Historical places of Uzbekistan - Педагогика - Рефераты

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Historical places of Uzbekistan

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Historical places of Uzbekistan
Plan:
1. Sightseeing of our country
2. Samarkand’s Registan and its madrasahs
3. Description of Khiva
4. Visiting places in Bukhara

What comes to mind when Uzbekistan’s tourist attractions are in question?
First of all, it is the country’s architectural heritage, richest in Central Asia:
masterpieces of medieval Islamic architecture - minarets, mosques, madrasahs
(Islamic colleges), mausoleums, fortresses, palaces, - as well as ancient Zoroastrian
and Buddhist temples and ruins of ancient settlements.Among all of them stand out
the famous Registan Square in Samarkand, with the three marvelous madrasahs
built in the XV-XVII centuries at its three sides, and the grand Gur-e Amir
Mausoleum where the great conqueror Tamerlane (Timur) is buried. Bukhara is
first of all associated with Ismail Samani Mausoleum dating back to the 9th
century and the 50-meter-tall Kalyan Minaret. (There are over 170 important
architectural monuments altogether in the city.) Khiva is famous for its unique
Ichan-Kala ‘inner city’ historic part - a walled medieval Central Asian town being
preserved as it was in the past - an artifact town… Thanks to its vast territory and
very diverse terrains, Uzbekistan also boasts numerous natural attractions. They
are the impressive tracts of the Kyzylkum Desert, for instance, and of course the
majestic Tien Shan Mountains with their resorts and fascinating landscapes.
Tashkent (‘a stone city’; also spelled Toshkent), Uzbekistan’s capital, is in all
respects a Central Asian regional hub; it is the fourth largest CIS city with a
population of around 3 million. Today it has all the features of a modern
metropolis and a capital, with a lot of attractive Central Asian-style newly-built
structures and sites, as well as Soviet-era buildings. Tashkent is rich in museums,
theaters and concert halls; there are a lot of traditional Central Asian and
European-like restaurants and clubs, and several very nice parks, including a zoo
and a huge botanical garden. Tashkent is the only Central Asian city which has an
underground railway system (Tashkent Metro). It is probably one of the world’s
most beautiful: its stations are real works of art, each featuring unique designs
covering various themes, such as famous people, events, valued notions, terms or
just common nouns. Tashkent is a city of wide streets and numerous avenues, and
is abundant in trees; although it is located in Central Asia, it has recently had a lot
of evergreens planted, in addition to its traditional planes, poplars, oaks, willows,

etc. Tashkent looks modern - it grew to its present size mainly during the Soviet
times - but it is over 2,000 years old, and there is still some of its old part
surviving, called Old City or Old Town. Tashkent Old city features a huge
traditional Central Asian bazaar (there are many large and small bazaars in the city;
most farmer products in the city are sold through them, not through stores), as well
as several Islamic architectural monuments and quaint adobe mahalla
neighborhoods, quite worth visiting for their charm.
The civilisation of Khorezm, the most ancient in the territory of Central Asia,
appeared in the lower course of the Amudarya River at the border with the
Kyzylkum desert in the mid-2nd millennium BC. The civilisation of Khorezm gave
birth to the unique Khorezmian culture, which is sometimes considered as
significant as that of Egypt and Babylon and which left after it priceless heritage -
cities lost in sands, majestic fortresses and one of the most ancient world religions,
Zoroastrianism. Avesta, the holy book of the Zoroastrians, had been written in the
territory of Greater Khorezm, where the scouts from the Ahnenerbe were searching
for the mythical Asgard and Soviet archaeologists found a series of fortresses and a
network of interconnected ancient irrigation canals buried under the sands of the
Kyzylkum. The territory of Ellikkala District features over 200 archaeological
sites, the largest and most famous of which are Toprak-kala, Ayaz-kala and
Mizdahkan. In total, there were over 1,000 fortresses in ancient Khorezm, most of
which, situated in inaccessible areas amidst white-hot sands and lifeless
solonchaks remain almost unstudied today. Wrapped in numerous legends, the
enchanted realm of silent ruins and tumbledown towers attracts crowds of those
who like antiquity and search for historical truth.
It is impossible to think about Asia without bazaars - just like the sky without
moon or a teahouse without tea. Asian bazaars were the Great Silk Road
crossroads stars, cultural melting pots. They were not only trade locations; they
were centers of attraction and development of various cultures, interaction of
peoples, exchange of ideas and languages. Asian bazaars - like the crystallized

grape sugar navat - are the locations where the nation’s soul is concentrated. Their
facets reflect the gist of Central Asian life and existence.
Uzbekistan bazaars differ in designs and layouts. They are open or roofed, with
parallel, perpendicular, round rows of stalls, or one-line rows along a city’s major
road or a river. The sale spots are as various as cloths on the ground, stalls and
shops, and even luxurious illuminated shop windows for some of them.
Only in Asia you can see how one of the oldest economical principle saying ‘trade
is the engine of civilization’ works. Besides anything else, the key to start this
engine is bargaining. You can take an active part it; bargaining is always welcome.
It is bad manners to shop at a bazaar without bargaining. One Thousand and One
Nights Sheherazade still holds a lot of miracles in store for you. Asian bazaars is
one of them.

Samarkand (also spelled Samarqand) is probably the most famous Uzbekistan’s
historic city. Over 2,750 years of age, it boasts very impressive architectural
monuments and a rich history. Samarkand originated from a settlement called
Afrosiab (or Afrasiab), the ruins of which can be seen on the northern outskirts of
the city. Later, still before the Common Era, it was the capital of Sogdiana (or
Sogdia, Suguda, Sogdiane, Sogd, Sugd), named Marakanda (or Maracanda) then.
When the city became the capital of the huge empire of Tamerlane (Timur) in the
14th century, it had enjoyed substantial growth and construction of splendorous
edifices, some of which we can stll see today. The Registan Square, with the three
grand madrasahs (Islamic colleges) on its sides, is the top Samarkand attraction.
Among the others stand out Gur-e Amir Mausoleum (also spelled Gur-e Amir, Gur
Emir, Guri Amir) where Tamerlane rests under a jade tombstone; Bibi-Khanym
Mosque (also spelled Bibi-Khanom, Bibi-Khanum) - one of the largest mosques in
the Islamic world; Khazrat-Khyzr Mosque, one of the oldest Samarkand
monuments where you can have an impressive view of Shah-i-Zinda Necropolis
(also spelled Shakh-i Zinda, Shahi-Zinda, Shohizinda), Siab Bazaar and distant

mountains; and the surviving part of the legendary Ulugbek Observatory (also
spelled Ulugh Beg, Ulughbeg, Ulugh-Beg) where Ulugbek compiled his world-
famous star catalogue, the best between Ptolemy’s and Brahe’s.
Samarkand, Uzbek Samarqand, city in east-central Uzbekistan that is one of the
oldest cities of Central Asia. Known as Maracanda in the 4th century BCE, it was
the capital of Sogdiana and was captured by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE. The
city was later ruled by Central Asian Turks (6th century CE), the Arabs (8th
century), the Samanids of Iran (9th–10th century), and various Turkic peoples
(11th–13th century) before it was annexed by the Khwārezm-Shāh dynasty (early
13th century) and destroyed by the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan (1220). After
it revolted against its Mongol rulers (1365), Samarkand became the capital of the
empire of Timur (Tamerlane), who made the city the most important economic and
cultural centre in Central Asia. Samarkand was conquered by Uzbeks in 1500 and
became part of the khanate of Bukhara. By the 18th century it had declined, and
from the 1720s to the 1770s it was uninhabited. Only after it became a provincial
capital of the Russian Empire (1887) and a railroad centre did it recover
economically. It was briefly (1924–36) the capital of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist
Republic. Samarkand today consists of an old city dating from medieval times and
a new section built after the Russian conquest of the area in the 19th century.
The historic city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001.
Samarkand derived its commercial importance in ancient and medieval times
from its location at the junction of trade routes from China and India. With the
arrival of the railway in 1888, Samarkand became an important centre for the
export of wine, dried and fresh fruits, cotton, rice, silk, and leather. The city’s
industry is now based primarily on agriculture, with cotton ginning, silk spinning
and weaving, fruit canning, and the production of wine, clothing, leather and
footwear, and tobacco. The manufacture of tractor and automobile parts and
cinema apparatus is also economically important.

Khiva, once a major city of ancient Khorezm (also spelled Khwarezmia,
Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Khwarezm, Khoresm, Khorasam, Harezm, Horezm, and
Chorezm) features an almost intact medieval Central Asian historic city being
preserved as it was in the past - Ichan-Kala (‘inner city’). Although protected by
the state and having the status of a museum reserve, Ichan-Kala is populated with
real people, mainly artisans. You can occasionally smell frying meat and onion
there, for instance, or see children running about. It is real pleasure to stroll along
its cobbled streets, visiting Juma Mosque with its 112 wooden pillars covered with
beautiful carvings, Kunya-Ark Fortress with its most interesting exhibits, or Islam
Khodja Minaret where you can climb narrow spiral stairs to have a terrific Ichan-
Kala panoramic view. Khiva is a museum city that impresses with its tranquility.
No wonder it is considered the pearl of Uzbekistan, located in the desert. Once the
caravans of the Great Silk Road passed here. Khiva was also the capital of the
Khanate of Khiva. Once in Khiva, you will find yourself in a real medieval city,
where the spirit of modernity is given out only by electric wires. Cobbled streets,
clay mosques, elaborate patterns and majestic fortress walls will impress even the
most advanced tourist. The entire old town is included in the UNESCO World
Heritage List.
History of Khiva
According to legend, Khiva grew up around a well called Heyvak, which was dug
by Sim, the son of the righteous Noah. Archaeologists claim that Khiva already
existed in the VI century BC and was indeed called Kheyvak. And the well of the
same name still stands in the center of the city. Before the Arab conquest, Khiva
was a Zoroastrian city. In 712, after Qutayb Ibn Muslim came to power, scientists
and representatives of noble families were destroyed in Khiva. In the IX-XI
centuries, Khiva was transformed into a major center of religion and science. For
example, scientists Al-Khorezmi and Al-Beruni worked here. In 1220, Khiva was
destroyed by Genghis Khan's soldiers.

In the XVI century, Uzbek nomadic tribes came to Khiva. In 1598, Khiva was
proclaimed the capital of the Khanate of Khiva and in the first half of the XVII
century became one of the Islamic centers. Many mosques have been erected here,
as well as madrassas – educational institutions for the study of Islam. The XVIII-
XIX centuries also gave Khiva many architectural attractions. Then several
majestic khan palaces were erected. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was partially
conquered by Russian troops. In 1920, the last khan, Said Abdullah Khan, was
overthrown in the city.
Ichan-Kala is the Khiva point of attraction. This is an ancient fortress
surrounded by a high defensive wall. Ichan-Kala occupies 26 hectares. Today,
about 300 families live here, most of whom are hereditary artisans. The state
Historical and Archaeological Museum-reserve is located on the territory of the
fortress. All the significant attractions of Khiva are located in Ichan-Kale. The
construction of the fortress began in 1598. Most of the buildings that have survived
to the present day were built in the XVIII-XIX centuries, but there are also earlier
ones. Scientists suggest that Ichan-Kala stands on an old fortification, which was
located here in the V century.
The defensive walls of the Ichan-Kala fortress are a separate attraction. They have
a thickness of 5-6 meters, a height of 8-10 meters and a length of 6250 meters. You
can climb them from the side of the northern gate and look at Ichan-Kala through
the battlements. There are also several gates and defensive towers preserved here.
Of particular interest are Ata-Darvaza (main gate), Bagcha-Darvaza (garden gate),
Tash-Darvoza (stone gate) and Palvan-Darvaza (heroic gate).
The Kalta Minor Minaret (Kalta Minar) is perhaps the most iconic landmark of the
city. Translated from Uzbek, "kalta minor" means "short minaret". According to
the plan of the initiator of the construction, Muhammad Amin Khan, the height of
the minaret was to reach 70-80 meters, which would make it the highest in the
Muslim world. But in 1855, when the height of the minaret was at around 29
meters, the construction was stopped. Historians say that this is due to the death of

Muhammad Amin Khan. The minaret was decorated with blue, green and white
majolica and tiles. Today, Kalta Minor is one of the most beautiful minarets in
Central Asia.
The Islam-Khoja complex, which unites the madrasah and minaret of the same
name, was built in 1910. The madrasah is dedicated to the Prime Minister of the
Khiva ruler Asfandiyar - Islam Khoja. The buildings were built in the traditions of
the XIV century. The 56-meter minaret is considered the tallest in Khiva. It can be
seen from almost anywhere in the old town.
The first Juma mosque was built here in the 10th century. The modern Friday
mosque was built at the end of the XVIII century. The building is unique in that it
has neither portals nor domes. Inside the mosque there are 213 columns made of
wood, which, as it were, support the ceiling. At the same time, 21 columns have
been preserved since the X-XII centuries. And the oldest carved doors of this
mosque were created in 1316.

Bukhara (also spelled Bukhoro, Buxoro, Buchara, Bokhara, Buhara) is over
2,500 years old and seems to be emanating the breath of history. According to the
Iranian Encyclopedia, the name of the city came from the Sogdian for ‘lucky
place’; it is also said to derive from the Sanskrit for ‘temple’. Bukhara is one of the
world’s seven holy cities of Islam. It was a large religious center in the Middle
Ages, with over 350 mosques and 80 madrasahs (Islamic colleges), many of which
survive. All the streets in Bukhara lead to the central historic complex Lyab-i Hauz
(also spelled Lyab-i Khauz, Lyabi Khauz, Lyabi Hauz), where besides magnificent
architectural monuments by a hauz pond a number of cozy restaurants and
teahouses are located. Among the numerous attractions in Bukhara stand out the
famous Kalyan Minaret (also Minorai Kalon, Minara-i Kalan), the impressive
ancient Ark Fortress, functioning medieval bathhouses and domed shopping
arcades. There over 140 architectural monuments in the city!

Bukhara is one of the most ancient cities of Uzbekistan, situated on a sacred hill,
the place where sacrifices were made by fire-worshippers in springtime. This city
was mentioned in a holy book "Avesto". Bukhara city is supposed to be founded in
the 13th cent. B.C. during the reign of Siyavushids who came to power 980 years
before Alexander the Great. The name of Bukhara originates from the word
"vihara" which means "monastery" in Sanskrit. The city was once a large
commercial center on the Great Silk Road.
Bukhara lies west of Samarkand and was once a center of learning renowned
throughout the Islamic world. It is the hometown of the great Sheikh Bakhouddin
Nakshbandi. He was a central figure in the development of the mystical Sufi
approach to philosophy, religion and Islam. In Bukhara there are more than 350
mosques and 100 religious colleges. Its fortunes waxed and waned through
succeeding empires until it became one of the great Central Asian Khanates in the
17th century.
Bukhara with more than 140 architectural monuments is a "town museum" dating
back to the Middle Ages. 2,300 years later, ensembles like Poi-Kalyan, Ismail
Samani Mausoleum, Ark, Lyabi-Khauz are attracting a lot of attention. The city
consists of narrow streets, green parks and gardens, historical and architectural
monuments belong to the different epochs, but locate very close to each other.

Historical places of Uzbekistan

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