Faerie Queene (1590 and 1596), an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I . Another major figure, Sir Philip Sidney (1554–86), was an English poet, courtier and soldier, and is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan Age . His works include Astrophel and Stella , The Defence of Poetry , and The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia . Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion (1567–1620), became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. See English Madrigal School . Among the earliest Elizabethan plays are Gorboduc (1561) by Sackville and Norton and Th

Gorboduc is notable especially as the first verse drama in English to employ blank verse , and for the way it developed elements, from the earlier morality plays and Senecan tragedy , in the direction which would be followed by later playwrights. The Spanish Tragedy , or Hieronimo is Mad Again is an Elizabethan tragedy written by Thomas Kyd between 1582 and 1592. Highly popular and influential in its time, The Spanish Tragedy established a new genre in English literature theatre, the revenge play or revenge tragedy. Its plot contains several violent murders and includes as one of its characters a personification of Revenge . The Spanish Tragedy was often referred to, or parodied, in works written by other Elizabethan playwrights , including William Shakespe

William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564–1616) stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school education. He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat, like the "university wits" who monopolised the English stage when he started writing. But he was very gifted and versatile, and he surpassed the "professionals", like Robert Greene , who mocked this "Shake-scene" of low origins. Shakespeare wrote plays in a variety of genres, including histories , tragedies , comedies and the late romances , or tragicomedies. His early classical and Italianate comedies, like A Comedy of Errors , containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences,

Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , published her first novel The Grass is Singing in 1950, after immigrating to England. She initially wrote about her African experiences. Lessing soon became a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing right through the century, and won the nobel prize for literature in 2007. Her other works include a sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and a sequence of five science fiction novels the Canopus in Argos : Archives (1979–83). Indeed from 1950 on a significant number of major writers came from countries that had over the centuries been settled by the British, other than America which had been producing s

The South African writer Olive Schreiner 's famous novel The Story of an African Farm was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories, In a German Pension , in 1911. The first major novelist, writing in English, from the Indian sub-continent , R. K. Narayan , began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist Graham Greene . Caribbean writer Jean Rhys 's writing career began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, Wide Sargasso Sea , was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton 's famous Cry, the Beloved Country dates from 1948. Doris Lessing , Cologne, 2006. www.arxiv.uz

From Nigeria a number of writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including novelist Chinua Achebe , who published Things Fall Apart in 1958, as well as playwright Wole Soyinka and novelist Buchi Emecheta . Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1986, as did South African novelist Nadine Gordimer in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist J.M. Coetzee (Nobel Prize 2003) and playwright Athol Fugard . Kenya 's most internationally renown author is Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o who has written novels, plays and short stories in English. Poet Derek Walcott , from St Lucia in the Caribbean, was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992. Two Irishmen and an Australian were also winners in the period after 1940: novelist and pla

Literature 1. Davies 1990 , p. 93. 2. Drabble 1996 , p. 323. 3. Angus Cameron (1983). "Anglo-Saxon literature" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages , v. 1, pp. 274–88. 4. Magoun, Francis P jr, "The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry", Speculum 28 : 446–67. 5. Fry, Donald K jr (1968), The Beowulf Poet: A Collection of Critical Essays , Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, pp. 83–113. 6. Henry Mayr-Harting, The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England . (Pennsylvania: University Press Pennsylvania, 1992). 7. The English Alliterative Tradition , University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. 8. Robinson 2001 : ‘Like most Old English poems, Beowulf has no title in the unique manuscript in which it survives (British Library, Cotton Vitellius A.xv, which was cop

The end www.arxiv.uz

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