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Husenov Jahongir

Дата регистрации 03 Май 2024

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1-jadval. Dengizlar haqida ma’lumot 17 O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY TA’LIM, FAN VA INNOVATSIYALAR VAZIRLIGI __________________ UNVERSITITETI TABIIY FANLAR FAKULTETI “EKALOGIYA VA GEOGRAFIYA KAFEDRASI” “ Himoyaga ruxsat etilsin ” Tabiiy fanlar fakulteti dekani ___________________ “___”_____________2024 “5110500 – Geografiya va iqtisodiy bilim asoslari’’ ta’lim yo‘nalishi ______ guruh talabasi _____________ning “______________________________________________” mavzusidagi KURS ISHI Ilmiy rahbar: _________o’qit. ______________ “Himoyaga ruxsat etilsin” “Ekalogiya va geografiya” Kafedra mudiri.__________________ __________________ “____”__________________2024 G U LI ST O N - 2 02 4 1 quyilmaydi. Suvning sho’rligi 36,5‰dan oshadi. Bu yerda suvi iliq va sho’rligi katta bo’lgan tabiat kompleksi hosil bo’lgan. Tropik zonaning shimoli- sharqiy_qismida (Arabiston dengizining Sharqida va Bengaliya qo’ltig’i) aksincha atmosfera yog’ini 3000 mm gacha yog’adi, daryolar Ximolay tog’laridan ko’p miqdorda chuchuk suv keltiradi. Natijada suvning sho’rligi 30‰ gacha pasayadi. Ana shunday omillar ta’sirida tropik zonaning sharqiy qismida suv massasining ancha chuchuklashgan tabiat kompleksi vujudga keladi. Janubiy tropik zonada barqaror passat shamollari esadi. Uning g’arbiy qismida yoz va kuz oylarida kuchli dovullar bo’lib turadi. Subekvatorial zona. Bu zonada tropik va ekvatorial havo massalari fasllarga qarab almashinib turish harakteriga ega. Okeanning g’arbiy qismida shimoliy va janubiy subekvatorial zonalar bir-biri bilan tutashib ketadi. Yilning muayyan katta qismida passat shamollari, yozda esa janubi-g’arbiy musson shamollari hukmronlik qiladi. Suvning o’rtacha yillik harorati 25°C, sho’rligi 33- 34‰. Yog’ingarchiliq ko’p bo’ladi. Biomassalar 50-75 mg/m3 ni tashkil qiladi. Ekvatorial zona. Hind okeani akvatoriyasida ekvatorial zona sidirg’asiga tarqalmagan. Uning geografik joylashishi okean ekvator kengligining o’rta va sharqiy qismiga to’g’ri keladi. Bu zonada ekvatorial havo massasi hukmronlik qiladi. Suv yuza qatlamining harorati 26-28°C. Atmosfera yog’inlari juda ko’p (3000 mm gacha) yog’adi. Suvning sho’rligi tropik va subtropik zonalarga nisbatan ancha past. Yillik radiatsiya balansi 115 kkal/sm 2 ga teng. Organik dunyosi juda boy va xilma-xil. Biomassa miqdori 100-150 mg/m 3 gacha boradi. Subtropik zona. Janubiy subtropik zona ham shimoliy tropik zonaga o’xshash tabiiy sharoitining o’ziga xos xususiyatlari bilan ajralib turadi. Bu yerda ham ikkita yirik kompleksni - iliq va sovuq, suv massalaridan tarkib topgan tabiat komplekslari mavjud. Subtropik zonaning g’arbiy qismi iliq oqimlar ta’sirida bo’lganligi sababli yil davomida uning suvi iliq , harorati ancha yuqari bo’ladi. Atmosfera yog’inlari 1000 mm atrofida yog’adi. Zonaning sharqiy qismi esa sovuq oqimlar ta’sirida bo’lganligidan u yerda yil davomida suvning harorati past bo’ladi, yog’ingarchilik miqdori 500 mm dan oshmaydi. 29 1.2. Dunyo okeani qismlari Dunyo okeani qismlariga dengiz, qo’ltiq, bo’gozlar misol bo’ladi. Dengiz — Dunyo okeanining qismi; okeandan quruklik yoki orollar, yarim orollar va suv osti relyefining ko tarilgan joylari bilan ajralib turadi. O ziningʻ ʻ gidrologik, meteorologik va iqlimiy rejimi bilan okeanning ochiq qismidan farq qiladi. Dengiz quruqlik bilan qancha kup uralgan bulsa, okeandan tafovuti shuncha kup buladi. Oke-anlarning ayrim ochiq qismlari shartli ravishda Dengiz deyiladi, mas, Sargasso Dengiz va Filippin Dengiz Aslida kul (mas, Orol, Kaspiy, O lik ʻ dengizlari), lekin maydoni ancha katta bulganligidan Dengiz deb atalgan, ba zi ʼ Dengizlarga esa qo ltiq deyiladi (mas, Gudzon qo ltig i, Fors qo ltig i). Dengizlar ʻ ʻ ʻ ʻ ʻ geografik o rni va gidrologik rejimi xususiyatlariga ko ra 3 guruhga bo linadi: ʻ ʻ ʻ materiklar orasidagi Dengizlar, materik ichkarisidagi Dengizlar va chekka Materiklar orasidagi Dengizlar juda chuqur buladi. Bularga O rta dengiz, ʻ Avstraliya va Osiyo orasidagi Dengizlar, Karib dengizi va Qizil dengiz kiradi. Materikdagi Dengizlar biron materikning ichkarisida joylashgan bo ladi. Bularga ʻ Oq dengiz, Boltiq dengizi, Qora dengiz, Azov dengizi va boshqa kiradi. Chekka Dengizlar okean va materiklarning chekkalarida bo ladi. Bularga ʻ Barens dengizi, Kara dengizi, Sharqiy Sibir dengizi, Chukotka dengizi, Bering dengizi, Yapon dengizi, Shimoliy dengiz va boshqa kiradi. Dengiz atrofidagi qurukdik Dengizning iqlimi, suv rejimi va suv osti yotqiziqlariga uz ta sirini ko rsatadi. Bunday ta sir materik ichkarisidagi va ʼ ʻ ʼ materiklar orasidagi Dengizlarda ayniqsa katta buladi. Dengiz atrofidagi daryolar Dengizga chuchuk suv bilan birga loyqa (oqiziq) jinslarni keltiradi. Dengizlar geologik nuqtai nazardan yosh hosillardir. Ular uchlamchi davrda vujudga kelgan, to rtlamchi davrda to liq shakllangan. Eng chuqur Dengizlar Yer pustining ʻ ʻ upirilgan — yorilgan joylarida hosil bo lgan. Masalan, O rta dengiz (eng chuqur ʻ ʻ joyi 5121 m), Karib dengizi (eng chuqur joyi 7090 m) va boshqa Sayoz Dengizlar materik chekkalarining cho kkan qismlarini okean suvining bosishidan yoki okean ʻ 15 19 2. 3. I ql i m i , t ab i at z on al ar i , f o yd al i qaz i l m al ar i Hind okeani iqlimining tarkib topishida uning geografik o’rni asosiy rol o’ynaydi. Okeaning katta qismi ekvatordan janubda joylashgan bo’lib, uning shimoliy qismini iliq Yevrosiyo materigi va janubiy qismini sovuq Antaktida materigi G’rab turadi. Shimoliy akvatoriyasining iqlimi Yevrosiyo, Afrika va Avstraliya materiklarining ta’sirida shakllanganligi tufayli yuqori haroratli iqlim xususiyatlari bilan farq qiladi. Janubda okean iqlimini shakllanishida Antarktida materigining ta’siri hukmronlik qiladi. Shuning uchun bu joylar okeanning eng sovuq raYonlari hisoblanadi. Hind okeani shimoliy qismining iqlim xususiyatlaridan biri Yevrosiyo materigi ta’siri natijasida mussonli havo oqimlarining vujudga kelishi va ularni yil fasllarga qarab o’z yo’nalishini almashtirib turishidir. Binobarin, okeaning shimoliy qismi uchun musson iqlim harakterli bo’lib, yozda ekvatorial, qishda tropik havo massalari hukmronlik qiladi. Bu yerda havoning o’rtacha harorati yozda 25-27 °C ni, Afrika qirg’oqlari yaqinida 23°C ni tashkil etadi. Okeaning janubiy qismida harorat yozda 300 j.k. 20-25°C, 50° j.k. 5-6 °C va 60° j.k. dan janubroqda 0 °C dan past. Okean akvatoriyasida yillik yog’ingarchiliq miqdori ham havo harorati singari bir tekisda taqsimlanmagan. Eng kam yog’in Arabiston dengizining g’arbida (100 mm), Antarktidaning yaqinida (250 mm) va subtropiklarning Sharqida (500 m) kuzatiladi. Eng ko’p atmosfera yog’ini Arabiston dengizining Sharqiga (3000 mm), Bengaliya qo’ltig’iga (3000 mm), ekvator yoniga (2000-3000 mm) va subtropiklarning g’arbiga (1000 mm) to’g’ri keladi. Suv massalarining xossalari va harorati iqlim xususyatlari bilan uzviy bog’liq. Okeanning shimoliy qismi yoz oylarida materiklar ta’sirida janubga nisbatan yaxshi isiydi. Shuning uchun qirg’oq bo’ylarida suvning harorati 30°C dan yuqori ko’tariladi. Bu yerga sovuq suvlar ta’sir etmaydi. Shuning uchun okeanning shimoliy akvatoriyasi eng iliq joy hisoblanadi. Hind okeanidagi tropik va subekvatorial iqlim mintaqalaridagi harorat Tinch va Atlantika okeanlarining 27 FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR: 1. “O’zbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivojlantirish bo’yicha harakatlar strategiyasi to’g’risida”gi O’zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 7 fevraldagi PF-4947-sonli Farmoni. 2. O’zbekiston Respublikasining “Elektron tijorat to’g’risida”gi O’zbekiston Respublikasi Qonuniga o’zgartish va qo’shimchalar kiritish haqida”gi 2015-yil 22- maydagi O’RQ-385-sonli qoniniga muvofik qabul qilindi. Xalq so’zi, 2015 yil 23 may. 3. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Buyuk kelajagimizni mard va olijanob xalqimiz bilan birga quramiz. – Toshkent: “O’zbekiston” NMIU, 2017. – 488 bet. 4. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Qonun ustuvorligi va inson manfaatlarini ta’minlash – yurt taraqqiyoti va xalq farovonligining garovi. – Toshkent: “O’zbekiston” NMIU, 2017. – 48 bet. 5. Shokalskiy Yu. M., Okeanografiya, 2, L., 1959; 6. Istoshin Yu. V., Okeanologiya, L., 1969; 7. Ditrix G., Obshaya okeanografiya, per. s nem., M., 1962; 8. Shepard F. P., Moskva geografiyasi, per. s angl., 2 izd., L., 1969; 33 Mo’tadil zona. Janubiy mo’’tadil zonaning suvlari qishda sovuq, yozda biroz iliq bo’ladi. Tez-tez bo’lib turadigan dovullar yuzadagi suvlarni aralashtirib turadi. Bu yerlar "uvvillovchi kengliklar" deyiladi. O’rtacha balandligi 2-6 m ga boradigan to’lqinlar ko’p bo’lib turadi. Ayrim paytlarda to’lqinlarning balandligi 15 m gacha va uzunligi 250 m gacha bo’lib, ular yuzlab km masofaga hech pasaymay to’xtovsiz harakat qilib boradi. Subantarktika zonasi. Bu zonaning iqlimi sovuq, suvining harorati 0°C atrofida, sho’rligi kam, yiliga 250 mm yog’in yog’adi. Suvlari baliqlarga, krillarga boy, kitlar shu joylardan oziqlanadi. Qishda suv yuzini muz qoplaydi. Suvda dengiz muzlaridan tashqari minglab aysberglar suzib yuradi. Antarktika zonasi. Okeanning eng janubiy qismini, Antarktida sohillarini o’z ichiga oladi. Suvning harorati deyarli yil davomida 0° S dan past. Suv massalarini kuchli harakatchanligi organizmlarning yashashi uchun qulay sharoit yaratadi. Planktonlar miqdori 50 mg/m 3 atrofida. Okean tagidagi zonalar. Hind okeani Tinch va Atlantika okeanlariga nisbatan shimoldan janubga qarab kamroq, masofaga cho’zilgan. Shuning uchun ham bu yerda okean tagi tabiat zonalarining soni kam. Okean tagida ekvatorial-tropik janubiy mo’’tadil, subantarktika va antarktika zonalari mavjud. Bu zonalarning yotqiziqlari bir-biridan farq qiladi. Masalan, ekvatorial-tropik zonada radiolyariy va qizil loyqalari keng tarqalgan, janubiy mo’’tadil zonada farominifer loyqasi ko’p uchraydi. Subantarktikada kremniyli diatom yotqiziqlari hukumronlik qilsa, antarktika zonasida aysberg yotqiziqlari katta maydonni egallaydi. Foydali qazilmalari . Hind okeani boshqa okeanlar singari biologik kimyoviy , mineral, yonilg’i va energetika resurslariga juda boy. Shunga qaramasdan ular hozirga qadar yetarli darajada o’rganilmagan va o’zlashtirilmagan. Okeanning o’rtacha biologik mahsuldorligi 35-40 kg/m 2 ni, shelfda 350 kg/m 2 ni va qirg’oqbo’yi pelagial zonada 250 kg/m 2 ni tashkil etadi. Dunyo okeanidan ovlanadigan baliqning atigi5% (3 mln.t ga yaqini) Hind okeaniga to’g’ri keladi. Atlantika okeanidan ovlanadigan baliq esa 39% ni (22 mln. t atrofida) tashkil etadi. Olimlarning 30 3742 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Molukka ................................................................................................................................................. 18 291 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4180 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Avliyo Lavrentiy qo’ltig’i ......................................................................................................................... 18 263 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 572 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Hamdo’stlik ............................................................................................................................................ 18 258 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Ioniya ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 169 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 5121 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Oq .......................................................................................................................................................... 18 90 ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 340 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Arafur .................................................................................................................................................... 18 1017 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 3680 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Flores ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 115 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 5234 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Irland ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 100 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 175 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Amundsen ............................................................................................................................................. 18 5 Kosmonavtlar ......................................................................................................................................... 18 699 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4798 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Baffin ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 689 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 2136 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Laptevlar ................................................................................................................................................ 18 672 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3385 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Andaman ............................................................................................................................................... 18 605 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4507 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Chukotka ................................................................................................................................................ 18 590 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 160 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy ................................................................................................................................................. 18 544 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 809 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atдantika ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Bellinsgauzen ......................................................................................................................................... 18 487 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4470 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Sulavesi .................................................................................................................................................. 18 453 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 6220 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Qizil ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 450 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3040 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 7 Yuqorida tahlil qilingan tog’ tizmalari va ko’tarilmalari Hind okeani tagini O.K.Leontevning ma’lumotiga ko’ra; 24 ta katta va kichik botiqlarga ajratib turadi. Quyidagi № 4 jadvalda shulardan eng yiriklari berilgan. Hind okeani tagida xilma-xil cho’kindilar uchraydi. Foraminiferali cho’kindilar materik yonbag’irlarida va botiqlarda, radiolyariyali va marjon polipli cho’kindilar ekvator atrofida, poligen (suv osti qizil gillari) cho’kindilar ekvatordan janubroqda terrigen yotqiziqlar materik qirg’oqlari yaqinida va diatomli cho’kindilar materikning janubiy qismida (50° j.k. dan janubda) keng tarqalgan. H i n d ok ea ni n i n g yi ri k b ot i ql ar i № Botiqning nomi Maksimal chuqurligi, m 1 Arabiston 5875 2 Somali 5374 3 Maskaren 5349 4 Madagaskar 6400 5 Mozambik 6045 6 Agulyas 6150 7 Kroze 5270 8 Markaziy 6090 9 Andaman 4390 10 Kokos 6335 11 Barbiy Avstraliya 6500 12 Amsterdam 7102 13 Janubiy Avstraliya 6024 14 Afrika- Antarktika 6972 15 Avstraliya-Antarktika 6089 26 2.2. Geologik tuzilishi, relefi ....................................................................................................................... 24 2.3. Iqlimi, tabiat zonalari, foydali qazilmalari ........................................................................................... 27 XULOSA ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR: ............................................................................................................... 33 10 98 ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 585 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Adriatika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 144 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 1230 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Sarqiy-Sibir ............................................................................................................................................. 18 945 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 358 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Lazaryev ................................................................................................................................................. 18 929 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4500 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Kara ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 893 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 620 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Labrador ................................................................................................................................................ 18 840 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4316 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Lakkadiv ................................................................................................................................................. 18 786 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4131 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Solomon ................................................................................................................................................. 18 755 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 9103 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Banda ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 714 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 7440 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 6 KIRISH Kurs ishining dolzarbligi. Hind okeani dunyodagi eng yosh va eng issiq okeandir. Uning katta qismi janubiy yarimsharda, shimolda esa uzoq materikga boradi, shuning uchun qadimgi odamlar uni shunchaki katta dengiz deb hisoblashgan. Aynan shu erda, Hind okeanida, o’sha odam o’zining birinchi dengiz sayohatlarini boshlagan. Osiyoning eng yirik daryolari Hind okeani havzasiga mansub: Bengal ko rfazigaʻ quyiladigan Salvin, Irravadi va Brahmaputra bilan Gang; Arab dengiziga quyiladigan Hind daryosi; Dajla va Furot, Fors ko’rfazi bilan qo’shilish joyidan bir oz yuqorida birlashadi. Hind okeaniga quyiladigan Afrikaning yirik daryolaridan Zambezi va Limpoponi eslatib o’tish kerak. Ular tufayli okean qirg’oqlaridagi suv loyqa bo’lib, cho’kindi jinslar - qum, loy va loy ko’p. Ammo okeanning ochiq suvlari hayratlanarli darajada tiniq. Hind okeanining tropik orollari tozaligi bilan mashhur. Turli xil hayvonlar marjon riflarida o’z o’rnini topdi. Hind okeanida mashhur dengiz shaytonlari, noyob kit akulalari, katta og’izlar, dengiz sigirlari, dengiz ilonlari va boshqalar yashaydi. Kurs ishining maqsadi. Dunyo okeani va uning qismlari o’rganish, Hind okeani misolida uning barcha xususiyatlarini puxta va mukammal o’rganish. Kurs ishining vazifalari: - Dunyo ekanini qismlarga bo’lib olish; - Hind okeani tarixini o’rganish; - Yakuniy xulosa va jadval ishlash. Kurs ishining tarkibi va hajmi. Kurs ishi kirish, ikkita bob, xulosa va takliflar,foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxatilardan iborat 11 18 Dengizlar Maydoni Maksimal chuqurligi, metr hisobida Qaysi okeanda joylashgan Sargasso 6500 6995 Atlantika Filippin 5726 10265 Tinch Korall 4068 9174 Tinch Arabiston 3832 5803 Hind Janubiy-Xitoy 3537 5560 Tinch Fidji 3177 7633 Tinch Uedell 2920 6820 Atlantika Karib 2754 7686 Atlantika O’rta Yer 2500 5121 Atlantika Tasman 2331 5200 Tinch Bering 2315 4151 Tinch Bengal qo’ltig’i 2172 4694 Hind Oxota 1603 3916 Tinch Meksika qo’ltig’i 1543 4384 Atlantika Gvineya qo’ltig’i 1533 6363 Atlantika Barens 1424 600 Shimoliy Muz Norveg 1400 3970 Shimoliy Muz Skosha 1300 6022 Atlantika Sharqiy-Xitoy 1249 2719 Tinch Gudzon qo’ltig’i 1230 258 Shimoliy Muz Grenlandiya 1195 5527 Shimoliy Muz Somova 1150 3000 Tinch Riser-Larsena 1138 3000 Hind Yapon 1062 3742 Tinch Molukka 291 4180 Tinch Avliyo Lavrentiy qo’ltig’i 263 572 Atlantika Hamdo’stlik 258 3000 Hind I oniya 169 5121 Atlantika O q 90 340 Shimoliy Muz Arafur 1017 3680 Hind F lores 115 5234 Tinch I rland 100 175 Atlantika A mundsen 98 585 Tinch A driatika 144 1230 Atlantika Sarqiy-Sibir 945 358 Shimoliy Muz Lazaryev 929 4500 Atlantika Kara 893 620 Shimoliy Muz Labrador 840 4316 Atlantika Lakkadiv 786 4131 Hind Solomon 755 9103 Tinch Banda 714 7440 Tinch Kosmonavtlar 699 4798 Hind Baffin 689 2136 Shimoliy Muz fizikaviy, kimyoviy, geologik, biologik ayniqsa ko’proq zoologik kuzatishlar olib bordilar. To’plangan materiallar asosida 50 jildlik (30 ming bet) ilmiy to’plam nashr etildi. "Chellenjer" ishtirokchilari asosiy ilmiy kuzatish ishlarini Hind okeanining janubiy akvatoriyasida olib bordilar. 1898-1899 yillarda Germaniya Hind okeanida suvning chuqurliklarini o’lchash maqsadida "Valdiviya" kemasida maxsus ekspeditsiya tashkil etdi. Ekspeditsiya asosan okeanning shimoliy va shimoli-g’arbiy qismlarida joylashtirilgan 129 ta stansiyada meterologik va biologik kuzatishlar hamda chuqurliklarni o’lchash ishlarini bajardi. To’plangan materiallar asosida G.Shott 1900 yilda Hind okeanining batimetrik haritasini tuzdi. Hind okeanini keng ko’lamda yalpisiga tadqiq qilish ishlari 1960-1965 yillarda YUNESKO tashabbusi bilan tashkil etilgan Xalqaro Hind okeani ekspeditsiyasi tomonidan amalga oshirildi. Bu tadqiqot ishlarida 20 dan ortiq mamlakatlarning olimlari ishtirok etdilar, okean tabiatiga va tabiiy boyliklariga xos ko’plab yangi ma’lumotlar to’pladilar, okean tagi relefiga taalluqli bir qator kashfiyotlar qildilar. Xalqaro ekspeditsiyada "Vityaz", "Ob"^ "Akademik Kurchatov", "Dmitriy Mendeleev", "Akademik Vernadskiy", "Mixail Lomonosov" kabi sovet ilmiy kemalari ishtirok etdi. Binobarin, Xalqaro Hind okeani ekspeditsiyasi, Xalqaro geofizika yili va boshqa ekspeditsiyalar tomonidan olib borilgan ilmiy tadqiqotlar natijasida G’arbiy Hind va Sharqiy Hind suv osti tog’ tizmalari, Mozambiq Ouen, Tasmaniya, Diamantika tektonik yoriq zonalari, Afanasiy Nikitin , Ob, Lena, Bardina, Zenit, Ekvator kabi suv osti tog’lari kashf etildi. 23 ta’kidlashicha hozirgi sharoitda biologik resurslarning maqsadga muvofiq foydalanilsa, Hind okeanida baliq ovlashning yiliga 10-14 mln. t ga yetkazish imkoniyati bor. Okeanda eng ko’p baliq ovlanadigan joy Arabiston dengizi va Adan qo’ltig’i hisoblanadi. Bu yerda sardinella, skumbriya, bombilya, qilich baliq, anchous, akula kabi baliqlar ovlanadi. Shri-Lanka, Baxrayn orollari , Avstraliyaning shimoli-g’arbiy qirg’oqlari yaqinidan marvarid va sadaf olinadi. Okean shelfi qazilma boyliklarga juda boy. Eng yirik neft va tabiiy gaz konlari Fors qo’ltig’i tagidagi cho’kindi jinslar orasida topilgan. Bu yerda 10,6 mlrd. t neft zahirasi va 2,83 trln m 3 gaz zahirasi borligi aniqlangan. Eng yirik kon Safaniya-Xafj bo’lib, unda 4,3 mlrd. t ga yaqin neft zahirasi bor. Fors qo’ltig’idan 516 ta skvajina yordamida 1,35 mlrd. t neft qazib olinadi. yaqin kelajakda bu qo’ltiqdan yiliga 500 mln. t neft qazib olish mo’ljallanmoqda. Avstraliyaning g’arbiy sohillaridan 11 ta neft va gaz konlari topilgan. Shularda Barrau neft koni va Nors-Ronkin gaz koni ishga tushirilgan. Birgina Barraudan yiliga 1,5 mln t neft qazib olinmoqda. Bu regionning gaz zahirasi 552 mlrd. m 3 atrofida baholangan. Timor dengizi tagida ham 620 mlrd m 3 va 70 mln t neft zahirasi borligi aniqlangan. Okeanning shimoli-g’arbiy sohilidagi chuchuk suvlari deyarli bo’lmagan mamlakatlarda sho’r suv chuchutilib foydalanilmoqda. Jumladan Quvayt dengiz suvini chuchitish qurilmasi yordamida sutkasiga 212 ming m 3 suvni chuchitib, mamlakatni ichimlik suv bilan ta’minlaydi. 31 Shuni ham unutmasligimiz kerakki, oqim energiya manbai bo’lib, garchi hozir to’liq foydalanilmasa ham, unchalik samarali emas, lekin kelajakda u shamol turbinalaridan ham ko’proq talabga aylanishi mumkin. O’simliklar, suv o’tlari, hayvonlar va boshqa dengiz biomassalari ham biz uchun muhimdir. Suv resurslari. Ularga yuqorida yozilgan dengiz suvi kiradi. Minerallar. Chuqurlikda qazib olinadigan turli metallar odamlar hayotida muhim rol o’ynaydi. Asosiy miqdor Barents va Kaspiy dengizlarida, shuningdek, Meksika ko’rfazi yaqinida joylashgan. Biologik resurslar. Aksariyat odamlar sushi iste’mol qilishni yaxshi ko’radilar va ularning tarkibida eng mazali va muhim tarkibiy qism faqat chuqurlikda tutilgan bir xil baliqdir. Eng "mahsuldor", shubhasiz, Yaponiya, Norvegiya, Bering va Oxot dengizlari deb atash mumkin. Energiya resurslari. Suv asosiy energiya manbai bo’lmasligi mumkin, lekin uning energiyasi juda yuqori salohiyatga ega. 20-asrdan boshlab, olimlar Jahon okeanini to’liq o’rganishni boshlaganlarida, yana bir nechta muhim manba turlari paydo bo’ldi: Yer; geotermal; Iqlim. Okean resurslari 14 XULOSA Hind okeani maydonining kattaligi jihatidan Tinch va Atlantika okeanlaridan keyin uchinchi o’rinda turadi. Mazkur okean to’rtta materik o’rtaligida joylashgan. Shimol tomonda Yevrosiyo materigi bilan chegaralanadi. Sharqda Katta Zond orollari , Avstraliya materigi va Tasmaniya oroli meridiani orqali Tinch okeandan, g’arbda Afrika materigi va Igna burun meridiani orqali Atlantika okeanidan ajralib turadi. Janubda sayyoramizning eng sovuq materigi - Antarktida bilan chegaradosh. Ana shu chegaralar doirasida joylashgan Hind okeani akvatoriyasining maydoni 76,2 mln km 2 ga teng. Hind okeani akvatoriyasining asosiy qismini tropik mintaqalardan boshlab to mo’tadil kengliklargacha joylashishi organik dunyoning rivojlanishi uchun juda qulay iqlimiy va gidrologik sharoit vujudga keltiradi. Tropik mintaqaning sayozroq joylarida marjonlar, ohaqli qizil suvo’tlar-litotamnilar va ohaqli yashil suvo’tlar- xolimedalar ko’p tarqalgan. Ular orollar va atollar hosil qiladi. Arabiston dengizida ko’k-yashil suvo’tlar ko’p uchraydi, hatto ular suv osti o’tloqlarini hosil qiladi. Okeanda baliqlar ko’p tarqalgan. Uning o’rta va shimoliy qismlarida sardanella, skumbriya, uchar baliq nur sochuvchi anchous, korifen, tunes, miktofid vaturli xil akulalar yashaydi. Janubiy qismida sovuq, iqlim sharoitaga moslashgan hayvonlar: baliqlardan oqqonli baliq (muzbaliq), qushlardan fregat, albatros, pingvinlar bor. 32 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Dyurvil ................................................................................................................................................... 18 315 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3610 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Yava ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 310 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 1272 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Bismark .................................................................................................................................................. 18 310 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 2665 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Persid qo’ltig’i ........................................................................................................................................ 18 251 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 90 ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Biskay qo’ltig’i ........................................................................................................................................ 18 223 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4735 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Turren .................................................................................................................................................... 18 214 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3719 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Egey ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 214 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3543 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Seram .................................................................................................................................................... 18 173 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 5319 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 II BOB. HIND OKEANIGA UMUMIY GEOGRAFIK TAVSIF ............................................................................. 20 2.1. Hind okeanining geografik o’rni, o’rganish tarixi ................................................................................ 20 9 MUNDARIJA: KIRISH ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 I BOB. DUNYO OKEANI HAQIDA UMUMIY TAVSIF ..................................................................................... 12 1.1. Dunyo okeanining tabiiy sharoiti va tabiiy boyliklari ........................................................................... 12 1.2. Dunyo okeani qismlari ........................................................................................................................ 15 Dengizlar ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Maydoni ................................................................................................................................................. 18 Maksimal chuqurligi, metr hisobida ...................................................................................................... 18 Qaysi okeanda joylashgan ..................................................................................................................... 18 Sargasso ................................................................................................................................................. 18 6500 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 6995 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Filippin ................................................................................................................................................... 18 5726 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 10265 ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Korall ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 4068 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 9174 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Arabiston ............................................................................................................................................... 18 3832 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 5803 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Janubiy-Xitoy ......................................................................................................................................... 18 3537 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 5560 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Fidji ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 3177 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 7633 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 2 okeanini yukorida ta’kidlanganidek to’rtta materik o’rtaligida joylashgan mustaqil va bir butun geografik akvatoriya deb qarash maqsadga muvofiqdir. O’rganilish tarixi. Tadqiqotchilarning taxminlariga ko’ra Hind, okeanida suzish boshqa okeanlarga qaraganda ancha oldin, taxminan 6 ming yillar ilgari boshlangan. Hind okeani sohillari juda qadim zamonlardan boshlab madaniyati yaxshi taraqqiy etgan markazlrdan biri bo’lgan. Uning sohillarida va undan chetroqda yashagan qadimiy xalqlar - Shimoliy Afrikaliklar, Janubiy YYevropaliklar, Janubi-Yearbiy Osiyoliklar, Xitoyliklar - savdo ishlari bilan shug’ullanib, okeanning turli qismlaridan suzib o’tishgan, okean akvatoriyasi va tevarak-atrofidagi mamlakatlar bilan tanishishgan, shamollar, oqimlar to’g’risida tasavvurga ega bo’lishgan. Eramizdan 5-4 ming yillar oldin shumerliklar Fors qo’ltig’ida suzishgan va okeanga ham chiqishgan. Eramizdan 6 asr ilgari finikiyaliklar o’z sayohatini Qizil (Eritrei) dengizdan boshlab, Hind okeanining g’arbiy qismidan Afrikani aylanib Atlantika okeaniga suzib o’tishgan va Gibraltar bo’g’ozi orqali kaytib ketishgan. Eramizdan oldingi 325-324 yillarda yunon harbiy flotchisi-Nearx Aleksandr Makedonskiyning topshirishga binoan dengiz yo’li bilan Hind daryosining quyilish joyidan Yevfrat daryosining quyilish joyigacha suzib o’tdi va bu sayohat haqida hisobot yozib qoldirdi. Eramizning boshlarida O’rta dengiz xalqlaridan Gippal musson shamollaridan foydalanib , Qizil (Eritrey) dengizidan Arabiston dengizi orqali Hindistonga suzib borish yo’lini kashf etadi. VII-VIII asrlarda arablar Sharqiy Afrika, Arabiston yarim oroli va Hindistonning qirg’oq yaqinidagi suv yo’llarini o’zlashtirdilar. IX asrgacha to Madagaskar oroligacha yetib bordilar. Arablar o’z sayohatlari haqida okeanning qirg’oqlari, orollari, marjon riflari, oqimlari va shamollar to’g’risida ko’plab ma’lumotlar tukxadilar. XV asrda xitoylik Chjen Xe Hind okeaniga yetti marta katta ekspeditsiya uyushtirdi. Ekspeditsiyalar davrida u okeanda suzib Kalikut, Maldiv orollarida bo’ldi, Ormuz bo’g’ozi, Aden qo’ltig’i va Qizil dengizgacha bordi. Chjen Xe suzib o’tgan joylarining haritalarini tuzdi. 21 Dengiz turizmi ham okean resurslaridan foydalanishning bir sohasi sifatida tobora rivojlanmoqda. Dunyo okeanini muhofaza qilish milliy, regional va xalqaro ko’lamda amalga oshiriladigan tadbir. Dunyo okeanini tadqiq etish va foydalanish hamda muhofaza qilish maqsadida ko’plab xalqaro tashkilotlar tuzilgan. Xalqaro dengiz qo’mitasi, Davlatlararo okeanografik komissiya (UNESCO qoshida) va boshqalar Dunyo okeani boyliklaridan oqilona va tejamkorlik bilan foydalanish, ularni muhofaza qilish, tiklash va ekologik sharoitini yaxshilash borasida ibratli faoliyat ko’rsatmoqda. Suv ob’ektlarini o’rganuvchi olimlarning ko’pchiligi Jahon okeani haqida bir fikrda: bu juda katta hajmdagi tabiiy resurslar ombori bo’lib, ularning miqdori hatto quruqlikda joylashgan barcha minerallar va materiallardan ham oshib ketishi mumkin. Boylik birinchi navbatda dengiz suvini o’z ichiga oladi, chunki uning hajmi butun gidrosferaning 96 foizidan ko’prog’ini tashkil qiladi. Agar biz yer shari aholisi sonini yaxlitlab, ularning sonini sakkiz milliard deb oladigan bo’lsak, har birimizda 250 million kub metr dengiz suvi bo’ladi. Agar biz ushbu miqdorning mingdan bir qismini ishlata olsak, bunday raqam allaqachon hayratlanarli tuyuladi. Ammo okeanlarda ko’plab hayvonlar yashaydi, ular bizning hayotimizga ta’sir qiladi va yo’q bo’lib ketishi mumkin, ular okeanlarning umumiy massasining atigi 0,001% ni yo’q qiladi. Bundan tashqari, dengiz suvida 75 ga yaqin turli xil kimyoviy elementlar mavjudligi haqidagi ma’lumot diqqatga sazovordir: oltin, magniy, tuz va hatto uran suvda. Aytgancha, inson hayotida juda muhim bo’lgan yod ham dengiz suvidan ishlab chiqariladi. Shuni ham unutmasligimiz kerakki, Jahon okeanida uning tubida va ostida joylashgan ko’plab mineral resurslar mavjud. Zamonaviy inson uchun eng muhimi gaz va neft bo’lib, ular tubdan qazib olinadigan boshqa barcha tabiiy resurslar narxining taxminan 90% ni tashkil qiladi. Barcha neftning taxminan uchdan bir qismi kollektorlardan olinadi. Okean tubining yana bir boyligini temir va marganets rudalari konlari deb atash mumkin, ularda ikkinchisidan tashqari 30 xil turdagi metallar mavjud. 13 2. 2. G eo l o gi k t uz i l i sh i , re l e f i Hind okeani tagi relefi va geologik strukturasi Tinch va Atlantika okeanlari tagi relefi va geologik strukturasi singari ancha murakkab tuzilgan. Uning o’rtacha chuqurligi 3711 m ga teng. Eng chuqur joyi Yava (Zond) cho’kmasida 7450 m ga yetadi. Okeanda shelf (materik sayozligi) uncha taraqqiy etmagan va kam maydonni egallaydi. Shelf zonasining kengligi bir necha kilometrdan 80-100 km gacha boradi. Hind okeanining Fors qo’ltig’i allyuvial yotqiziqlar tekislangan shelf zonasida shakllangan. Uning maksimal chuqur joyi 102 m ni tashkil qiladi. Xudi shunday Pokiston va G’arbiy Hindistonning kambar shelf zonasining tarkib topishida akkumulyativ allyuvial yotqiziqlar muhim rol o’ynaydi. Bengaliya qo’ltig’ining shimolidagi shelfning hosil bo’lishida Gang va Braxmaputra daryolari keltirgan terrigen yotqiziqlar faol ishtirok etadi. Andaman dengizining shelfi boshqa regiondagi shelflarga nisbatan bir oz kengroq , bo’lib, u akkumulyativ suv osti tekisliklaridan va denudatsion tekisliklardan tarkib topgan. Hind okeanining shimoliy chekka qismi bo’ylab tik va ensiz materik yonbag’ri cho’zilgan. U 100-200 m chuqurlikdan boshlanib, ayrim joylarda suv osti kononlari bilan kesilgan. Eng yiriklari Hind va Gang kononlaridir. Bularning 1000-1500 m chuqurlikda okean tagiga loyka oqimlarini keltirib kuyishi natijasida ulkan suv osti yoyilma konuslari hosil bo’ladi. Yoyilmalar yuzasi ko’plab abissal vodilar bilan kesilgan. Hind okeani tagining orografik tuzilishini asosini O’rtalik Hind okean tog’ tizimi tashkil etadi. Bu tog’ tizimi o’zining yo’nalishida uchta tarmoqda bo’linib, shimoli-g’arb, janubi-g’arb va janubi-sharq tomonlarga qarab cho’zilib yotadi. Tog’ tizimining o’rtalik qismi Markaziy Hind tog’ tizmasi deb ataladi. Undan shimoli-g’arbga Arabiston yarim oroli tomon cho’zilgan qismi Arabiston-Hind tog’ tizmasi, janubi-g’arbga qarab cho’zilgan qismi G’arbiy Hind tog’ tizmasi va junubi-sharq tomon cho’zilgan qismi Avstraliya-Antarktika tog’ tizmasi deb ataladi. Bular orasida G’arbiy Hind tog’ tizmasi seysmik jihatdan serharakatchanligi va okean tipidagi suv osti vulkanlarini ko’p tarqalganligi bilan 24 sathining ko tarilishidan paydo bo lgan. Bunday Dengizlar ko pincha materikʻ ʻ ʻ sayozliklarda joylashgan (qarang Shelf). Masalan, Sharqiy Sibir dengizi, Shimoliy dengiz va boshqa. Dengiz tubining relyefi okeanlarning ochiq qismi tubining relyefiga qaraganda oddiyroq tuzilgan. Dengiz tubi relyefida katta masofaga cho zilgan suv ʻ osti baland tizmalari, keng platolar emas, balki uncha chuqur bo lmagan soyliklar, ʻ tepaliklar, sayozliklar ko p. ʻ Dengiz suvining sho rligi Dunyo okeanidan anchagina farq qiladi. ʻ Bug lanish quyiladigan chuchuk suvdan kam bo lsa, sho rlik darajasi past bo ladi ʻ ʻ ʻ ʻ (mas, Boltiq dengizida 6—8‰). Bunda bug lanmay qolgan ortiqcha suv Dengiz ʻ yuzasidan oqeanga chiqib ketadi. Agar bug lanish quyiladigan chuchuk suvdan ʻ ortiq bo lsa, Dengizlarning sho rlik darajasi yuqori bo ladi (mas, Qizil dengizda ʻ ʻ ʻ 41,5‰). Bunda ortiqcha bug lanish natijasida Dengiz sathi pasayadi. Natijada oke- ʻ andan suv oqib keladi. Bo g oz ʻ ʻ — 1) okean , dengiz , ko lni ʻ va ularning ayrim qismlarini bir-biri bilan qo shib turadigan kambar suv yo lagi. Maye ʻ ʻ , Bering B . Shimoliy Muz okeanini Tinch okean bilan, BobulMandab B. Qizil dengizni Hind okeani bilan qo shib turadi va h. k.; ʻ Qo’ltiq – okean, dengiz va ko’llarning quruqlik ichkarisiga kirib turgan qismi. Ba’zi joylarda okeanlarning dengizlarga xos xususiyatlar, gidrologik rejimga ega bo’lgan qismlari ham qo’ltiq deb yuritilgan. Masalan, Bengaliya qo’ltig’i, Fors qo’ltig’i, Meksika qo’lltig’i va h.k. 16 tropik va ekvatorial mintaqada ancha yuqori ekvatorial iqlim mintaqasidan janubga tomon harorat keskin pasayib boradi. Okean suvining sho’rligi suv balansiga bog’liq. Uning yuza qismida yillik bo’g’lanish 1380 mm ni tashkil etadi. Yog’inlarning akvatoriya bo’ylab taqsimlanishi esa har xil. Yog’ingarchilik kam, bug’lanish ko’p bo’ladigan Fors qo’ltig’ida suvning sho’rligi 39-40 ‰ ga, Qizil dengizda 41-42 ‰ ga, Arabiston dengizida bug’lanishga nisbatan yog’ingarchiliq miqdori ko’p bo’lganligi sababli suvning sho’rligi 32,0-33,0‰ gacha pasayadi. Janubiy tropiklarda suvning sho’rligi 34-34,5‰ ga, Janubiy subtropik kengliklarda 35,5‰ ga va eng janubda 33-34‰ ga teng. Qizil dengiz tagidagi cho’kmalardan katta miqdorda suv chiqarib turadigan issiq buloq topilgan. Buloq suvining issiqligi 70° va sho’rligi 300‰. Issiq suvdan hosil bo’lgan cho’kindilardan o’ziga xos evaporit tipidagi jinslar tarkib topgan. Uning tarkibida nodir metallar , jumladan mis bor. Okeanda suv sathining ko’tarilish va pasayish jarayoni sutkasiga ikki martadan takrorlanib turadi. Suvning ko’tarilishi ochiq okean qirg’oqlarida va orollar atrofida 0,5-1,6 m gacha, ayrim qo’ltiqlarda 5-7 m gacha yetadi. Suv sathining maksimal ko’tarilishi Kambey qo’ltig’i uchun harakterli bo’lib 11,9 m ni tashkil etadi. Okeanning tabiat zonalari. Okean yuzasidagi zonalar. Hind okeanining tabiiy sharoiti va gidrologik xususiyatlari xilma-xil bo’lishi hamda uning akvatoriyasini shimliy va janubiy yarim sharda joylashganligi sababli Dunyo okeaniga xos bo’lgan tabiat zonalarining aksariyati bu yerda o’z ifodasini topgan. Okean akvatoriyasini shimoldan janubga qarab kuzatar ekanmiz , quyidagi tabiat zonalari borligini guvohi bo’lamiz. Tropik zona. Okeanning shimoliy qismidagi tropik zonada tevarak atrofdagi quruqliklar ta’sirida suv massalari turli xil xususiyatlarga ega bo’lgan komplekslar tarkib topgan. Tropik zonaning g’arbiy qismida (Arabiston dengizining g’arbida) atmosfera yog’ini 100 mm atrofida tushadi, harorat ancha baland, bug’lanish miqdori 1400 mm atrofida, quruqlikdan chuchuk suv deyarli 28 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Bofort .................................................................................................................................................... 18 450 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 4683 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Ross ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 439 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 2972 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Timor ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 432 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 3310 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Qora ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 422 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 2210 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Sariq ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 416 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 106 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Boltiq ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 415 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 470 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Kaspiy .................................................................................................................................................... 18 371 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 1025 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Sulu ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 335 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 5576 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Mouson ................................................................................................................................................. 18 333 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 1000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 8 II BOB. HIND OKEANIGA UMUMIY GEOGRAFIK TAVSIF 2. 1. H i nd o ke an i ni ng g eo gr af i k o’ r ni , o’ r ga ni sh t ar i x i Hind okeani maydonining kattaligi jihatidan Tinch va Atlantika okeanlaridan keyin uchinchi o’rinda turadi. Mazkur okean to’rtta materik o’rtaligida joylashgan. Shimol tomonda Yevrosiyo materigi bilan chegaralanadi. Sharqda Katta Zond orollari , Avstraliya materigi va Tasmaniya oroli meridiani orqali Tinch okeandan, g’arbda Afrika materigi va Igna burun meridiani orqali Atlantika okeanidan ajralib turadi. Janubda sayyoramizning eng sovuq materigi - Antarktida bilan chegaradosh. Ana shu chegaralar doirasida joylashgan Hind okeani akvatoriyasining maydoni 76,2 mln km 2 ga teng. Umumiy suv hajmi 282,7 mln.km 2 . Hind okeani boshqa okeanlardan o’zining geografik joylashishi bilan ajralib turadi. Uning katta va keng maydoni janubiy yarim sharda va qambar kichikroq qismi shimoliy yarim sharda joylashgan. Hind okeani qirg’oqlari Shimoliy Muz okeani qirg’oqlariga nisbatan kam parchalangan. Faqatgina uning shimoli-g’arbiy va shimoli-sharqiy qismlarida egri- bugri qirg’oq chiziqlarini uchratish mumkin. Keyingi yillarda Antarktikani keng ko’lamda kompleks tadqiq qilish munosabati bilan ayrim okeanshunos (B.S. Zalogin) olimlar tomonidan Dunyo okeani tarkibida beshinchi okeanni - Janubiy okeanni ajratish masalasini yangidan taklif etaboshladilar. Bunga asos qilib Tinch, Atlantika va Hind okeanlarining janubiy qismlarini umumiy gidrometeorolik xususiyatlarini o’xshashligini hamda bu regionda okean va atmosfera-sirklyatsiyasi sxemasini umumiyligani ko’rsatmoqdalar. Janubiy okeanning" shimoliy chegarasini Afrika, Avstraliya va Janubiy Amerikaning eng janubiy chekka nuqtalarini shartli ravishda kenglik bo’ylab tutashtiruvchi chiziqdan yoki antarktika konvergensiya zonasidan o’tkazishni taklif qilishmoqda, Ammo, tabiatda Janubiy okeanni Yerning boshqa okeanlaridan ajratib turuvchi aniq geomorfologik chegara yuk. Binobarin, Hind 20 harakterlanadi. Bu tizmaning sharqiy yonbag’rida ikkita yirik vulkaniq massiv mavjud bo’lib, ularning suv sathidan ko’tarilib turgan cho’qqilari Prins-Eduard va Kroze orollarini hosil qiladi. Arabiston-Hind’ tog’ tizmasi Sokotra orolidan Sharqroqda Ouen suv osti tektonik yorigi bilan kesilgan. Bu yoriq Somali botigidan boshlanib, Arabiston dedaizining MagpH suv osti tog’igacha davom etadi. Binobarin uch tarmaqda bo’lingan O’rtalik Hind okean suv osti tog’ tizimi bir butun okean tagi xavzasini yirik uch qismga- Afrika, Osiyo-Avstraliya va Antarktika’ xavzalariga ajratib turadi. Hind okeanining Sharqiy qismida Markaziy va G’arbiy Avstraliya botiqlarini bir-birdan ajratib turuvchi Sharqiy Hind tog’ tizmasi meridional yo’nalishda cho’zilib yotibdi. Tog’ tizmalarining kengligi 400-800 km gacha va balandligi 2-3 km gacha boradi. Okeanning janubiy qismida yirik geomorfologik struktura - Kergilin suv osti platosi joylashgan. Plato yuzasida miotsen davrida harakatda bo’lgan qadimiy suv osti vulkanlari ko’p uchraydi. Vulkanlarni ayrimlarini cho’qqilari suv sathidan ko’tarilib Kergelen va Xyord orollarini hosil qilgan. Vulkanlar asosan bazaltlardan tarkib topgant. Platoda bazaltdan tashqari granodiorit va paleogen ohaqtoshlari ham topilgan. Sharqiy Hind suv osti tog’ tizmasining eng janubiy chekkasidan sharq tomonda G’arbiy Avstraliya tizmasi joylashgan. Bu tog’ning orografik tuzilishi ancha murakkab bo’lib platosimon ko’tarilmalardan va yaqqol ko’tarilib turgan tektonik tizmalardan tarkib topgan. Okean tagi rel’f shakllarining murakkablashishida tektonik yoriqlar ham muhim rol o’ynaydi. Ammo bu yerdagi yoriqlar Tinch okeandagi yoriqlardan farq qilib, ular asosan meridional va submeridional ravishda yo’nalgan. Ouen, Mavrikiya, Prins-Eduard, Amsterdam, Tasmanov kabi yoriqlar shular jumlasidandir. Bundan tashqari okean tagi kenglik va subkenglik bo’ylab yo’nalgan yoriqlar ham uchraydi. Bunga Diamantin va Ob yoriqlari misol bo’ladi. Chuqurligi 5500-6500 m ga boradigan Vityaz , Argo, Vima, Mariya-Selest cho’kmalarining mavjudligi tektonik yoriqlar bilan uzviy bog’liq. 25 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Barens .................................................................................................................................................... 18 1424 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 600 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Norveg ................................................................................................................................................... 18 1400 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 3970 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Skosha ................................................................................................................................................... 18 1300 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 6022 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Sharqiy-Xitoy ......................................................................................................................................... 18 1249 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 2719 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Gudzon qo’ltig’i ...................................................................................................................................... 18 1230 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 258 ......................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Grenlandiya ........................................................................................................................................... 18 1195 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 5527 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Shimoliy Muz ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Somova .................................................................................................................................................. 18 1150 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 3000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Riser-Larsena ......................................................................................................................................... 18 1138 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 3000 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Yapon ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 1062 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 4 Uedell .................................................................................................................................................... 18 2920 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 6820 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Karib ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 2754 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 7686 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 O’rta Yer ................................................................................................................................................ 18 2500 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 5121 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Tasman .................................................................................................................................................. 18 2331 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 5200 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Bering .................................................................................................................................................... 18 2315 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 4151 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Bengal qo’ltig’i ....................................................................................................................................... 18 2172 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 4694 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Hind ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Oxota ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 1603 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 3916 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Tinch ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 Meksika qo’ltig’i ..................................................................................................................................... 18 1543 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 4384 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Atlantika ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Gvineya qo’ltig’i ..................................................................................................................................... 18 1533 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 6363 ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 3 I BOB. DUNYO OKEANI HAQIDA UMUMIY TAVSIF 1.1. Dunyo okeanining tabiiy sharoiti va tabiiy boyliklari Olimlarning fikricha, hayot okean sohillaridagi to’lqinlar hosil qilgan „hayot sharbati — bo’tqasimon loyqa"li suv muhitida hosil bo’lgan. Okean suvlarida mikroskop bilan ko’rinadigan organizmlardan tortib 150 tonna keladigan ko’k kitlargacha, turli xil organizmlar yashaydi. Hozir Dunyo okeanida 160 ming hayvon turi, 10 ming atrofida o’simlik turi mavjud. Okean organizmlari yashash joylariga ko’ra guruhlashtiriladi. Masalan, bentos organizmlar — okean suvlari tubida, yotqiziqlar orasida yashaydi. Nektonlar — erkin ko’chib yuruvchi organizmlar bo’lsa, planktonlar suv oqimlariga qarshilik ko’rsata olmay, muallaq holatda suzib yuruvchi organizmlardir (fitoplankton va zooplanktonlar). Dunyo okeani tabiiy boyliklarning xazinasi hisoblanadi. Bu boyliklar biologik, kimyoviy, ma’danli va yoqilg’i-energetika resurslaridan iborat. Hozir biologik resurslarning 2 % idangina foydalanilmoqda. Lekin bu dunyoda iste’mol qilinadigan oqsil moddalarning 20 % ini tashkil etadi. Okean suvlaridan yiliga treska, seld, skumbriya baliqlari ko’plab ovlanadi. Okean tubidan osh tuzi, brom, magniy, oltingugurt, aluminiy, mis, uran, kumush, oltin olinadi. Dunyo okeanida neft va gaz eng ko’p Fors ko’rfazidan, shuningdek, Venesuela qirg’oqlaridan, Shimoliy dengizdan, Meksika qo’ltig’idan qazib olinadi. Dunyo okeani eng muhim va arzon dengiz transporti yo’li vazifasini bajaradi. Savdo-iqtisodiy aloqalar doirasidagi mahsulot tashishning 60 % dan ortig’i dengiz transporti orqali bajariladi. Dunyo xo’jaligining rivojlanishi, xalqaro mehnat taqsimotining yuzaga kelishi, savdo-sotiqning rivojlanishi dengiz transporti tufaylidir. Hozir Dunyo okeani sohillarida 2 700 dan ortiq dengiz port-shaharlari mavjud. Dengiz transportida tashiladigan asosiy yuk neft va neft mahsulotlariga to’g’ri keladi. Ba’zan bu mahsulotlarni tashiydigan maxsus kema — tankerlar halokatga uchrab, sohil tabiatiga, dengiz organizmlariga katta talafot keltirmoqda. 12 XV-XVI asrlardan boshlab Yevropaliklarning Hind okeaniga bostirib kirish davri avjiga chiqadi. Tverlik savdogar Afanasiy Nikitin 1466-1472 yillarda Sharqiy Yevropadan Hindistonga qilgan safarida Hind okeani sohillarida bo’lgan va barcha sarguzashtlarini "Uch dengiz osha" kitobida bayon etgan. Portugaliyaliklar birin-ketin G’arbiy Afrika qirg’oqlari bo’ylab suzib borib Hind okeanini zabt etishadi va suv yo’li orqali Hindistonga borishadi. Pirovardida 1497- 1498 yillarda Vasko da Gama dengiz yo’li orqali Hindistonga borishni tuligicha amalga oshiradi. Ular 1500 yilda dengiz orqali Madagaskar, 1502 yilda Amirant, 1505 yilda Komor orollariga suzib borishadi, keyinchalik Seyshel va Maskaren orollarida bo’lishib, ularni haritalarga tushirishadi. Portugaliyaliklardan keyin Hind okeaniga golland, fransuz, ispan va ingliz dengizchilari tashrif buyurishib, uning barcha akvatoriyasi bo’ylab sayohat qiladilar. O’sha davrda Hind okeani nomi shakllanib, birinchi marta u 1555 yilda Myunster haritasidan o’z o’rnini egallaydi. XVIII asrning ikkinchi yarmida ingliz dengizchisi Jeyms Kuk 1772-1775 yillarda "Rezolyushen" va "Advencher" kemalarida suzib, Hind okeaniga geografik tavsif berish va uni qirg’oq chiziqlarini aniqlash bilan birga, suvning yuza qatlamidan to 180 m chuqurlikkacha haroratning o’zgarishini o’lchash bilan ham shug’ullanadi. 1831-1836 yillarda "Bigl" kemasida tashkil etilgan ekspeditsiya ishtirokchilari tomonidan to’plangan materiallar tabiiy fanlarni , ayniqsa okeanografiyani rivojlantirishda muhim rol o’ynadi. Ekspeditsiya ishtirokchilari o’z siyohati davomida Hind okeanini kesib o’tish bilan birga Kakos, Mavrikiy va boshqa orollarga ham tashrif buyurdilar. Hind okeani bo’ylab qilgan sayohati davomida Ch. Darvin geologik biologik zoologik ilmiy tadqiqot ishlarini olib bordi. Ayniksa atollarning kelib chiqishi to’g’risida yaratgan ilmiy nazariyasi hozirgi kunda ham mohiyatini yo’qotgan emas. Hind okeanini kompleks o’rganish XIX asrning oxirida boshlandi. Eng yirik tadqiqotlar 1873-1876 yillarda "Chellenjer" kemasida ingliz ekspeditsiyasi tomonidan olib borildi. Bu ekspeditsiyaga professor Uayvil Tomson rahbarlik qildi. Kompleks ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari Britaniya qirollik jamiyati tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan dastur asosida amalga oshirildi. Ekspeditsiyada qatnashgan olimlar 22

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