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The investigation of newspaper style in English and Uzbek languages

Sotib olish

COURSE PAPER

The investigation of newspaper style in English
and Uzbek languages

2

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………..3
CHAPTER I. THE MAIN TOPIC OF NEWSPAPER STYLE
1.1. Brief outlines about Newspaper as a part as a part of Mass Media…….….......6
1.2. Newspaper Style in English language………………………………...…….....8
CHAPTER II. THE INVESTIGATION OF NEWSPAPER STYLE IN ENGLISH
AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
2.1. The structure of English newspaper……………………………………….....11
a) Brief news items and its lexical grammatical peculiarities………………....12
b) Advertisements and announcement………………………………………....22
2.2 . The linguistic analysis of Uzbek and English newspaper…………………..47
CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………..50
SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………....51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………..54

3

INTRODUCTION
This qualification paper is devoted to reveal linguistic features of newspaper
style in English and Uzbek languages. So our qualification paper is titled as “The
linguistic peculiarities of newspaper style”. We know that newspapers is one of the
types of Mass Media which reflects life as mirror. News show the real changes
which are happening round the world. They inform us about political, social,
economic life of countries and etc. Also, we have another type of newspapers
which we call an entertainment newspapers. Such newspaper differ from
government newspapers according to their content and linguistic peculiarities of
newspapers in English and Uzbek languages.
The actuality of this qualification paper by profound interest to the
comparative study of linguistic features of English and Uzbek newspaper.
As an object of this qualification paper we have taken English newspapers
“The Daily Mail”, “The Sunday Times” and the “New Europe” edited in England
and in the US, in Uzbek language « Ўзбекистон адабиёти ва санъати ».
Subject matter is newspaper style and its peculiarities.
The aim of my choosing this theme is that among other types of functional
style in English language newspaper style was an enigma for me and I decided to
open its secrets for myself as a phylologist and investigate linguistic peculiarities
of this style.
This qualification paper is to define the peculiarities of newspaper style and
to analyze the following basic newspaper features:
1) brief news items,
2) advertisements and announcements,
3) the headline,
4) the editorial,
The principal function of a brief news items is to inform the reader. It states
facts without giving explicit comments, and whatever evaluation there is in news
4

paragraphs is for the most part implicit and as a rule unemotional. News items are
essentially matter-of-fact, and stereotyped forms of expression prevail.
The principal function of advertisements and announcements , like that of
brief news, is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of advertisements and
announcements in the modern English newspaper: classified and non-classified.
The headline is a dependent form of newspaper writing. The specific
functional and linguistic traits of the headline provide sufficient ground for
isolating and analyzing it as a specific “genre” of journalism. The main function of
the headline is to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about.
The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an
interpretation of certain facts. Their purpose is to give the editor’s opinion and
interpretation of the news published and suggests to the reader that it is the correct
one.
In main part we have spoken the firstly General Notes on Newspaper Style
and the second one Brief News Items, the third one of main part we have spoken
Advertisements and Announcements in Newspaper style, the fourth one Main
Peculiarities of the Headline and at last one we have spoken Functions of the
Editorial.
Also, to investigate this style thoroughly we decided to discuss the theme in
comparison with Uzbek language.
Coming out of the aim there appeared different tasks to be taken under
discussion.
• to present theoretical position of stylistics as one of the branches of
linguistics.
• to inform about functional styles and its subtypes in the English
languages  to analyse linguistic peculiarities of newspaper style in Uzbek language.
• The following methods have been applied in the present qualification
paper.
5

a) descriptive method
b) comparative method
c) component analysis
Methodological basis of this qualification paper is that it includes the works
of foreign and native linguistics in the sphere of stylistics and general linguistics.
The analysed examples from English and Uzbek newspapers comprise contribution
into improvement of the second language acquisition an the material of this
qualification paper can be used in the process of teaching of such linguistic aspects
Current events.
The novelty of the work is that up to present newspaper style of one
language is studied in the sphere of only this language. But we have studied the
newspaper style in comparison with Uzbek language newspaper style.
Theoretical value of the qualification paper comprises contribution into
further, development of Comparative stylistics. Moreover the research makes a
certain contribution into the development of Comparative Typology as well as
Theory of Translation.
Practical value of the work comprises contribution into improvement of the
second language acquisition. And the material of the present work can be used in
the process of teaching of such linguistic educational Institutions.
The material includes:
• different types of scientific literature in stylistics.
• literary books of Uzbek, English and American authors.
• different types of newspapers.
• internet sites.
The qualification paper contains Introduction, Two Chapters, Summary and
Bibliography.

6

CHAPTER I. THE MAIN TOPIC OF NEWSPAPER STYLE I.1.Brief
notions about newspaper style
Mass Media plays a great role in social life development. It serves as a
communication between people, publishing, television, radio and state
organizations. Press- is the mirror of life. It shows real changes which are
happening in several spheres of our daily life. After the Independence of our
Republic, the fate of Mass Media grew up. There appeared real changes for
implementation of Mass Media as the 4 th
government. Of course, It is good for our
future life. Because, the democratization of society is the progress connected with
providing the freedom of speech and press in practice. Also, it is reminded, in the
64 th
article of constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan “The Mass Media is free
and it works juridically. It is responsible for the honesty of the information as a
signed rule.”
Nowadays, in our country there are much circumstances for free, wide and
frank activity of Mass Media and the creators who are serving for it. In the last
years the Oliy Majlis made several laws. They are “About the protection of
journalistic activity” (24 th
of April in 1997), “About the freedom and guarantee for
information getting” (24 th
of April in 1997), “About the rule of registration of Mass
Media in the Republic of Uzbekistan” (15 th
of April in 1998). These laws are the
protection of every type of Mass Media and every journalist. The law “about the
protection journalists activity” gave to journalists juridical and social guarantees.
For instance, in the 4 th
article of law three reminded: “The censorship is prohibited
in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Nobody can get any agreement with the journalist
on information and materials before-hand. Also, no one can require him to change
the text of the material or information, or not to publish it.” But we must be careful
with our speech according to the speech responsibility. The true use of word which
will influence to people’s mind demands us to feel more responsibility and to be
sensible.
Our president Islom Karimov put some responsive requirements to Mass
7

Media as the 4 th
government. And in the congratulation to employees of Mass
Media and Press he reminded that if the journalist knew the theme he had choose
well enough he would have chances to analyse the achievements, lacks and
problems of this profession widely. In consequence the article would be honesty.
In the 3 rd
article of law “About Mass Media” it is reminded, that everyone
has right to come out in Mass Media in our country for describing his own opinion
straightly. Besides, that, Mass Media in our country acts according to the law
“About National language.”
If language is the mirror of society, then we shall say Mass Media is the
most important bond of ideological, political and other kind of fights. Because, the
connection of language with social life appears in Mass Media language. The Mass
Media language appears in publicistic style, because, there corresponds the
informative task to propaganda and agitation. We tried to show 7 features of
publicistic style. Learning such kind of features in special creative works of
journalists is the highest task or actual task, because, when the special creation of
journalists gathers, it will show the most actual tasks of society and life as political,
economical, ethical, philosophical, cultural problems and it will point the way of
their solution.
There may not be a person who will refuse that the language is the mirror of
society. Because, it is the witness which shows the degree of social development,
people’s national features, provements, belonging to its history, its cultural,
spiritual traditions and other things. As the language is the means of
communication and interference, there will be discussions on its duty. If we pay
attention to the language essence, on the one hand it is constant and conservative
line. This feature gives chance to serve as communication-interference means.
Such kind of means connect generations, centuries and thousands of years. Because
of language does such kind of duty, we can read Orkhan Henasoy memorials,
Makhmud Koshghary, Alisher Navoiy, Zakhriddin Mukhammad Bobur. We can
8

introduce with world ideas and leave informations about our history and culture to
our Generation.
If we call language as a mirror of society, then we shall call Mass Media
language as a means of ideological, political and other kind of struggles, because,
there appeared the bond of language and social life. The Mass Media language is
expressed in publicistic style, because, there the duty of language informative, that
is, giving information corresponds to propaganda and agitation. There in publicistic
works the most important problems of modern life: political, economical, ethical,
philosophical problems which society are interested in, culture, daily life and
upringing problem are shown. There are widely spread the newspaper-journal types
of publicistics.
Newspaper features.
1) Economical usage of language means, that is the short and concrete
expression of idea in order to provide the density of the information;
2) To choose the means of language which are understood by people
easily;
3) The usage of social political vocabulary and phraseology, and usage of
other styles in another meanings;
4) Existence of publicistic words and phrases;
5) The usage of different publicistic genre according to the lamguage
means and the existence of semantic words and the author’s neologisms like
occasionalisms;
6) The usage of scientific, colloquial, official and literary texts;
7) The usage of inversion and its richness of literary description means
especially, rhetorical questions, emotional sentences and repeations.
I. 2 NEWSPAPER STYLE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Newspaper style was the last of all the styles of written literary English to be
recognized as a specific dorm of writing standing a part from other forms.
English newspaper writing dates from the 17 th
century. At the close of the
9

16 th
century. Short news pamphlets began to appear. Any such publication either
presented news from only one source or dealt with one specific subject. Note the
titles of the earliest news pamphlets: “News, containing a short rehearsal of
Stukely’s and Morice’s Kebellion” (1579) “News from Spain and Holland” (1593),
“Wonderful and strange news out of Suffolke and Essex, where it rained a wheat
the space of six or seven miles” (1583). News pamphlets appeared only from time
to time and can not be classed as newspapers, though they were any questionably
the immediate former unners of the British press.
The first of any regular series of English newspaper was the Weekly News
which first appeared on May 23, 1622. It lasted for some twenty years till 1641 it
ceased publication. The 17 th
century saw the rise of a number of other news sheets
which, with varying success, struggled on in the teeth of discouragement and
restrictions imposed by the Crown. With the introduction of a strict licensing
system many such shells were suppressed, and the Government, in its turn, set
before the public a paper of its own The London Gozette , first published on
February 5, 1666. The paper was semi – weekly and carried official information,
royal decrees, news from abroad, and advertisements.
The Daily Courant – was brought out on March 11, 1702. The paper carried
news largely foreign, and no comment, the latter being against the principles of the
first issue of his paper. Thus the early English newspaper was principally a vehicle
of information. Commentary back as the middle of the 18 th
century the British,
newspaper was very much like what it is today, carrying on its pages news both
foreign and domestic advertisements, announcements and articles containing
comments.
The rise of American newspaper, which was brought into American soil by
British setters, dates back to the late 17 th
, early 18 th
centuries.
It took the English newspaper more than a century to establish a style and a
standard of its own. And it is only by the 19 th
century that newspaper English may
10

be said to have developed into a system of language media, forming a separate
functional style.
The specific conditions of newspaper publication, the restrictions of time
and space, have left an indelible mark on newspaper English. For more than a
century writers and linguists have been vigorously attacking “the slipshod
construction and the vulgar vocabulary of newspaper English. The very term
newspaper English carried a shade of disparagement. Yet, for all the defects of
newspaper English, serious though they may be, this form of the English literary
language cannot be reduced – as some purists have climbed – merely to careless
slovenly writing or to a distorted literary English. This is one of the forms of the
English literary language characterized as any other style – by a definite
communicative aim and its own system of language means.
Not all the printed matter faunal in newspaper comes under newspaper style.
The modern newspaper carries material of an extremely diverse character. On the
pages of newspaper one finds not only news and comments on it, press reports and
articles, advertisements and announcements, but also stories and poems, crossword
puzzles, chess problems and the like. Since the letter serve the purpose of
entertaining the reader, they cannot style, It is newspaper printed matter that
performs the function of informing the reader and providing him with an evolution
of the information published that can be regarded as belonging, to newspaper style.
Thus English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated
lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the
community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and
instructing the reader. Information and evolution co – exist in the modern English
newspaper, and it is only in terms of diachronic that the function of information
can claim priority. In fact, all kinds of newspaper writing are to a greater or sor
degree both informative evaluative. But, of course, it is obvious that in most of the
11

basic newspaper “gerres” one of the two functions prevails; that, for example, news
of all kinds is essentially informative whereas the editorical is basically evaluative.
CHAPTER II. THE INVESTIGATION OF NEWSPAPER STYLE IN
ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES II. 1. THE STRUCTURE
OF ENGLISH NEWSPAPER
Information in the English newspaper is conveyed, in the first place, through
the medium of:
1) brief news items
2) press reports (parliamentary, of court proceedings, etc.) 3)
articles purely informational in character.
4) Advertisements and announcements.
The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other
matters. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and way of
presentation of news, in the use of specific vocabulary, such as allege and claim,
casting some doubt on the facts reported, and syntactic constructions indicating a
lack of assurance on the pact of the reporter, as to the correctness of the facts
reported or his desire to avoid responsibility (for example: Mr. X was said to have
opposed the proposal, Mr. X was quoted as saying…). The headlines of news items
part from giving information about the subject – matter, also carry a considerable,
amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement of the headline, the use of
emotionally coloured words and elements of emotive syntax) thus indicating the
interpretation of the facts in the news item that follows. But, of course, the
principal vehicle of interpretation and appraisal is the newspaper article, and the
editorial in particular. Editorials (leading articles or leaders) are characterized by a
subjective hand-have much in common with classical specimens of publicistic
writing and are often looked upon as such. However, newspaper evaluative writing
unmistakably bears the stamp of newspaper style. Thus, articles, editorials
included, as coming within the system of English newspaper style. But it should be
noted that while editorials and other articles in opinion columns are predominantly
12

evaluative, newspaper feature articles, as a rule, carry a considerable amount of
information, and the ratio of the informative and the evaluative varies substantially
from article to article.
To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will
be sufficient to analyse the following basic newspaper features:
1) brief news items,
2) advertisements and announcements,
3) the headline,
4) the editorial,
a. BRIEF NEWS ITEMS AND ITS LEXICAL GRAMMATICAL
PECULIARITIES
The principle function of a brief news item is to inform the reader. It states
facts without giving explicit comments, and whatever evaluation there is in news
paragraphs is for the most part implicit and as a rule unemotional. News items are
essentially matter of fact and stereotyped forms of expression prevail. As an
invariant, the language of brief news items is stylistically neutral and unbiased
nature of newspaper reporting; in practice, however, departures from this principle
of stylistic neutrality (especially so – called “mass papers”) are quite common.
It goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary and common literary.
But apart from this, newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is
characterized by an extensive use of:
a) Special political and economic terms, e.g. Gocializm, constitution,
president, apartheid, by – election, General Assembly, Gross output, per capital
production.
b) Non – term political vocabulary. …, progressive, nationwide, unity,
peace. A characteristic. Features of political vocabulary is that the border line
between terms and non – terms is less distinct than in the vocabulary of other
13

special fields. The semantic structure of some words comprises bath terms and non
– terms, e.g. nation, crisis, agreement, member, representative, leader.
c) Newspaper clichés, i.e. stereotyped expressions, commonplace
phrases familiar to the reader, e.g. vital issue, pressing problem, informed sources,
danger of war, to escalate the war, war hysteria, over wheaming majority, plause.
Clichés than anything else reflect the traditional manner or expression in
newspaper writing. They are commonly looked upon as a defect of style. Indeed,
some clichés, especially those based on trite images(e.g. captains of industry pillars
of society, bulwark of civilization) are pompous and misleading. But nevertheless,
clichés are indispensable in newspaper style, they prompt the necessary
associations and prevent ambiguity and misunderstanding.
d) Abbreviations. News items, press reports and headlines abound in
abbreviations. Of various kinds. Among them Abbreviated terms – names of
organizations, public and state bodies, political associations, industrial and other
companies, various offices, etc – know by their initials are very common e.g. UNO
(United Nations Organization). TUC (Trades Union Congress), NATO (North
Atlantic treaty Organization), AFL – CIO (American Federation of laboux –
Congress of Industrial Organizations), EEC (European Economic Community),
TGWU (Transport and General Workers Union), FO (Foreigk office), PIB (Priced
and Incomes Board).
e) Neologisms. These are very common in newspaper vocabulary. The
newspaper is very quick to react to any new development in the life of society, in
science and technology. Hence, neologisms make their way into the language of
the newspaper very easily and often even spring up on newspaper pages, e.g. lunik,
a splash – down (the act of bringing a spacecraft to a water surface), a teach – in(a
form of campaigning through heated political discussion), backlash or a white
backlash laviolent reaction of American racists to the Negrois struggle for civil
14

rights), frentlash (a vigorous antiracist movement), stop – go policies
(contradictory, indecisive and inefficient policies).
The above – listed peculiarities of brief news items are the basic vocabulary
parameters of English newspaper style.
The vocabulary of brief news items is for the most part devoid of emotional
colouring. Gome papers, however, especially those classed among “mass” or
“popular” papers, tend to introduce emotionally coloured lexical units into
essentially matter-of-fact news stories, e.g.
“Health Minister Kenneth Robinson made this shock announcement
yesterday in the Commons”. (Daily Mirror)
“Technicians at the space base here are now working. Flat out to prepare
Germany 6 for next Monday’s blast-off”. (Daily-Mail)
“Defense Secretary Roy Mason yesterday gave a rather frosty reception in
the Commons to the latest proposal for a common defense policy for all EEC count
rues”. (Morning Star)
Important as vocabulary is, it is not much the words and phrases used in brief
news items that distinguish them from other forms of newspaper writing. The
vocabulary groups listed above are also commonly found in headlines and
newspaper articles. The basic peculiarities of news items lie in the syntactical
structure.
As the reporter is obliged to be brief, he naturally tries to cram all his facts
into the space allotted. This tendency predermines the peculiar composition of brief
news items and the syntactical structure of the sentence. The size of brief news,
items varies from one sentence to several (short) paragraphs. And generally, the
shorter the news items, the – more complex its syntactical structure.
GENERAL NOTES OF NEWSPAPER STYLE
Newspaper style was the last of all the styles of written literary English to
be recognized as a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms.
15

English newspaper writing dates from the 17 th
century. At the close of the
16 th
century short news pamphlets began to appear. Any such publication either
presented news from only one source or dealt with one specific subject. Note the
titles of some of the earliest news pamphlets: “New news, containing a short
rehearsal of Stukely’s and Morice’s Rebellion” (1579), 1
“News from Spain and
Holland” (1593), “Wonderful and strange news out of Suffolke and Essex, where it
rained wheat, the space of six or seven miles” (1583). News pamphlets appeared
only from time to time and cannot be classed as newspapers, though they were
unquestionably the immediate forerunners of the British press. The first of any
regular series of English newspapers was the Weekly News which first appeared
on May 23, 1622. it lasted for some twenty years till in 1641 it ceased publication.
The 17 th
century saw the rise of a number of other news sheets which, with varying
success, struggled on in the teeth of discouragement and restrictions imposed by
the Crown. With the introduction of a strict licensing system many such sheets
were suppressed, and the Government, in its turn, set before the public a paper pf
its own - The London Gazette, first published on February 5, 1666. the paper was a
semi-weekly and carried official information, royal decrees, news from abroad, and
advertisements.
The first English daily newspaper – the Daily Courant- was brought out on
March 11, 1702. the paper carried news, largely foreign, and no comment, the
latter being against the principles of the publisher, as was stated in the first issue of
his paper. Thus the early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of
information. Commentary as a regular feature found its way into the newspapers
later. But as far back as the middle of the 18 th
century the British newspaper was
very much like what it is today, carrying on its pages news, both foreign and
domestic, advertisements, announcements and articles containing comments. The
rise of the American newspaper, which was brought onto American soil by British
settlers, dates back to the late 17 th
, early 18 th
centuries. It look the English
1 Galperin I.R. Stylistics p.296
16

newspaper more than a century to establish a style and a standard of its own. And it
is only by the 19 th
century that newspaper English may be said to have developed
into a system of language media, forming a separate functional style. The specific
condition of newspaper publication, the restrictions of time and space, have left an
indelible mark on newspaper English. For more than a century writes arid linguistic
have been vigorously, attacking the slipshod construction.
The very term newspaper English carried a shade of disparagement. Yet, for
all the defects of newspaper English, serious though they may be this form of the
English literary language cannot be reduced-as some purists have claimed-merely
to careless slovenly writing or to a distorted literary English. This is one of the
forms of the English literary language characterized-so any other style-by a definite
communicative aim and its own system of language means. Not all the printed
matter found in newspapers comes under newspaper style. The modern newspaper
carries material of an extremely diverse character. On the pages of a newspaper
one finds not only news and comment on it, press reports and articles,
advertisements and announcements, but also stories and poems, crossword puzzles,
chess problems and the like. Since the latter serve the purpose of entertaining the
reader, they cannot be considered specimens of newspaper style. It is newspaper
printed matter that performs the function of informing the reader and providing
him with an evaluation of the information published that can be regarded as
belonging to newspaper style.
Thus, English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated
lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the
community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and
instructing the reader. Information and evaluation co-exist in the modern English
newspaper, and it is only in terms of diachronic that the function of information
can claim priority. In fact, all kinds of newspaper writing are to a greater or lesser
degree both informative and evaluative. But, of course, it is obvious that in most of
17

the basic newspaper “genres” one of the two functions prevails: thus, for example,
news of all kinds is essentially informative, whereas the editorial is basically
evaluative. Information in the English newspaper is conveyed, in the first place,
through the –medium of :
1) brief news items,
2) press reports (parliamentary, of court proceedings, etc.),
3) articles purely informational in character, 4) advertisements and
announcements.
The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other
“matters”. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the use of specific
vocabulary, such as allege and claim, casting some doubt on the facts reported, and
syntactic construction indicating a lack of assurance on the part of the reporter as to
the correctness of the facts reported or his desire avoid responsibility (for example,
“Mr. X was quoted as saying…”). The headlines of news items, apart from giving
information about the subject-matter, also carry a considerable amount of appraisal
(the size and arrangement of the headline, the use of emotionally coloured words
and elements of emotive syntax), thus indicating the interpretation of the facts in
the news item that follows. But, of course, the principal vehicle of interpretation
and appraisal is the newspaper article and the editorial in particular. Editorials
(leading articles or leaders ) are characterized by a subjective handling of facts,
political or otherwise. They have much in common with classical speciments of
publicistic writing and are often looked upon as such. However, newspaper
evaluative writing unmistakably bears the stamp of newspaper style. Thus, it seems
natural to regard newspaper articles, editorials included, as coming within the
system of English newspaper style. But it should be noted that while editorials and
other articles in opinion columns are predominantly evaluative, newspaper feature
articles, as a rule, carry a considerably amount of information, and the ratio of the
informative and the evaluative varies substantially from article to article.
18

To understand the language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will
be sufficient to analyze the following basic newspaper features:
1) brief news items,
2) advertisements and announcements,
3) the headline,
4) the editorial.
BRIEF NEWS ITEMS
The principal function of a brief news item is to inform the reader. It states
facts without giving explicit comments, and whatever evaluation there is in news
paragraphs is for the most part implicit and as a rule unemotional. News items are
essentially matter-of-fact, and stereotyped forms of expression prevail. As an
invariant, the language of brief news items is stylistically neutral, which seems to
be in keeping with the allegedly neutral and unbiased nature of newspaper
reporting; in practice, however, departures from this principle of stylistic
neutrality(especially in the so-called “mass papers”) are quite common.
It goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary used in newspaper
writing is neutral and common literary. But apart from this, newspaper style has its
specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of:
a) Special political and economic terms, e.g. Socialism, constitution,
president, a partied, by-election, General Assembly, gross output, per capita
production.
b) Non-term political vocabulary, e.g. public, people, progressive,
nationwide, unity, peace, a characteristic feature of political vocabulary is that the
border line between terms and non-terms is less distinct than in the vocabulary of
other special fields. The semantic structure of some words comprises both terms
and non-terms, e.g. nation, crisis, agreement, member, representative, leader.
c) Newspaper clichés, i.e. stereotyped expressions, commonplace
phrases familiar to the reader e.g. vital issue, pressing problem, informed sources,
danger of war, to escalate a war, war hysteria, over whelming majority, amid
19

stormy applause. Clichés more than anything else reflect the traditional manner of
expression in newspaper writing. They are commonly looked upon as a defect of
style. Indeed, some clichés, especially those based on trite images (e.g. captains of
industry, pillars of society, bulwark of civilization) are pompous and hackneyed,
others, such as welfare state, affluent society are false and misleading. But
nevertheless, clichés are indispensable in newspaper style: they prompt the
necessary associations and prevent ambiguity and misunderstanding.
d) Abbreviations. News items, press reports and headlines abound in
abbreviations of various kinds. Among them abbreviated terms- names of
organizations, public and state bodies, political associations, industrial and other
companies, various offices, etc.-known by their initials are very common, e.g.
UNO (United Nations Organization), TUG (Trades Union Congress), NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), AFL-CIO (American Federation of
LabourCongress of Industrial Organizations), EEC (European Economic
Community), TGWU (Transport and General Workers Union), FO (Foreign
Office), PIB (Prices and Incomes Board),
e) Neologisms. These are very common in newspaper vocabulary. The
newspaper is very quick to react to any new development in the life of society, in
science and technology. Hence, neologisms make their way into the language of
the newspaper very easily and often even spring up on newspaper pages, e.g. lunik,
a splash-down (the act of bringing a spacecraft to a water surface), a teach-in (a
form of campaigning through heated political discussion), backlash or white
baclash (a violent reaction of American racists to the Nefroes’ struggle for civil
rights), front lash (a vigorous antiracist movement), stop-go policies
(contradictory, indecisive and inefficient policies).
The above-listed peculiarities of brief news items are the basic vocabulary
parameters of English newspaper style.
20

The vocabulary of brief news items is for the most part devoid of emotional
colouring. Some papers, however, especially those classed among “mass” or
“popular” papers, tend to introduce emotionally coloured lexical units into
essentially matter-of-fact news stories, e.g.
“Health Minister Kenneth Robinson made this shock announcement
yesterday in the commons.” ( Daily Mirror )
“Defense Secretary Roy Mason yesterday gave a rather frosty reception in
the Commons to the latest proposal for a common defense policy for all EEC
countries.” (Morning Star)
Important as vocabulary is , it is not so much the words and phrases used in
brief news items that distinguish them from other forms of newspaper writing. The
vocabulary groups listed above are also commonly found in headlines and
newspaper articles. The basic peculiarities of news items lie in their syntactical
structure.
As the reporter is obliged to be brief, he naturally tries to cram all his facts
into the space allotted. This tendency predetermines the peculiar composition of
brief news items and the syntactical structure, of the sentences. The size of brief
news items varies from one sentence to several (short) paragraphs. And generally,
the shorter the news item, the more complex its syntactical structure.
The following grammatical peculiarities of brief news items are of
paramount importance, and may be regarded as their grammatical parameters.
a) Complex sentences with a developed system of clauses, e.g. “Mr.
Boyd-Carpenter, Chief Secretary to the Treasury and PaymasterGeneral (Kingston-
upon-Thames), said he had been asked what was meant by the statement in the
Speech that the position of war pensioners and those receiving national insurance
benefits would be kept under close review.” (The Times)
“There are indications that BO AC may withdraw- threats of all-out
dismissals for pilots who restrict flying hours, a spokesman for the British Airline
21

Pilots’ association said yesterday” ( Morning Star)
b) Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial) and verbal
noun constructions, e.g.
“Mr.Nobusuke Kishi, the former Prime Minister of Japan, has sought to set
an example to the faction-ridden Governing Liberal Democratic Party by
announcing the disbanding of his own faction numbering 47 of the total of 295
conservative members of the Lower House of the Diet.” ( The Times ) 2

c) Syntactical complexes, especially the nominative with the infinitive.
These constructions are largely used to avoid mentioning the source of information
or to shun responsibility for the facts reported, e.g.
“The condition of Lord Samuel, aged 92, was said last night to be a ‘little
better” ( The Guardian )
“A petrol bomb is believed to have been exploded against the grave of Cecil
Rhodes in the Matopos.” ( The Times )
d) Attributive noun groups are another powerful means of effecting
brevity
in news items, e.g. “ heart swap patient” ( Morning Star ), “ The national income and
expenditure figures” (The Times), “Labour backbench decision” (Morning Star),
“Mr. Wilson’s HMS fearless package deal” (Morning Star).
e) Specific word-order. Newspaper tradition, coupled with the rigid rules
of sentence structure in English, has greatly affected the word-order of brief news
items. The word-order in one-sentence news paragraphs and in what are called
“leads” (the initial sentences in longer news items) is more or less fixed.
Journalistic practice has developed what is called the “five-w-and-h-pattern rule”
( who-what-why-how-where-when) and for a long time strictly adhered to it. In
terms of grammar this fixed sentence structure may be expressed in the following
manner: Subject-Predicate (+Object) –Adverbial modifier of reason (manner) –
Adverbial modefier of place –Adverbial modifier of time, e.g.
2 Galperin I.R. Stylistics, p.300
22

“A neighbour’s peep through a letter box led to the finding of a woman dead
from gas and two others semiconscious in a block of council flats in Eccles New
Road, Salford, Lanes, yesterday.”(The Guardian)
It has been repeatedly claimed by the authors of manuals of journalistic
writing that the “five-w-arid-h” structure was the only right pattern of sentence
structure to use in news reports. Facts, however, disprove this contention. Statistics
show that there are approximately as many cases in which the traditional
wordorder is violated as those in which it is observed. It is now obvious that the
newspaper has developed new sentence patterns not typical of other styles. This
observation refers, firstly, to the position of the adverbial-modifier of definite time.
Compare another pattern typical of brief news sentence structure:
“Derec Heath, 4.3, yesterday left Falmouth for the third time in his attempt to
cross the Atlantic in a 12ft dinghy.” ( Morning Star )
“Brighton council yesterday approved a £ 22,500 scheme to have parking
meters operating in the centre of the town by March.” ( The Times ) This and some
other unconventional sentence patterns have become a common practice with brief
news writers.
“The committee- which was investigating the working of the 1969 Children
and Young Persons Act- said that some school children in remand centers are
getting only two hours lessons a day.” ( Morning Star)
There are some other, though less marked, tendencies in news item writing
of modifying well-established grammatical norms. Mention should be made of
occasional disregard for the sequence of tenses rule, e.g.
What is ordinarily looked upon as a violation of grammar rules in any other
kind of writing appears to be a functional peculiarity of newspaper style.
b. Advertisements and Announcements in Newspaper Style
Advertisements made their way into the British press at an early stage of its
development. So they are almost as old as newspapers themselves.
23

1. The principal function of advertisements and announcements, like that of
brief news, is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of advertisements and
announcements in the modern English newspaper: classified and non-classified.
In classified advertisements and announcements various kinds of information
are arranged according to subject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate
name. In The Times, for example, the reader never fails to find several hundred
advertisements and announcements classified into groups, such as
BIRHTS, MARRIAGES, DEATHS, IN MEMORI-AM, BUSINESS OFFERS,
PERSONAL, etc. This classified arrangement has resulted in a number of
stereotyped patterns regularly employed in newspaper advertising. Note one of the
accepted patterns of classified advertisements and announcements in The Times:
Grammatical peculiarities of English newspaper.
The following gr4ammatical peculiarities of brief news items are of
paramount importance, and may be regarded as their grammatical parameters.
a) Complex sentences with a developed system of clauses, e.g.
“Mr. Boyd – Carpenter, Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Paymaster –
General (Kingston-upon-Thames), said he had been asked what was meant by the
statement in the Speech that the position of mar pensioners and those receiving
national insurance benefits would be kept under close review”. (The Times)
“There are indications that BOAC may withdraw threats of all-out
dismissals for pilots who restrict flying hours, a spokesman said yesterday”
(Morning Star).
b) Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial) and verbal
noun
constructions e.g.
“Mr. Nobusuke Kishi, the former Prime Minister of Japan, has sought to set
an example to the faction ridden Governing liberal Democratic Party by
24

announcing the disbanding of his own faction numbering 47 of the total of 296
conservative members of the lower House of the Diet.” (The Times).
c) Syntactical complex, especially the nominative with the infinitive.
These construction are largely used to avoid mentioning the source of information
or to shun responsibility for the facts reported, e.g.
“The condition of lord Samuel, aged 92, was said last night to be a little
letter” (The Guardian).
“A petrol bomb is believed to have been exploded against the grove of ceil
Rhades in the Motopos”. (The Times).
d) Attributive noun groups are another powerful means of effecting
brevity
in news items, e.g.
“ Heart swap patient ” (Morning Star), “ the national income and
expenditure figures” (The Times), “ Labour backbench decision” (Morning Star)
“Mr. Wilson’s HMS Fearless package deal” (Morning Star).
e) Specific word-order. Newspaper tradition, couplet with the rigid rules of
sentence structure in English, has greatly items. The word – order in one – sentence
news paragraphs and in what are cafled “leads” (the initial sentences in longer
news items) is more or less fixed. Journalistic practice has developed what is called
the “five-w-and-h-pattern rule” (who – what – why – how – where – when) and for
a long time strictly adhered to it. In terms of grammar this fixed sentence structure
may be expressed in the following manner: Subject – Predicate (+ Object) –
Adverbial modifier of reason (manner) – Adverbial modifier of place – Adverbial
modifier of time, e.g.
“A neighbour’s peep through a letter box led to the finoling of a woman
dead from gas and two others semiconscious in a block of council flats in Eccles
New Road, Galford, lances, yesterday ” (The Guardian).
It has been repeadetly claimed by the authors of manuals of journalistic
writing that the “five – w – and – h” structure was the only right pattern of
25

sentences structure to use in news reports. Facts, however, disprove this contention.
Statistics show that there are approximately as many cases in which the traditional
word – order is violated as those in which it is observed. It is now obvious that the
newspaper has developed new sentence patterns not typical of other styles. This
observation refers; firstly, to the position of the adverbial modifier of definite time.
Compare another pattern typical of brief news sentence structure:
“Derec Heath, 43, yesterday left Falmouth for the third time in his attempt
to cross the Atlantic in a 12ft dingy.” (Morning Star)
“Brighton council yesterday approved a 22,500 scheme to have parking
maters operating in the centre of the town by March” (The Times).
This and some other unconventional sentence patterns have become a
common practice with brief news writers.
There are some other, though less marked, tendencies in news item writing
of modifying well – established grammatical norms. Mention should be made of
occasional disregard for the sequence of tenses rule, e.g.
“The committee – which was investigating the working of the 1969
Children and Young Persons Act – said that some school children in remand
centres are getting only two hour’s lessons a day”. (Morning Star).
What ordinarily looked upon as a violation of grammar rules in any other
kind of writing appears to be functional peculiarity of newspaper style.
b. Advertisements and Announcement
Advertisements made their way into the British press at on early stage of its
development, i.e. in the onid – 17 th
century. So they are almost as old as
newspapers themselves.
The principal function of advertisements and announcements , like that of
brief news, is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of advertisements and
announcements in the modern English newspaper classified and non – classified.
26

In classified advertisement and announcements various kinds of information
are arranged according to subject – matter into sections, each breaking an
appropriate name. In The Times, for example, the reader never fails to find several
hundred advertisements and announcements classifield into groups, such as
BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, DEATHS, INMEMO, RIAM, BUSINESS OFFERS,
PERSONAL, etc. This classified arrangement has, resulted in a number of
stereotyped patterns regularly employed in newspaper advertising. Note one of the
accepted patterns of classified advertisements and announcements in The Times.

BIRTHS
CULHANE – On November 1 st
, at st. Bartholomew’s Hospital, to
BAKBARA and JOHN CULHANE – a son .
All announcements in the Birth section are built on exactly the same
elliptical pattern. This tendency to eliminate from the sentence all elements that can
be done without is a pronounced one in advertisement and announcement writing.
The elliptic sentence structure has no stylistic function; it is wily technical to
economize space, expensive in what newspaper men call the “advertising hole”.
Though, of course, having become a common practice, this peculiarly brevity of
expression a stylistic feature of advertisements and announcements which may take
a variety of forms, for example: TRAINED NURSE with child 2 years sucks post
London preferred – write Box C. 6.58, The Times, E.C.4.
Here the absence of all articles and some punctuation marks makes the
statement telegram – like. Sentences which are grammatically complete also tend
to be short and compact.
The vocabulary of classified advertisements and announcements is on the
whole essentially neutral with here and there a sprinkling of emotionally coloured
words or phrases used to attract the readers attention. Naturally, it is
advertisements and announcements in the PERSONAL section that are sometimes
characterized by emotional colouring, for example:
27

ROBUST friendly student, not entirely unintelligent Christmas vocation job.
No wife, will travel, walk, ride or drive and undertake any domestic, agricultural or
industrial activity. Will bidders for this curiously normal chap please write 13ox c.
552, The Times, E.C. 4.
Emotional colouring is generally moderate, though editors seem to place no
restrictions on it. See the following announcement in the PERSONAL section of
The Times:
Alleluia! I’m a mum.
(A jocular modification of the chorus of the well – known American song
“Alleluia, I’m a mum”. A young woman is stating that she has become a mother).
As for the non – classified advertisements and announcements, the variety
of language form and subject – matter is so great that hardly any essential features
common to all may be every possible means: typographical, graphical and stylistic,
both lexical and syntactical. Here there is no call for brevity, as the advertiser may
buy as much space as he choose.
The following are the initial lines of a full – page advertisement of Barclays
Bank carried by an issue of The Guardian.
All announcements in the ‘Birth’ section are built on exactly the same
elliptical pattern. This tendency to eliminate from the sentence all elements that can
be done without is a pronounced one in advertisement and announcement writing.
The elliptic sentence structure has no stylistic function; it is purely technical – to
economize space, expensive in what newspaper men call the “advertising hole”
Though, of course, having become a common practice, this peculiar brevity of
expression is a stylistic feature of advertisements and announcements which may
take a variety of forms, for example:
TRAINED NURSE with child 2 years seeks post London preferred- Write
Box C.658, The Times, e.g. 4.
28

Here the absence of all articles and some punctuation marks makes the
statement telegram-like. Sentences which are grammatically complete also tend to
be short and compact.
The vocabulary of classified advertisements and announcements is on the
whole essentially neutral with here and there a sprinkling of emotionally coloured
words or phrases used to attract the reader’s attention. Naturally, it is
advertisements and announcements in the PERSONAL section that are sometimes
characterized by emotional colouring, for example:
ROBUST, friendly student, not entirely unintelligent, seeks Christmas
vacation job. No wife, will travel, walk, ride or drive and undertake any domestic,-
agricultural or industrial activity. Will bidders for this curiously normal chap
please write Box C.552, The Times, e.g. 4
Emotional colouring is generally moderate, though editors seem to place no
restrictions on it. See the following announcement in the PERSONAL section of
The Times:
“Alleluia! I’m a mum”
(A jocular modification of the chorus of the well-known American song
Alleluia)
“I’m a bum”. (A young woman is stating that she has become a
mother)
As for the non-clasified advertisements and announcements, the variety of
language form and subject-matter is so great that hardly any essential features
common to all may be pointed out. The reader’s attention by every possible means:
typographical, graphical and stylistic, both lexical and syntactical. Here there is no
call for brevity, as the advertiser may buy as much space as he chooses.
The following are the initial lines of a full-page advertisement of Barclays
Bank carried by an issue of The Guardian:
WHAT WE WANT
29

A bank’s business is with other people’s money, so we want people whose
integrity is beyond question. Money is a very personal business, so we want people
who like people. Banking is work that calls for accuracy, so we want people who
can work accurately. Our staff has to have integrity, personality, accuracy; we want
them to have imagination too,

4. The Headline
The headline (the title given to a news item or an article) is a dependent form
of newspaper writing. It is in fact a part of a larger whole. The specific functonal
and linguistic traits of the headline provide sufficient ground for isolating and
analyzing it as a specific “genre” of journalism. The main function of the headline
is to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about. But apart from
this, headlines often contain elements of appraisal, i.e. they show the reporter’s or
the paper’s attitude to the facts reported or commented on, thus also performing the
function of instructing the reader. English headlines are short and catching, they
“compact the gist of mews stories into a few eye-snaring words. A skillfully turned
out headline tells a story, or enough of it, to arouse or satisfy the reader’s
curiosity.” 1 in some English and American newspapers sensational headlines are
quite common. The practices of headline writing are different with different
newspapers. In many papers there is , as a rule, but one headline to a news item,
whereas such papers as The Times, The Guardian, The New York Times often
carry a news item or an article with two or three headlines, and sometimes as many
as four, e.g.
BRITAIN ALMOST “CUTIN HALF”
Many Vehicles Marooned in Blizzard
(The Guardian)
STATE AUDIT FINDS NEW CITY DEFICITS IN LAST
2 BUDGETS
30

Asserts Bookkeeping Errors Led Controller to Overstate Anticipated
Revenues
$ 292-MILLION INVOLVED
Report Asserts Both Beamed And Golden Issued Notes Without Proper
Backing
(The New York Times)
FIRE FORCES AIRLINER TO TURN BACK

Safe Landing for 97 Passengers
Cabin Filled With Smoke
Atlantic Drama in Super VC10 3

(The Times)
Such group headlines are almost a summary of the information contained in
the news item or article.
The functions and the peculiar nature of English headlines predetermine the
choice of the language means used. The vocabulary groups considered in the
analysis of brief news items are commonly found in headlines. But headlines also
abound in emotionally coloured words and phrases, as the italicized words in the
following;
End this bloodbath ( Morning Star ) Milk Madness ( Morning Star ) Tax agent
a cheat ( Daily World )
No Wonder Housewives are pleading: “HELP” ( Daily Mirror ) Roman
Catholic Priest sacked ( Morning Star )
Farther more, to attract the reader’s attention, headline writers often resort to
a deliberate breaking-up of set expressions, in particular fused set expressions, and
deformation of special terms, a stylistic device capable of producing a strong
emotional effect, e.g.
3 Galperin I.R. Stylistics, p.303
31

Cakes and Bitter Ale (The Sunday Times) Conspirator-in-chief Still at Large
(The Guardian)
Compare respectively the allusive set expression cakes and ale, and the term
commander-in-chief.
Other stylistic devices are not infrequent in headlines, as for example, the
pun (e.g. ‘And what about Watt”-The Observer), alliteration (e.g. Miller in Maniac
Aroid-The Observer), etc.
Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of
patterns:
a) Full declarative sentences, e.g. “They Threw Bombs on Gipsy Sites”
(Morning Star), “Allies Now Look to London” (The Times)
b) Interrogative sentences, e.g. ‘Do-you love war? (Daily World), “Will
Celtic confound pundits?” (Morning Star)
c) Nominative sentences, e.g. “Gloomy Sunday” ( The Guardian ),
“Atlantic Sea Traffic ( The Times ), “Union peace plan for Girling
stewards” ( Morning Star )
d) Elliptical sentences:
a. with an auxiliary verb omitted, e.g. “Initial report not expected until
June!” ( The Guardian ), “Yachtsman spotted” ( Morning Star )
b. with the subject omitted, e.g. ‘Will win” ( Morning Star ), “Will give
Mrs.Onassis $ 250,000 a year. ( The New York Times

32

The headline
The headline (the title given to a news item or an article) is a dependent
form of newspaper writing. It is in fact a part of a larger whole. The specific
functional and linguistic traits of the headline provide sufficient ground for
isolating and analyzing it as a specific “genre” of journalism. The main function of
the headline is to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about. But
apart from this, this headlines often contain elements of appraisal, i.e. they show
the reporter’s or the paper’s attitude to the facts reported or commented on, thus
also performing the function of instructing the reader. English headlines are short
and catching, they “compact the gist of news stories into a few ensnaring words. A
skillfully turned out headline tells a story or enough of it, to arouse or satisfy the
readers curiosity”. In some English and American newspaper sensational headlines
are quite common.
The practices of headline writing are different with different newspapers. 4
In
many papers there is, as a rule, but one headline to a news item, where as such
papers as The Times. The Guardian, The New York Times often carry a news item
or an article with two or there headlines, and sometimes as many as four, e.g.
BRITAIN ALMOST “CUT IN HALF” Many Vehicles Marooned in
Blizzard (The Guardian).
STATE AUDIT FINDS NEWCITY DE FICITS IN LAST 2 BUDGETS.
Asserts Bookkeeping Errors led Controller to Overstate Anticipated
Revenuis.
$ 292 – MILION INVOLED.
Report Asserts Both Beame And Goldin Issued Notes Without Proper
Backing (The New York Times).
FIRE FORCES AIRLINER TO TURN BACK.
Cabin Filled With Smoke.
Safe landing For 97 Passengers.
4 Bastian, Geaorgel. Editing the Day's News. N.Y. 1956. p. 62.
33

Atlantic Drama In Super МС 10
(The Times).
Such group headlines are almost a summary of the information contained in
the news item or article.
The functions and the peculiar nature of English headlines predermine the
choice of the language means used. The vocabulary groups considered in the
analysis of brief news item or article.
The functions and the peculiar nature of English headlines predermine the
choice of the language means used. The vocabulary groups considered in the
analysis of brief news items are commonly found in headlines. But headlines also
abound in emotionally coloured words and phrases, as the italicized words in the
following:
End this Bloodbath (Morning Star).
Milk Madness (Morning Star)
Tax agent Housewives are pleading : “Help” (Daily Mirror).
Roman Catholic Priest sacked (Morning Star).
Furthermore, to attract the reader’s attention, headline writers often resort to
a deliberate breaking – up of set expressions, and deformation of special terms, a
stylistic device capable of producing a strong emotional effect, e.g.
Cakes and Bitter Ale (The Sunday Times).
Conspirator – in – chief Still at large. (The Guardian).
Compare respectively the the allusive set expression cakes and a/e and the
term commander – in chief.
Other stylistic devices are not infrequent in headlines, as for example, the
pun (e.g. “And what about Watt’ The Observer), alliteration (e.g. Miller and
Maniac Mood – The Observer) etc.
Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of
patterns:
34

a) Full declarative sentences, e.g. “They Threw Bombs on Gimpsy
Sites”
(Morning Star) “Allies Now Look to London (The Times)
b) Interrogative sentences, e.g. “Do you love war?” (Daily World),
“Will Celtic confound pundits?” (Morning Star).
c) Nominative sentences, e.g. “Gloony Sunday” (The Guardian),
“Atlantic Sea Traffic” (The Times), “Union peace plan for Girling Stewards”
(Morning Star):
d) Elliptical sentences:
a. with an a waliary verb omitted, e.g. “Initial report not expected
until
June!” (The Guardian), “Yachtsman spotted” (Morning Star);
b. with the subject omitted, e.g. “Will win” (Morning Star), will
give
Mrs. Onassis $ 250,000 a year” (The New York Times);
c. with the subject and part of the predicate omitted, e.g. “Off to
the sun” (Morning Star), “Still in danger” (The guardian).
e) Sentences with articles omitted, e.g. “Sleep to Overall
Settlement
Cited in Text of Agreement” (International Herald Tribune), “Blaze Kills 15at
Party (Morning Star).
Articles are very frequently omitted in all types of headlines.
f) Phrases with verbals – infinitive, participles and gerundial, e.g.
“To
get US aid” (Morning Star), “Keeping Prices Down” (The Times).
g) Questions in the form of statements, e.g. “The worse the better”
(Daily World), “Growl now, smile later” (The Observer),
35

h) Complex sentences, e.g. “Senate Panel theatres Board of
Military Experts who Favoured Losing Biolder” (The New York Times),
“Army Says it
Gave LSD to Unknown Gis” (International Herald Tubune).
i) Headlines including direct speech:
a. introduced by a full sentence, e.g. “Prince Richard says: “I was not in
trouble” (The Guardian), “What Oils the wheels of Industry? Asks James Lowery-
Olearch of the Shell-My and B.P. Group” (The Times)
b. introduced elliptically, e.g. “The Queen”, “My deep distress” (The
Guardian), “Observe Mid-East Ceasefire – U Thant” (Morning Star).
The Above – listed patterns are the most typical, although they do not cover
all the variedly in headline structure.
The headline in British and American newspapers is an important vehicle
both of information and appraisal; editors give it special attention, admitting that
few read beyond the headline, or at best the lead. To lure the reader into going
through the whole of the item or at least a greater part of it, takes a lot of skill and
ingenuity on the part of the headline writer.
36

4. THE EDITORIAL
The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an
interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comment on the political and other events
of the day. Their purpose is to give the editor’s opinion and interpretation of certain
facts, of the news published and suggest one. Like any evaluative writing,
editorials appeal not only to the reader’s mind but to his fulings as well. Hence the
use of emotionally coloured language elements, both lexical and structural. Here
are example:
“The long-suffering British housewife needs a bottomless purse to cope with
this scale of inflation (Dialy Mirror).
“But since they came into power the trend has been up, up, up and the pace
seems to be accelerating”. (Daily Mail)
In addition to vocabulary typical of brief news items, writers of editorials
make an extensive use of emotionally coloured vocabulary. Alongside political
words and expressions, slang, and professionalisms. The language of editorial
articles is characterized by a combination of different nal effect, for example:
FAT GIFTS FOR SOME
THE TORMOST boss of the giant Bank Organization, Sir John Davis, has
sacked the lesser boss MR. Graham Dowson, who gets £ 150.000 from the
company’s till as “compensation” for loss of office.
Were there screams of agony in the capitalist press or from the Tories about
the size of this golden handshake? There were not.
Fat gifts are the usual thing when big basses go. The bigger and richer they
are, the fatter the cheques (Morning Stars).
(2) THATCHER
MRS. THATCHER. Has now arrived back from her American jamboree.
Proudly boasting that she is now “lotally established as a political leader in the
international sphere”.
37

This simply goes to show that the fawning American audience drawn from
the top drawer of US capitalist society to whom she spoke will buy any barrage of
trite and pious platitudes.
When she arrived back brimming over with her new-found international
fame, she regaled us all once again with her views on equality and the opportunity
to be unequal.
One thing is certain. The capitalist system for which she stands can never
been accused of denying the majority of the British people of this opportunity to be
equal. (Morning Stars).
(3) LOCAL BLOODSUCKERS
Local Government was once dull. But looming for rate plays this spring are
rate increases of an average of 25 per cent outside. London and above 60 per cent
within it.
These follow last year’s stratospheric increases. Alas, if rapacious demands
of this kind can emerge from them, what goes on in Britain’s town halls can not be
so tedious. Chaotic, frightening scandalous, yes; dull, no… (The Dialy Telegraph).
The above quoted examples from English newspaper editorials abound in
emotionally coloured vocabulary units. Along with neutral and literary (common
and special) vocabulary one can find word used with emotive colouring: topmost,
giant, screams (of agony) (1), fawning, pious, platitudes (2), scandalous,
frightening, rapacious, alas (3): colloquial vocabulary units: to sack, fat (1),
jamboree (2); slang: to buy (in the sence of accept) (2); and instances of linguistic
imagery; this golden handshake (1), the top drawer of US capitalist society (2),
stratospheric increase (3), etc. All these lexical means are highly emotive and
thoroughly evaluative.
Emotional colouring in editorial articles articles is achieved with ер help of
various stylistic devices, both lexical and syntactical, the use of which is largely
traditional. Editorials abound in trite stylistic means, especially metaphors and
38

epithets, e.g. international climate, a price spiral, a spectacular sight, an outrageous
act, brutal rule, an astounding statement, crazy policies. Traditional paraphrases are
also very common in newspaper editorials, such as Wall Street (The British
Government), Flute Street (the London press), The Great Powers (the five or six
biggest and strongest states) the third world (states other than socialist or
capitalist), and so on.
Most trite stylistic means commonly used in the newspaper have become
clichés.
But genuine stylistics means are also sometimes used which helps the
writers of the editorial to bring his idea home to the reader through the associations
that genuine imagery arouses. Practically any stylistic device may be Found in
editorial writing, and when aptly used, such devices prove to be a powerful means
of appraisal, of expressing a personal attitude to the matter in hand, of exercising
the necessary emotional effect on the reader. Note the following example:
“This is huge slice of industry should be come a battleground in which
public cash is used as a whip with which to lash workers is a scandal…
Yet it is the workers who are being served up as the lambs for sacrifice, and
it is public money that is used to stoke the fires of the sacrificial pyre.” (Morning
Star)
The stylistic effect of these sustained similes is essentially satirical. A
similar effect is Frequently achieved by the use of metaphor, irony, the breakingup
of set expressions, the stylistic use of word-building, by using allusions, etc. Two
types of allusions can be distinguished in newspaper articles writing.
a. allusions to political and other facts of the day which are
indispensable and have no stylistic value;
b. historical literary and biblical allusions which are often used to create
a specific stylistic effect, largely-satirical.
39

The emotional force of expression in the editorial syntactical stylistic
devices. Some editorials abound in parallel constructions, various types of
repetition, rhetorical questions and other syntactical stylistic means.
Yet the role of expressive language means and stylistic device in the
editorial should not be over – estimated. They stand out against the essentially
neutral back-ground. And whatever stylistic clevises one comes across in
editorials, they are for the most trite. Broadly speaking, tradition raging supreme in
language of the newspaper. Original forms of expressions and fresh genuine
stylistic means are comparatively rare in newspaper articles, editorials included.
However, although all editorials, as a specific genre of newspaper writing,
have common distinguished features, the editorials in different papers vary in
degree of emotional calouring and stylistic originality of expression. While this
quality are typical enough of the “popular” newspaper (those with large
circulations), such as the Daily Mirror and the Daily Mail, the so-called “quality
papers”, as The Times and The Guardian, make rather a sparing use of expressive
and stylistic means of the language. Whatever stylistic “gems” on may encounter in
the newspaper, they cannot obscure the essentially traditional mode of expression
characteristic of newspaper English.
II. 2. THE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF UZBEK AND
ENGLISHNEWSPAPER
We know that the appearance formation and entrance of press into social life
is connected with historical development of periods but its having legal base is
closely connected with the independence of the Republic. We must take into
account, that thanks to the independence newspapers are given free action and they
have legal base in contemporary life. There are still problems and lack in press
development in our country which have not found solution yet. In which case the
journalist’s skill, talent, style and level of his knowledge at language rules are
important.
40

A perfect language and style of newspaper serves for being conten table and
understandable. Nowadays, it’s very important when there technology is
developing and press publication competition is rising up. A perfect language style
of journalist and the saving literary language normatives serves for press language
progress. That’s why, it is important to learn stylistics Lacks of materials which are
being announced in newspaper and journals. A newspaper style brings a large
influence to the development of Uzbek language that the press has a duty of
developing language and saving its originality. That’s why the solution of stylistic
linguistic problems and lacks of press language is a contribution to the
development of our native language. Because it is difficult 4 th
government without
improving its quality degree.
In this case, the meaning language and stylistic quality of materials, which
are being announced in press plays a great role. In order to analyse and learn
newspaper language and style we have introduced with a weekly newspaper
“ Ўзбекистон адабиёти ва санъати ” Let’s see the information.
“ Мукофат муборак ” N 42 (3871) published in 2006.
“ Узбекистон ёзувчилар уюшмаси , Узбекистон Республикаси Фанлар
Академияси , Хоразм вилояти хокимлиги билан хамколикда эълон килган
Хоразм Маъмун Академиясининг 1000 йиллигига бағишланган энг яхши
асарлар танлови якунланди . Танловга тақдим этилган жами 14 муаллифнинг
насрий , шеърий ва публицистик асарлари уларнинг мазмун мундарижаси ва
ғоявий бадиий саъвияси атрофлича урганиб чиқилди ва улар орасидан танлов
талабларига ҳар томонлама жавоб бера оладиган 3 янги асар ажратиб олинди .
” 5

In these sentences the event is simply expressed and there is not any personal
attitude of the journalist to the event, so, we don’t see any words of his expressive
varieties and reflection but the given facts. There is not used too. There is not any
5 Ўзбекистон санъати . Мукофат муборак . 2006 42 (3871)

41

stylistic devices like metaphor, irony, hyperbole and simile. Also, the rhetorical
question is not used too. There used literary and linguistic terms.
Almost, the author’s attitude is not noticed too, in political and economical
informations. Sometimes, we can see his personal attitude in cultural information
and news.
Let’s introduce with the information of “ ўзбекистан адабиёти ва санъати ”
with headline “ Ўзбек куғирчоклари кохирада ” 2006 N-40 (3869):
“ Жамоа сафарга масъулият билан ёндашганлиги боис томоша
мувафаққият қозонди .” 6

In this sentence the author’s attitude to the society is noticed clearly.
We shall take the following fragments from the information which was
announced with the headline “ Бокий меърос ” in 2006, № 39 (3868) of the some
newspaper:
“ Сурхон диёрида туғилиб усган моҳир рассом уз асарларида
юртимизининг жанубида яшовчи , қуёш тиғида тобланган инсонларни
тасвирлайди .”, “ Машҳур рассомнинг автопортрети ва бошқа унлаб дурдона
асарлари галереядан узининг муносиб урнини эгаллаган . 6
“
Here the author’s expresses his attitude
Calling the painter “ моҳир ” and “ Машҳур ”. Also, characterizing painter’s
creation as “ Боқий меърос ” (in the headline) is the author’s attitude too.
In conservation and interview genre articles the author’s can use language
means more freely. During the conservation the author’s attitudes to the person
whom he is talking with is noticed in his questions and expressions. As an
example, we shall take the conservation of Nargiza Ikromova and Arevat
Gregorian in “ Уз .A.C” the Author’s expressed her companion with five-six
sentences before the conservation. She says: “ Ареват Григлрян оқғсариқдан
келган , ширадор овозли , кузлари доим порлаб турадиган ширинсуз ва камтар ,
6 Узбекистон адабиёти ва санъати . Узбек кугирчоклари кохирада -2006.40
(3869) сон 8
« Уз . А . С .»- Узбекистон адабиёти ва санъати
42

атрофдагиларга эътибор ва ҳурмат билан қарайдиган қиз экан . Чеҳрасида
жозиба акс этиб бу арман қизининг узбек тилига эҳтиром билан қарашидан ,
узбекона илтифотларидан қувондим .” 8

Such kind of expressions are the author’s opinions. The author expressed
her positive attitude.
Or Let’s Look thorough Dilfuza Rakhimova’s article about Shirin
Azizova with the headline “ Ишончли тўғоним эди …”
“Жуссаси кичкина, ҳаракатлари жуда тийрак бу актрисани купчилик
танирди. Ваъдасининг устидан чиққани учун атрофдагиларга суянч була
олган бу аёлнинг саҳнада ярата олган, ҳаётдаги, санъатдаги урнига ҳиёнат
қилмай яшаб утган бу инсон Ширин Азизовадир.”
2. Ўзбекистон адабиёти ва санъти. Бокий меърос -2006. 39 (3968) сон .
There are many genres and styles in the “ Уз .A.C” too, as in other
newspapers have. Every style has its constant language units.
We can meet the following constant means in publicistic style: вазиятни
кескинлаштириш , илғор анъаналарга содиқлик , ислоҳатларни кенг миқёсида
утказиш , илғор тажрибаларни кенг жорий қилиш , ресурслардан самарали
тарзда фойдаланиш , интенсив ривожланиш йули , самарадорлигини ошириш ,
ишлаб чиқариш потенциал , иқтисодий тежамкорлик and etc.
In publicistic style there widely used words with the meanings of marking
а nd usual epithets: муносиб ( ҳисса , улуш ), тарихий ( узгаришлар , воқеалар ),
ҳар томонлама ( муносабат , тараққиёт ), дустона ( суҳбат , учрашув , мулоқот ),
фидокорона ( меҳнат ), улкан , буюк ( иншоат , ишлар ), оламшумул
( узгаришлар , янгиликлар ).
There in different genres of Publicistic speech a solemn words or word
combinations which enter to literary. Speech are used: ижодкор ёшлар , мухташам
улуғвор , зафар қучмоқ , букилмас , баркамоллик , шижоаткорлик .
43

Besides this, there are a negative meaning shade units in publicistic speech:
жиноятчилар тудаси , талон - тарож , уғирлик , қотиллик , текин - ҳурлик , эскилик
сарқитлари , сурбетлик ва бошқалар :
A syntactic features of publicistic style are the followings:
1 . More usage of interrogative sentences:
Here the stylistic aim is shown
“... не боидан одоб аҳлоқи , ҳаёси билан ҳурмат эҳтиром уйғотган
миллатдошларимизнинг айрим ёшлари кийиниш бобида европаликларни ҳам
ерда қолдириб кетадиган даражага бориб етишяпти ?”.
Usually, in publicistic style the integrative sentences are in appeal and
dialogue from, that the author himself asks and answers to his question.
“ Орзу қиламиз , биз ҳам набираларимиз учун шундоқ арғумон була
олармикинмиз ? Албатта буламиз !” 7

2 .Widely usage of homogenous sentences.
Here the publicistic aim from using homogenous sentences is shown clearly,
that the reader attended to the event which is being expressed. Also, the publicistic
use of homogenous words in order to appear antipathy and sympathy for the
expressed event.
For example: Пахтачилик соҳасида эришилаётган муваффақиятларнинг
асосий омиллари ҳақида гапирганда , мен биринчи гапда халқимизга хос
меҳнатсеварлик , ҳалоллик ва тантилик фазилатларини , эртанги кунга ишонч ,
уз юртига садоқат ва меҳр билан яшаш туёғусини , одамларимизнинг онги ва
тафаккурида руй бераётган ижобий узгаришларни алоҳида таъкидлашни
истардим ...”
“ Улар орасида Хитой , Германия , Ҳиндистон , Туркия , Россия , Жанубий
Корея , Италия , Покистон , Малайзия каби йирик мамлакатларнинг вакиллари ,
брокерлари , хорижий пахта тейдерлари , тилшунос ва мутахассислари бор .”
7 «Уз.А.С»-Наргиза Икромова»
44

3. More usage of exclamatory sentences. An exclamatory sentences in
publicistic style follow people to future, creating news, developing society and the
tovlers to achieve success in their work. Usually, such kind of words are used in
publicistic articles, at the end of the basic articles.
Almost, the calls are In form of exclamatory, request words. And the
publicistic force which inspires people is clearly noticed in them.
For example: “Ғолибларни Кутлаймиз!” 8

4. Widely usage of introductory word combinations and parenthetical
clauses.
Most sentences in publistic articles begin with introductory words. The
affirmative words – ҳа , йук Pronouns – албатта , модомики , мана масалан ,
эҳтимол , бугунгидан , чунончи -, and modal words come as an introductory word
combinations and for making the expression of idea more realy.
For example: in the initial article of “ Уз .A.C” 2007 9
, N-6 (3886), almost, all
sentences began with the introductory word combinations and parenthetical
clauses: “ Айниқса мустақиллик йилларида Навоийга курсатилаётган эъзозу
эҳтиромни соҳибқирон Амир Темурга курсатаётган ҳурмат – иззатдан
кейинги иккинчи уринда , деб айтиш мумкин 10
.”
5. More usage of generalized sentences.
Here it seems, that the publicistic is appealing to the II person. But actually,
he requests to people by traditional mode of expression characteristic of newspaper
English.

THE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH NEWSPAPERS
As for analysis we have taken the article from the Sunday Times which is
titled “Goldman to make £10bn move for BAA”. It’s reported by Dominic
O’lonnel and Mark Kleinman on June 4.
8 «Уз.А.С» 2006 йил 42 сон-Мукофат муборак
9 «Уз.А.С»-Дилфуза Рахимова. Ишончли тугоним эди.
10 «Уз.А.С» 2007 йил 6 (3886) сони Омон Мухтор «ТО тузди Навоий ояти ишк…»
45

2006. We know that newspaper style in English language is more free in
using grammar and stylistic choice of words. From title we can see that instead of
past indefinite tense infinite is used. Also, the signs of complex sentences, lingered
paragraph and represented speech are widely used in this article e.g.
City sources except Ferro vial to improve it’s offer in the hope of securing a
recommendation to accept from the BAA board, which has said the company is
worth at least 940 p a share.
Also, there can be found some stylistic devices, here – No would they join
the fray if Ferro vial offered a knock out price, the sources said – two SD are fief.
Lected as inversion “would they join” and metaphorical phrase which is used
in sport “knock out price”.
In Oxford Advanced learners Dictionary it is explained as the followingblow
is one that hits smb. so hard that they can no longer get up 11
. But, in the article this
phrase is used to express the lowest sum of money.
The battle heated up on Friday when Citigroup, which is advising and
partfunding the Ferro vial consortium, mounted a raid on BAA’s shares. In this
articles hyperbole is used exaggerate the stage of battle. Here the airport authority
is having an argument, but their dispute is expressed by the word battle and we
know that in battle people use cold weapons. So, here the exaggeration is used.
Also the word – heat means “to get very hot”, the heating of the battle is also
hyperbole.
Also, political and economic terms, newspaper clichés are frequently used in
this article. E.g. – a formal bid, to meet investment, alternative investment and etc.
Besides them, some abbreviations are also used: BAA, which stand for –
BAA- bachelor of applied arts 12
.
In brief news item 15
phonetic SD such as onomatopoeia is used e.g. – crews
giving free a device –We know that the word – crow – imitation to cock but in this
11 Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionaries p.852
12 Абдулла Орипов « Бошлангич Улуглар даврони » « Уз . А . С » N43
(3872) сон 15
The Sunday times Good road side manner.2006. May 28.
46

brief news item its used for human. So, it is onomatopoeia. In the articles with the
headline “Enron DUO are facing life in jail may 28. 2006 of The Sunday Times,
according to its content, juridical team is used too. E.g. will be sentenced, blamed.
And the phraseological unit as – back on track is also used in the brief news
item: called with the headline “Good roadside manner”.(The Sunday Times) which
make people think, signs the place of press and its importance is society. Because,
the publistic style is the basic style of the press.
Bellow we are going to analyze the peculiarities of newspaper articles in
English and Uzbek Languages. 13

NATO GIVES PRESS CONFERENCE IN TASHKENT
Jeap de Hoop Scheffer, Secretary General of NATO held a press conference
at the reception house of Uzbek Foreign Ministry on 20 October.
Malika Tursunhodja noun Staff writer.
At the Istanbul Summit in June, NATO’s 26 Heads of State and
Government described Central Asia and the Caucasus as strategically important
regions. Alliance leaders also agreed at the Summit on several measures to improve
our contacts, the appointment of Secretary General’s Special Representative for the
two regions and the deployment of two Liavson Officers to each region. This
mouth I no ill be making my first visit as NATO’s Secretary General to all five
countries in Central Asia. The principal objective of my visit will be to highlight,
and to discuss with key policy-makers’ in the region, our many shared security
interests and the vital importance of closer cooperation between us,
“Jaap de Hoop Gcheffer said”
“Our security today is affected by a range of different risk and
theatresterrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are among
the most lethal and the important. There is also instability caused by failed states
like Afghanistan used to be. NATO has transformed significantly in order to be
better able to deal with these challenges, and this process continues. But the
13 Webster’s New World dictionary Michael Agnes editor in chief.2002 Wiley Publishing.p.46
47

Alliance, has already shown its determination to tackle problems when and where
they arise. Last year, we assumed command of the International Security
Assistance Force in Afghanistan. At our Istanbul Summit, we decided to expand
our presence in Afghanistan in order to better help the Afghan authorities Summit,
we decided to expand our to better help the Afghan authorities in providing
security, including in the election period. We also decided to help train Iraq’s
security forces. We are implementing those decisions at the moment, he added.
“We want, at the same time, to make better use of the partnership relations
that we have developed over the past decade. The new challenges to our security
know no borders. Muting these challenges, and defeating them, requires the closest
possible international cooperation. NATO is determined to pursue such a
cooperative effort. We want to broaden our cooperation with other institutions,
notably the European. Union and the United Nations. And we event to work more
closely with our partner of the Alliance. It also includes closer ties with Russia,
which is a strategic partner of the Alliance. It also includes closer cooperation with
the countries of Central Asia- who may be geographically distant from us, but who
are of vital importance to our security” the NATO chief said.

НАТО Тошкентда пресс-конференция утказди

НАТО нинг бош секретари Japp de Shefer 20-октябрда, учрашув чоғида
Узбекистон Ташқи ишлар вазирлигида пресс конференция утказди.
НАТО нинг 26 мамлакат давлат ва ҳокимият бошлиқлари июнда
Истамбулда утказилган саммитда Урта Осиё ва Кавказ стратегик жиҳатдан
муҳим ҳудудлар эканлигини таъкидлашди. Саммит чоғида Иттифоқ
бошлиқлари бизнинг алоқаларимизни яхшилашга қаратилган бир қанча
масалаларда келишиб олишди ва НАТО бош секретарининг махсус
вакилларини иш ҳудудларга тайинлаш ва шу ҳудудларнинг ҳар бирига алоқа
48

офицерларини жойлаштириш ҳақида ҳам келишиб олишди. Бу ой мен НАТО
нинг бош секретари сифатида биринчи марта Урта Осиёнинг 5 та
мамлакатларига ташриф буюрмоқчиман. Менинг ташрифимдан асосий
мақулланган ҳавфсизлик манфаатлари ҳамда уртамиздаги ҳаёт аҳамиятга эга
булган яқин ҳамкорлик муносабатларини муҳокама қилиб ёритиб беришдир,
-дейди Japp de Xup Shefer.
Ҳозирги кунда бизнинг хавфсизлигимизга бир қатор таҳдид
солмоқда, уларнинг орасида ҳаддан ташқари хавфли ва қурқинчлиси
терроризм ва аҳолини оммавий қириш учун мулжалланган қуролғяроқларини
тарқалиб кетганлигидир. Бу барқарорликка раҳна солишга Афғонистон
сингари мамлакатларнинг нотуғри сиёсати сабаб булмоқда. НАТО бу
муаммолар билан янада яқинроқ танишиш мақсадида тубдан узгарди ва бу
узгариш жараёнини давом этмоқда. Лекин Иттифоқ аъзолари аллақачон
муаммоларни қаерда ва қачон пайдо булганлиги сабабларини тагига етиб
қатъиян унинг олдини олиш чораларини куришга қарор қилди. Утган йили
биз Афғонистонда ҳалқаро хавфсизлик ёрдам фаолиятини бошлашга буйруқ
қабул қилгандик. Истамбулдаги саммитда афғон ҳокимиятига хавфсизликни
таминлаш мақсадида, айниқса сайлов жараёнида у ерда бизнинг
фаолиятмизни кенгайтириш керак эканлиги туғри деб топилди. Биз
шунингдек бир қатор Ироқ хавфсизлик кучларига ёрдам беришга аҳд
қилгандик. Ҳозирда уларни амалга оширмоқдамиз,-дейди у.
Шу вақтнинг узида биз утган декададаги мустаҳкамланган ҳамкорлик
муносабатларини янада яхшироқ йулга қуйишни ҳоҳлаймиз. Бизнинг
хавфсизлигимизга булган чақириқларнинг чегараси йуқ. Бу чақириқлар билан
юзмағюз булиб ҳимоя қилиш, уз навбатида мумкин қадар яқинғяқин
ҳамкорликни талаб қилади. НАТO иш ҳамкорлик самарасини кузлаб иш
юритмоқда. Биз бошқа ташкилотлар билан ҳам ҳамкорлик қилиш
тарафдоримиз, жумладан, Европа Иттифоқи ва Бирлашган Миллатлар
49

Ташкилоти билан ҳам ва ҳамкорлик қилаётган малактлар билан янада
яқинроқ фаолият юрғизишни истаймиз. Айниқса Иттифоқнинг стратегик
жиҳатдан муҳим булган ҳамкори Россия билан мустаҳкам ришталарини
кучайтириш диққат марказидадир. НАТО бошлиғининг айтишича, гарчи
географик жиҳатдан биз узоқ масофада булсак ҳам Урта Осиё мамлакатлари
билан ҳамкорлик қилиш хавфсизликка ҳаётий муҳимлик касб этишни
таъкидлади.
ANALYSIS OF NEWSPAPER TEXT
This text based on political issue, the aim of it to inform the reader about real
condition of nowadays social life.
From lexical point of view we can prove that this is a newspaper article: So:
1. There are a lot of special political and economic terms, such as press
conference, strategically important, security interests, terrorism and proliferation,
alliance, election period, instability, partnership relationships, cooperation,
cooperative effort, special representative, weapons of mass destruction, liaison
officers.
2. Newspaper clichés, common place phrases familiar to the reader:
Vital importance, mass destruction, press conference, strategic partner, well
informed sources, tackling problem.
3. Abbrivations and neologisms: NATO. Deployment, reception house,
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
From grammatical point of view it is also newspapertext
So following grammatical peculiarities will be proving to our words:
1. Complex sentences with a developed system of clauses, such as,
Alliance leaders also agreed at the Summit on several measures to improve
our contacts, including the appointment of Secretary General’s Representative for
two regions and the deployment of two Liaison Officers to each region.
50

The principal objective of my visit will be to highlight, and to discuss with
police – makers in the region, our many shared security interest and vital
importance of closer cooperation between us, Jape de Hoop Scheffer said.
2. Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial)
At our Istanbul Summit, we decided to expand our presence in Afghanistan
in order to better help the Afghan authorities in providing security, including in the
election period.
3. Specific word order, such as: Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, Secretary
of NATO held a press conference at the reception house of Uzbek Foreign
Ministry on 20 October. There is also instability caused by failed states like
Afghanistan used to be.
4. And the headline of newspaper text is a full declarative
sentence:
NATO gives press conference in TASHKENT.
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
1. To have butterflies in the stomach- ҳаяжонланмоқ ,
испытывать волнение .
2. To have green fingers- туғма боғбон , преуспевать как
Садоводлюбитель .
3. In brown study- чуқур уйга толиш, быть в глубоком
отчаянии.
4. It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back- туя элакка
келганда оқсар . Последняя капля переполняет чашу.
5. King for a day- ётиб қолгунча отиб қол . Калиф на час.
6. Make to break- ё жон чиқсин , ё ном . Либо пан, либо пропал.
7. To tell tales out of school- уйингдаги гапни кучадан
эшитмоқ .
Выносить сор из избы.
8. Hobson’s choice- умуман танлаш имкони йуқ. Выхода нет.
51

CONCLUSION
So the subject matter of the presented qualification paper is the analysis of
newspaper style in English and Uzbek language.
The actuality of this qualification paper by profound interest to the
comparative study of linguistic features of English and Uzbek languages.
The following tasks have been discussed in the qualification paper:
• the present theoretical position of stylistics as one of the
brunches of linguistics.
• To inform about functional styles and its subtypes in the English
language.
• To investigate the main peculiarities of newspaper style in the
English language.
• To analyse linguistic peculiarities of newspaper style in English
language.
• To analyse linguistic peculiarities in Uzbek language.
• The Hypothesis of the word.
• The applied methods in the present qualification paper.
The theoretical value of the qualification paper comprises contribution into
the development of comparative stylistics. Moreover the research makes a certain
contribution into the development of Comparative Typology as well as Theory of
Translation.
The practical value of the work comprises contribution into improvement
of the second language acquisition. And the material of the present work can be
used in the process of teaching of such linguistic aspects as Comparative Typology,
Comparative stylistics and Theory of Translation in linguistic educational
Institutions.

53

SUMMARY
Language as a system may figuratively be depicted as an explater of
language in-action. All rules and patterns of language which are connected and
classified in works of grammar, phonetics, lexicology, and stylistics first appear in
language in action, where they are generalized and framed as rules and patterns of
language as a system.
It is important here to call attention to the process of information of scientific
notions. Whenever we notice a phenomenon that can be singled out from a mass of
language facts we give it a name, thus abstracting the properties of the
phenomenon. The phenomena then being connected and classifield are fellowed by
into the ranks of the units of language as a system. It must be pointed out that most
observations of the nature and functioning of language units have been made on the
material presented by the written variety of language. It is due to the fixation of
speech in writing that scholars of language began to disintegrate the continuous
flow of speech and subject the functioning of its components to analysis.
The same concerns the issue of functional styles of language. Once they have
been recognized as independent, more or less closed subsystems of the standart
literary language, they should be regarded not as style of speech but as styles of
language, in as much as they can be patterned to as the kinds of interrelation
between the component part in each of the styles. More-over, these functional
styles have been subjected to various classifications, which fact shows that the
phenomena now belong to the domain of the language as a system.
However it must be constantly born in mind that the units which belong to
this olomain are abstract in their nature.
Functional styles are merely models deprived of material substance, schemes
which can be materialized in language forms they become practical realizations of
abstract schemes and signify the variants of the corresponding in variants of the
models.
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It goes without saying that the more observant the student is, the cashier it
novel be for him to appreciate the peculiar usage of the language media.
To sum up our investigation we can say the following that if we consider the
language to be the mirror of society Mass Media are the main means of ideologic
and political fights, we can say. The close connection of language with the life of
society is reflected in the language of Mass Media. The language of newspapers is
reflected by newspaper style. We know that newspaper style is included to
publicistic style in Uzbek, but in English language these two styles are separate
styles. They are differed from each other only by their one function that newspaper
style aims at informing the reader where as publicistic style is aimed at impacting
on the reader, listener or spectator.
We think that the language of newspaper is reflected in publicistic style as
well as in newspaper style as the functions of informative and to attractiveness are
mixed altogether.
In Uzbek newspaper we have defined the following seven features of
newspaper style. They are:
1. Economical usage of language means.
2. To choose the means of language understandable to people.
3. the usage of social political vocabulary and phraseology and the
usage of other styles in another meanings.
4. Existence of publicistic words and phrases.
5. The usage of different publicistic genre.
6. The usage of scientific, collaqual, official and literary texts.
7. The usage of inversion and its richness of literary description
means.
In English newspapers we can observe the following:
1. English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated
lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the
55

community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and
instructing the reader.
2. Information in the English newspaper is conveyed, in the first place,
through the medium of:
1) brief news items.
2) press reports (parliamentary, of court proceedings. etc.) 3)
articles purely informational in character.
4) advertisements and announcements.
3. The main linguistic features of English, newspapers include:
a) Special political and economic terms
b) Non-terms political and economic vocabulary.
c) Newspaper clichés.
d) Observations.
e) Neologisms.
4. Grammatical features:
a) Complex sentences with a developed system of clauses.
b) Verbal construction and verbal noun constructions.
c) Syntactical complex.
d) Attribute noun groups.
e) Specific word order.

56

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The investigation of newspaper style in English and Uzbek languages

Sotib olish