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Xaitboyeva Kamola

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American literature

Sotib olish

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIALIZED
EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN.
UZBEKISTAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF WORLD LANGUAGES
ENGLISH LANGUAGE FACULTY №3
Course paper
Theme: W. Whitman's tradition in American poetry: Carl Sandburg, Langston
Hughes and others.
Group:
Student: Aliyeva Mavludaxon
Supervisor:
Tashkent 2023
Ilmiy rahbar tomonidan berilgan
TAQRIZ

Ismi , sharifi _ _ Aliyeva Mavludaxon
______________________________________ ____ __________________ fanidan
yozgan kurs ishi _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _
_________________ _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________М azkur kurs ishi yakunlangan
deb hisoblayman va uni himoyaga tavsiya etaman .
Таqrizchi _________________________ __________ _____________
( ismi, sharifi) ( imzo)
“____”____________ 202 3 yil
“ Tasdiqlayman ”
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“____”____ ____ _____20 23 yil
Kurs ishi l oyihasi
Guruh :
Talaba : _ Aliyeva Mavludaxon
Ra h bar : _ ___ ______________________ __
Topshiriq:
1. Ishlaydigan loyiha ( mavzu ) : General Characteristics and Classification of
verbs
______ _ _________________________________________ __________________
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2. Boshlang’ich ma’lumotlar Introduction______________________________
______________________________________ _______________ __________ ___
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_____________________________________________________ __________ ___
3. Qo’llanmalar: Internet tarmog’idan olingan ma’lumotlar va o’quv
qo’lanmalar ____________________________________ _____ ___________ ___ _
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_______________ ___________________________________________________
4. Chizma qismining tuzilishi : Introduction , main part and conclusion______
_____________________________________________ _____________________
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__________________________________________________________________
_______________ ___________________________________________________
5. Yozma qismining tuzilishi : Introduction about the beginning of
romanticism, its characteristics and its famous representatives and
conclusion __ ______ ____________________________________________ ______
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6. Qo’shimcha vazifa va ko’rsatmalar prezentatsiya______________________
__________________________________________ ________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Kurs ( ishi ) loyihasini bajarish rejasi :
1 2 3 4 Himoya
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CONTENTS:
Pages.
INTRODUCTION ... .............................. .............................................6
MAIN PART :
CHAPTER I
1.1. REALISM IN AMERICAN LITERATURE
OF THE 19th CENTURY .................................................................8
1.2. Walt Wiltman in American literature............................. ... .........9
CHAPTER II
2.1. Langston Hughes is an outstanding negro
poet........................ ........... .............................................. .........16
2.2. John Steinbeck and Erskine Caldwell well - known American
novelists....................................................................................20
5

CONCLUSION. ..............................................................................25
REFERENCE ................................................................. ............... 23
INTRODUCTION
Walt Whitman is often considered the father of modern American poetry, having
broken away from the formal conventions of his time to write in free verse and
capture the American experience through everyday language and imagery. His
unconventional approach paved the way for subsequent generations of poets to
explore new forms and themes.Carl Sandburg, influenced by Whitman's style, used
free verse and colloquial language to write about the working class and the
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struggles of everyday people. His work often dealt with social and political issues,
such as the labor movement and the Civil Rights Movement.Langston Hughes,
another of Whitman's heirs, was a prominent figure in the Harlem Renaissance and
is known for his vivid depictions of African American life. Like Sandburg, Hughes
used colloquial language and free verse to create vivid, relatable poetry that
explored issues of race, class, and identity.Other poets who were part of this
tradition include Ezra Pound, who was influenced by both Whitman and the
Imagist movement; William Carlos Williams, who wrote about urban life and the
everyday experiences of working-class people; and Allen Ginsberg, who famously
wrote the landmark poem "Howl" and was a key figure in the Beat movement.

The aim of my course paper is learning Norman Lewis and his life.
To reach the aim I put forward the following tasks:
to study Norman Lewis.
to investigate writer’s influence on British literature
to analyse literary works of his novels, books
to consider the results of research
The subject of my course paper is Norman Lewis and his life.
The object of my course paper is learning his genre and main themes of
novels.
The course paper includes introduction, four main parts, conclusion and list
of references.
The main part includes Norman Lewis path of life, his influence on the
literary being exactly; British literature, journalism. Furthermore, writing travel.
Norman Lewis contribution to modern literature; one of the best novels of all time
– “Word power made easy “.
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Conclusion illustrates the comes about of the examination and summarizes
all the results of the work and describes the theoretical and practical results of the
research.
Reference the list of literature represents the list of the used literature books,
including scientific books and it is according to the alphabetical order.
CHAPTER I
1.1. REALISM IN AMERICAN LITERATURE
OF THE 19th CENTURY.
The Civil War brought the abolition of slavery. After the war various branches
of industry began to develop by leaps and bounds. The incessant flow of emigrants
is typical of that time, the extensive building of railroads and abolition of slavery.
All these factors combined led to the rapid growth of the USA, American
capitalism. At the end of the 18th century the USA became a highly developed
industrial country. Negroes were granted the right to vote but all the same they
were under certain oppression and deprived of many rights. The slave-owners
continued to persecute Negroes in every possible way. In 1866, the organization of
Ku-Klux-Klan was established to terrorize Negro population. But not only Negroes
found themselves in a hard state. The rapid development of industry, the progress
of technique led to a still more terrible exploitation of all the workers. At the end of
the 19th century the American capitalism entered upon a stage of imperialism. Big
monopolies and trusts were formed, which played a great role in the economy of
the country. In the international arena America behaved as a militarist country.
New territories were annexed and some smaller peoples were subjugated. Such
policy led to the discontent of the toiling people class struggle. In 1866, on the 1st
of May in Chicago there was a general strike.
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The literature of that period reflects both the class struggle and the sharp
ideological struggle within American society. That period and ideas of the
American democracy found the reflection in the poetry of the greatest American
poet Walt Whitman. His poetry is imbued with profound optimism and belief in
better future. At the same time some new trends of literature appeared in the
country. The purpose of one literary trend was to amuse readers. The writers did
their best to paint in bright colors the social life. They tried to create an illusion in
the minds of people that every man in America stood his fair chance. It was so-
called apologetic literature. Its motto was Every shoeblack may become the
President of the USA”.
There was another trend in American literature called red-blood” literature. It
justified the militarist expansion. They named the whites the superior race. Another
group of writers called themselves tender realists. They did not reflect the sharp
political issues and gave a softened picture of reality. Finally, there existed in
literature the group of Muckrackers. They attacked various institutions
representing publicist literature, not fiction. Most of them were journalists, and
they exposed the ulcers of capitalism.
All those trends were opposed by the American critical realists such as Mark
Twain, Frank Norris, O. Henry, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser.
Realism was an important literary movement in American literature during
the late 19th and early 20th century. It emerged as a response to the idealism and
sentimentality of the Romantic period. Realist writers sought to depict the world as
it really was, without the romantic embellishments that characterized earlier
literature.Realists focused on portraying everyday life and the struggles of ordinary
people, often using language that was simple and direct. They explored social
issues such as poverty, inequality, and the impact of industrialization on society.
Authors of this period include Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Edith Wharton, and
Theodore Dreiser.Realism in American literature is also associated with a rejection
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of the traditional, elitist literature of the past in favor of a style that emphasized
democratic values and the experiences of those who had been marginalized by
society. Realists often focused on the experiences of women, immigrants, and
African Americans, giving voice to those who had been ignored in earlier literary
traditions.
1.2 . Walt Witman in American literature.
Walt Whitman is considered to be a classic of American literature. He was
born in a small village in Brooklyn in a family of a carpenter. His childhood he
spent in the country, and this explains his love for nature. All his life he was proud
that he was one of the common people. His parents had so scanty means that they
could not give their son regular schooling. After grammar school he had to sustain
himself. He started working. Whitman lived a restless life, moving from one place
to another. First he worked as a messenger, then a compositor at a print shop, then
a school-teacher. From 1841, he began to contribute to newspapers and took part in
political life. For a certain period of time he was an editor of a Brooklyn
newspaper. The same time he began to write verses (1846), which were later
combined into a collection of poems (1855), The Leaves of Grass, was published.
The final collection completely combined was published in 1881-1882. Very soon
he had to resign from his position of an editor because he openly expressed his
disapproval of the government foreign policy and started working as a carpenter. In
1861, when the Civil War broke, he became a male nurse. At the same time he
wrote a number of nurses. After the war, Whitman worked as a clerk as his literary
work did not provide his living. The reactionary publishers refused to publish his
poems. In 1873, he had to retire from his position and had to exist on charity.
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The Leaves of Grass, The Song of Myself, The Song of the Broad Axe, Poems of
Joys are the best of his poems. In these poems he shows that joys come to men
only through labor and struggle. He glorified farmers and, in some poems we see
his sympathy with Negroes (Drum Taps). He wrote some poems devoted to
Abraham Lincoln. All his poems show that he was against all forms of slavery,
oppression, tyranny. The bourgeois critics did not approve his poems. He was
ridiculed for his bold subjects. Whitman refused to follow usual poetical methods.
He discarded rhythm and stanzas. He wrote in free verse, which then became the
recognized form in poetry. There was a certain limitation in his outlook. He
believed in bourgeois democracy. The spirit of his poetry is optimistic. He strove
to put into his poems the aspiration of democratic views. Only at the end of his life
he wrote an essay entitled Democratic Vistas, in which he criticized the bases of
bourgeois democracy.
After suffering a serious stroke in 1873, Whitman moved to his brother’s home in
Camden, New Jersey. While his poetry failed to garner popular attention from his
American readership during his lifetime, over 1,000 people came to view his
funeral. And as the first writer of a truly American poetry, Whitman’s legacy
endures.
Whitman was ill in 1872, probably as a result of long-experienced emotional
strains; in January 1873 his first stroke left him partly paralyzed. By May he had
recovered sufficiently to travel to his brother’s home in Camden, New Jersey,
where his mother was dying. Her subsequent death he called “the great cloud” of
his life. He thereafter lived with his brother in Camden, and his post in the attorney
general’s office was terminated in 1874.
Whitman’s health recovered sufficiently by 1879 for him to make a visit to the
West. In 1881 James R. Osgood published a second Boston edition of Leaves of
Grass, and the Society for the Suppression of Vice claimed it to be immoral.
Because of a threatened prosecution, Osgood gave the plates to Whitman, who,
after he had published an author’s edition, found a new publisher, Rees Welsh of
Philadelphia, who was shortly succeeded by David McKay. Leaves of Grass had
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now reached the form in which it was henceforth to be published. Newspaper
publicity had created interest in the book, and it sold better than any previous
edition. As a result, Whitman was able to buy a modest little cottage in Camden,
where he spent the rest of his life. He had many new friends, among them Horace
Traubel, who recorded his talk and wrote his biography. The Complete Poems and
Prose was published in 1888, along with the eighth edition of Leaves of Grass. The
ninth, or “authorized,” edition appeared in 1892, the year of Whitman’s death.
CHAPTER II
2.1. Langston Hughes is an outstanding negro poet.

Langston Hughes is an outstanding Negro poet. He was born in Missouri, in
the family of a storekeeper. After school he went to Columbia University for a
year, and in 1929 graduated Bachelor of Arts from Lincoln University in
Pennsylvania. Langston Hughes lived in many American cities, in Mexico,
traveled far and wide in Europe and Africa, finding everywhere various
employments and jobs.
In 1925, in Washington, he met the popular poet of that time, V. Lindsay,
who helped him publish his first book of verse The Weary Blues 1926 (Грустные
блюзы), which was followed in 1927 by the volume “Fine Clothes to the Jew”.
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Since then Langston Hughes became a professional writer earning his living from
literary work and from lecturing.
Hughes’ writing deals with the grief and affliction of his race, as well as
with his peoples consoling joys. Endowed with a sharp ear for folk speech and
songs he made ample and highly literate use of the popular ballads and the Blues.
His best known collections of verse are The Dream Keeper 1932, Shakespeare in
Harlem 1942, One-way Ticket 1949.
Hughes is also the author of several novels in which he describes the painful
lot of Negroes in the USA. In 1932 Langston Hughes visited the former Soviet
Union. His admiration for the achievements of the people in the country found
expression in the book A Negro Looks at Soviet Central Asia 1934, and two
volumes of verse Good Morning, Revolution 1933 and A New Song 1938.
During WWII Hughes wrote poems and essays pervaded with hatred of
German fascism. In post-war years, along with other representatives of Negro
intellectuals, L. Hughes dedicated his creative work to the struggle for peace and
democracy. He ranks among the most progressive public figures and writers in the
USA.
Langston Hughes was an American poet, novelist, and playwright who was
born on February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri, and died on May 22, 1967, in New
York City. He was one of the leaders of the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural
movement that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s and celebrated African American
art, music, and literature. Hughes wrote about the experiences of African
Americans and used his writing to call attention to social injustice and inequality.
Some of his most famous works include the poetry collections "The Weary Blues"
and "Montage of a Dream Deferred," as well as the novel "Not Without Laughter."

Let the rain kiss you
Let the rain beat upon your head with silver liquid drops
Let the rain sing you a lullaby
The rain makes still pools on the sidewalk
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The rain makes running pools in the gutter
The rain plays a little sleep song on our roof at night
And I love the rain.

Freedom Plow
When a man starts out with nothing,
When a man starts out with his hands
Empty, but clean,
When a man starts to build a world,
He starts first with himself
And the faith that is in his heart-
The strength there,
The will there to build.
First in the heart is the dream-
Then the mind starts seeking a way.
His eyes look out on the world,
On the great wooded world,
On the rich soil of the world,
On the rivers of the world.
The eyes see there materials for building,
See the difficulties, too, and the obstacles.
The mind seeks a way to overcome these obstacles.
The hand seeks tools to cut the wood,
To till the soil, and harness the power of the waters.
Then the hand seeks other hands to help,
A community of hands to help-
Thus the dream becomes not one man’s dream alone,
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But a community dream.
Not my dream alone, but our dream.
Not my world alone,
But your world and my world,
Belonging to all the hands who build.
A long time ago, but not too long ago,
Ships came from across the sea
Bringing the Pilgrims and prayer-makers,
Adventurers and booty seekers,
Free men and indentured servants,
Slave men and slave masters, all new-
To a new world, America!
2.2. John Steinbeck and Erskine Caldwell well - known American
novelists.
J ohn Steinbeck was an American writer and novelist who is best known for
his realist and social criticism works, including "The Grapes of Wrath", "Of Mice
and Men", and "East of Eden". He was born on February 27, 1902, in Salinas,
California, and passed away on December 20, 1968, in New York City. Steinbeck
became one of the most significant American of the 20th century and received
many honors, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962.

John Steinbeck was born in California. His mother, an Irish woman by birth, was a
school teacher. It was his mother who taught him to love literature. He lived a
hard life. Entering the University he had to leave it to earn his living. The first
period of his literary work (1929-1935) is marked by writing three novels Cup of
Gold 1929, Pastures of Heaven 1932, To a God Unknown 1933. Steinbecks
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humanism here is covered by mystic conception of the world and a man who is a
toy in the hands of Nature.
His next work Tortilla Flat 1935 is a story about the inhabitants of slums. This
work showed one of the most characteristic features of his manner of writing, his
talent of a humanist. Then comes In Dubious Battle 1936, revealing social
injustice in the world.
The first novel was accepted by broad masses not only in America but abroad, it
was Of Mice and Men 1937. The novel in realistic details shows the true picture of
life of the American poor. It is his serious step to the creation of the social novel.
In 1937 he was awarded O. Henry prize for his story The Promise. The same year
he published The Red Pony, an autobiographical work. Actually, it is worth
mentioning that the most popular are his stories. In 1938 he published his
collection The Long Valley. In describing the inner world of his heroes, emotional
atmosphere he is close to Checkov and Mopassant.
The Grapes of Wrath 1939 is Steinbecks best novel. It is the top of his
literary career, one of the most important events in the history of world literature of
the 20th century. In the center of the novel is the conflict of national importance,
the problem of American farmers who became bankrupt under the terrible pressure
of banks, trusts and monopolies. The Grapes of Wrath is the novel describing the
process of awakening and becoming collectivism among small farmers.
In the 40-ties deep contradictions are found in his views. In Sea of Cortez
1941 there are new tendencies. Here he wants to separate a man from the society.
Though there are naturalistic tendencies in his works there are two best stories of
this period. The Moon is Down 1942, devoted to the WWII and The Pearl 1948.
In 1945 he published his second novel Cannery Row. The novel shows serious
changes in the method and style of the writer. In 1947 his largest novel The
Wayward Bus was published. Here we find Steinbecks attitude to post-war
America. The bus is an embodiment of the whole country.
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The activity of 50-ties and 60-ties is marked with his different way of writing. In
1952 East of Eden and in 1954 Sweet Thursday were published. At the end of 50-
ties he condemned the American government for the war in Korea.
His most talented work published in 1961 is The Winter of Our Discontent. The
question related to the right of the man on crime moral problem is answered in this
novel. In comparison with his works of 40-50-ties this novel is full of his belief in
a man. In 1963 he got the Nobel Prize for it. The same year he published Travels
with Charley in search of America where he admires the American civilization. In
1967 the author published his letter in Newsday justifying the war in Viet-Nam
which shocked the world progressive people. Later he realized his mistake but
nevertheless he will be remembered for his best works in which he demonstrates
the vulnerability of poor farmers, who can be uprooted by droughts and are the first
to suffer in periods of political unrest and economic depression.
ERSKINE CALDWELL
(1903-1991)
E. Caldwell is a well-known American novelist and short-story writer. In his
youth he went through the grim school of life; he had to change a lot of
professions: farm-hand and worker in a cotton-seed oil mill and lumber mill in
Georgia; newspaper reporter, etc. The work at a newspaper was a serious school
for his future literary work.
E. Caldwell was born in a family of a clergyman in 1903 in Georgia, USA.
Not waiting to complete his education he embarked on the career of a newspaper
writer in the Journal Atlanta at the age of 22. Having successfully been cotton
picker, stage hand, professional football player, book reviewer, lecturer and editor,
Erskine Caldwell was able to accumulate a vast amount of material through
personal experience for the numerous novels and stories on American life that he
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wrote. His first stories The Bastard and Poor Fool appeared in 1929. His first
collection of stories under the title The American Land saw its publication in 1931.
In his stories he ironically exposed stubbornness, greediness. His first novel
Tobacco Road, 1932, describes the history of degradation of a farmers family. It is
devoted to the hard lot of farmers in the South. These works brought him into the
light and made him a prominent author.
Caldwells second novel Gods Little Acre was one of the bestsellers of the 20th
century. For some years he worked in Hollywood as a screen writer (1933-34;
1942-43) only to give repeated preference to the life of a news correspondent
abroad in Mexico, Spain and Czechoslovakia in 1938-39 and in China and
Mongolia in 1940. He was also a war correspondent in the Soviet Union in 1941
and endeavored to portray the struggle of the Soviet people against fascism in his
novel All Night Long, 1942 (Всю ночь напролет) and in his essay “All Out on the
Road to Smolensk” (Все брошено на Смоленск) and others.
E. Caldwell’s most prominent collections of stories are: “We are the Living”,
1933 (Мы – живые), “Southways, 1938 (Нравы Юга), “Georgia Boy”, 1943
(Мальчик из Джорджии), “The Gulf Coast Stories”, 1956, (Рассказы
Мексиканского залива), “Around about America”, 1964, (Вдоль и поперек
Америки). The humor of the story “A Small Day” is typical; of Caldwell’s
manner of writing. It is not mild and light but bordering on satire. Although the
situation described in the story is humorous the reader may keenly feel the
miserable plight of poor people in the USA of that time.
CONCLUSION.
Walt Whitman is considered one of the most influential American poets and his
style and themes have had a significant impact on subsequent generations of poets.
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Carl Sandburg, Langston Hughes, and other poets have all been influenced by
Whitman's style and themes.Sandburg, like Whitman, often wrote about the
common people and their struggles. He was also known for his use of free verse
and his ability to capture the essence of urban life. His poem "Chicago" is a great
example of his style and his willingness to celebrate the grit and determination of
the city.Langston Hughes was also heavily influenced by Whitman. He admired
Whitman's focus on the individual and his ability to capture the essence of
American life. Hughes was also known for his use of jazz and blues rhythms in his
poetry, which was inspired by Whitman's use of free verse.Other poets who have
been influenced by Whitman include Allen Ginsberg, who admired Whitman's
embrace of homosexuality and his celebration of individuality. Ginsberg's "Howl"
is often compared to Whitman's "Song of Myself." William Carlos Williams was
also influenced by Whitman's style and his focus on the everyday experiences of
ordinary people.In conclusion, Walt Whitman's influence on American poetry
cannot be overstated. His focus on the individual, his use of free verse, and his
celebration of American life have inspired generations of poets. Carl Sandburg,
Langston Hughes, Allen Ginsberg, and William Carlos.
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REFERENCES:
1. Аллен Уолтер, Традиция и мечта, М., Прогресс, 1970
2. Американская литература и общественно-политическая борьба.
60-е – начало 70-х годов ХХ века, М., Наука, 1977.
3. Зверев А. Американский роман 20-х – 30-х годов, М.. Худож.
лит., 1982.
4. История американской литературы, т.1-2, М., Просвещение, 1971.
5. Литература США в 70-е годы ХХ века, М., Наука, 1983.
6. Мендельсон М.О. Американская сатирическая проза ХХ века, М.,
Наука, 1972.
7. Мендельсон М.О. Роман США сегодня – на заре 80-х годов, М.,
Советский писатель, 1983.
8. Основные тенденции развития современной литературы США,
М., Наука, 1973
9. Van Spanckeren, Kathryn, American Literature. Washington DC,
USA Department of States, 1994
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