Spirtlarning olinishi va xossalari - Педагогика - Презентации

Информация о документе

Цена	3000UZS
Размер	185.2KB
Покупки	0
Дата загрузки	07 Ноябрь 2026
Расширение	pptx
Раздел	Презентации
Предмет	Педагогика

Spirtlarning olinishi va xossalari

Купить

Spirt larning olinishi v a
xossalariMAVZU:

To’yingan bir atomli spirtlarning
olinishi
Spirtlar olishning bir necha usullari ma’lum. Quyida
shulardan ayrimlari bilan tanishib chiqamiz.
Spirtlarni galoid alkillarni suv yoki ishqorning suvli
eritmasi bilan qo’shib qizdirish orqali olish mumkin: R – Br
HOH
NaOH
R – OH + HBr
R – OH + NaBr
R – Br
HOH
NaOH
R – OH + HBr
R – OH + NaBr

Etilen uglevodorodlariga katalizatorlar ishtirokida suv biriktirilganda bir
atomli spirtlar hosil bo’ladi. Katalizator sifatida asosan konsentrlangan
sulfat kislotadan foydalaniladi. Etilen uglevodorodlariga suvning birikish
quyidagi bosqichlar orqali sodir bo’ladiR – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3
H 2 SO 4
OH
R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3
OSO 3 H
R – CH – CH 3
OH OSO 3H
HOH
R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4
R – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3
H 2 SO 4
OH
R – CH = CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 3
H 2 SO 4
OH
R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3
OSO 3 H
R – CH = CH 2 + HOSO 3H R – CH – CH 3
OSO 3 H
R – CH – CH 3
OH OSO 3H
HOH
R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4 R – CH – CH 3
OH OSO 3H
HOH
R – CH – CH 3 + H 2 SO 4

Spirt larni aldegid v a k et onlarni k at alizat or isht irok ida
qay t arish orqali y ok i ularga magniy organik birik malar
birik t irish orqali olish mumk in:R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH
O
H
R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’
O OH
R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH
O
H
R – C + [H] R – CH 2OH
O
H
O
H
R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’
O OH
R – C – R’ + [H] R – CH – R’
O OH
Bu jaray on mis, k obalt , nik el, plat ina. Palladiy
k at alizat orligida 300-500 0
C harorat da olib boriladi.
R – C
O
H
+ CH 3MgJ R – C – H
O – MgJ
CH 3
+
-
+ -
R – C
O
H
+ CH 3MgJ R – C – H
O – MgJ
CH 3
+
-
+ -

Hosil bo’lgan oraliq modda suv isht irok ida
juda oson parchalanadi:R – C – H
O – MgJ
CH 3
HOH
R – CH – CH 3 + Mg(OH)J
OH
R – C – H
O – MgJ
CH 3
HOH
R – CH – CH 3 + Mg(OH)J
OHA ldegid v a k et onlarga magniy organik bi rik mal arni bi rik t irish orqal i
birlamchi, i k k ilamchi y ok i uchlamchi spirt lar ol inadi. Karbonil guruhi k uchl i
qut blangan bo’l ganligi uchun ularga nuk leofi l agent l ar oson birik a oladi:
R – C
O
H
+ CH 3MgJ R – C – H
O – MgJ
CH 3
+
-
+ -
R – C
O
H
+ CH 3MgJ R – C – H
O – MgJ
CH 3
+
-
+ -
Bu usul bilan spirt larni t uzilishini oldindan belgilangan
holda sint ez qilish mumk in

Sanoat da et il spirt ini pent azan saqlov chi t abiiy birik malar
– uglev odlarni ferment lar isht irok ida bijg’it ish orqali
olinadi. Masalan:
M et il spirt i sanoat da C O v a H
2 dan sint ez qili nadi: C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 2H 5OH + 2CO 2
фермент
C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 2H 5OH + 2CO 2
ферментBijg’it i shni 4 % l i sulfat k islot a isht i rok i da ham olib borish mumk in.
Shu usul bilan g’o’zapoy a, y og’och chi qindil ari, oziq-ov qat chiqindilari
v a boshqalardan k o’p miqdorda et il spirt i ishl ab chiqariladi .
СО + 2 H 2 CH 3 OH СО + 2 H 2 CH 3 OH
Bu jaray on 200-300 at m bosim, 400 0
C harorat v a rux -xrom-mis
k at alizat ori i sht irok ida ol ib boriladi . Spirt larni y uqorida k o’rsat ilgan
usullarda t ashqari , y ana murak k ab efi rlardan at set al lardan v a boshqa
biri k mal ardan olish mumk in.

Fizik xossalari
Spirt larning C
10 gacha bo’lganlari suy uqlik v a undan
y uqorilari qat t iq moddalardir. Dast labk i v ak illari suv bilan
ist algan nisbat t a aralashadi. O’ziga xos xidga ega.
Ularning molek uly ar massalari ort ib borishi bilan suv da
eruv chanligi k amay ib hidi y oqimsiz bo’lib boradi, qay nash
harorat i ham ort ib boradi. N ormal t uzilishga ega bo’lgan
spirt lar izomerlariga qaraganda y uqori harorat da
qay nay dilar.
Spirt lar v odorod bog’lanishi hosil qilagnligi sababli y uqori
harorat da qay nay dilar:

Spirt lar orasida met il spirt i o’t a zaharli hisoblanadi, uning
10 ml inson k o’rish qobily at ini y o’qot ishiga, 30 ml esa
o’limiga sabab bo’ladi. :
CH 3
O – H ..
. . .
CH 3
O – H :
..
. . . O – H :
..
CH 3
:
CH 3
O – H ..
. . .
CH 3
O – H :
..
. . . O – H :
..
CH 3 CH 3
O – H ..
. . .
CH 3
O – H :
..
. . . O – H :
..O – H :
..
CH 3

spirt larning k imy ov iy xossalari
Bir at omli spirt lar k imy ov iy jihat dan
nisbat an faol birik malar bo’lib, ular OH –
guruhdagi v odorod at omi, hamda OH -
guruh bog’langan uglev odoroddagi
v odorodlar hisobidan k imy ov iy
jaray onlarga k irisha oladilar.
Bir at omli spirt lar ney t ral xarak t erga
egadirlar. Ammo ular juda k am darajada
amfot erlik hususiy at ini namoy on qiladilar.

Ularga ishqoriy met allar bilan t a’sir et ilganda gidrok sil
guruhining v odorodi met all bilan almashadi v a
alk ogoly at larni hosil qiladi:
2CH 3CH 2OH + 2Na 2CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2 2CH 3CH 2OH + 2Na 2CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2suv bilan t a’sir et ilganda ular oson parchalanadilar:
CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2O C 2H 5OH + NaOH CH 3CH 2ONa + H 2O C 2H 5OH + NaOH
Spirt lar menarel k islot alar bilan o’zaro t a’sir et a oladilar.
Bunda oraliq modda sifat ida ok soniy birik malari hosil
bo’ladi:
CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl –
H
+ ..
.. CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl –
H
+
CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl –
H
CH 3 – O – H + HCl CH 3 – O – H + Cl –
H
+ ..
..

Bu birik malar qizdirilganda ga l loid alk il v a
suv ga parchalanadilar:CH 3 – O – H + Cl –
H
+
CH 3Cl + H 2O CH 3 – O – H + Cl –
H
+
CH 3Cl + H 2O
Spirt alar k islorodli meneral k islot alar shuningdek organik
k islot alar bilan efi r hosil qilish (et erefi k at siy a)
jaray onlariga k irisha oladilar:
CH 3OH + HOSO 3H CH 3OSO 3H + H 2O
CH 3OSO 3H + CH 3OH CH 3OSO 2OCH 3 + H 2O
CH 3OH + HOSO 3H CH 3OSO 3H + H 2O
CH 3OSO 3H + CH 3OH CH 3OSO 2OCH 3 + H 2O

Dimet ilsulfat ( CH
3 )
2 S O
4 k uchli met illov chi agent , ammo u
o’t a zaharli bo’lganligi uchun k am ishlat iladi. Spirt alar
bilan organik k arbon k islot alar orasida boruv chi
jaray onning ahamiy at i g’oy at k at t adir. Ch unk i bu jaray on
nat ijasida hosil bo’ladigan birik malar oziq-ov qat
sanoat ida. Plast masslalar olishda, erit uv chi sifat ida v a
boshqa sohalarda k eng k o’lamda ishlat iladiCH 3 – C
O
OH
+ HOC 2H 5 CH 3 – C
O
OC 2H 5
H +
OH –
+ H 2O CH 3 – C
O
OH
+ HOC 2H 5 CH 3 – C
O
OC 2H 5
H +
OH –
+ H 2O

Bu jaray on qay t a xarak t erga ega bo’lib,
muv ozanat k islot a k at alizat orligida o’ngga, ishqor
(asos) k at alizat orligida esa chapga siljiy di. Chapga
boruv chi jaray onni sov unlanish dey iladi, chunk i
bu jaray on nat ijasida sov un (v a unga o’xshash
moddalar) hosil bo’ladi.
Spirt lardan suv ning ajralish jaray oni
(degidrot at siy a) ik k i xil y o’nalishda sodir bo’lishi
mumk in: jaray on suv ni t ort ib oluv chi v osit alar
sulfat , ort afosfat k islot alar, aly uminiy ok sidli v a
boshqalar isht irok ida boradi. Suv bir molek ula
spirt dan (ichk i molek uly ar degidrat lanish) y ok i
har xil molek ula spirt dan ajralib chiqishi mumk in.

Suv har xil spirt dan ajralib chiqqanda oxirgi
mahsulot sifat ida oddiy efi r hosil bo’ladiR – OH + HO – R’ R – O – R’ + H 2O R – OH + HO – R’ R – O – R’ + H 2O
Suv bir molek ula spirt dan ajralib chiqqanda ox irgi
mahsulot sifat ida t o’y inmagan uglev odorod hosil bo’ladi.
Spirt lardan suv ning ajralib chiqishi Zay sev qoidasiga
muv ofi q borib, bunda v odorod eng k am v odorod t ut gan
uglerod at omidan ajralib chiqadi.
Shunga muv ofi q spirt lardan suv ning ajralib chiqish t ezligi
quy idagi t art ib o’zgaradi:
CH 3 – CH – CH – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 – CH 3
CH 3 OH CH 3
- H 2O
CH 3 – CH – CH – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 – CH 3
CH 3 OH CH 3
- H 2O

Spi rt l arga galoid v odorod k islot alar, fosforning, ol t ingugurt larning
galogenli hosi lalari bi lan t a’si r et ilganda ulardagi gidrok sil guruhi
galogenga al mashinadi:R – OH + HCl R – Cl + H 2 O R – OH + HCl R – Cl + H 2 O
Bu jaray on uchlamchi spirt larda juda osonlik bilan boradi,
jaray on y e
1 -mexanizmiga mos k eladi:
CH 3 C OH CH 3 C O – H CH 3 – C + CH 3 – C – Br
H – Br ..
..
+
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
+ – CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
-H 2O
+Br –
CH 3 C OH CH 3 C O – H CH 3 – C + CH 3 – C – Br
H – Br ..
..
+
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
+ – CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
CH 3
-H 2O
+Br –
Spirt lardagi gidrok sil guruhni RCl
5 y ok i RCl
3 t a’sirida xlorga
almasht irish jaray oni quy idagi sxema bo’y icha boradi:
R – OH + PCl 5 R – Cl + POCl 3 + HCl
3R – OH + PCl 3 3R – Cl + P(OH) 3
R – OH + PCl 5 R – Cl + POCl 3 + HCl R – OH + PCl 5 R – Cl + POCl 3 + HCl
3R – OH + PCl 3 3R – Cl + P(OH) 3 3R – OH + PCl 3 3R – Cl + P(OH) 3

Spirt lardagi gidrok sil guruhni xlorga almasht irishda
eng qulay t a’sir et uv chi v osit a t ionilxlorid
hisoblanadi:R – OH + SOCl 2 R – Cl + SO 2 + HCl R – OH + SOCl 2 R – Cl + SO 2 + HCl
Bunda hosil bo’l adigan SO
2 v a HCl gaz hol ida ajralib chiqadi, k erak li
mahsulot R – Cl j uda osonl ik bi lan t ozalanadi
R – CH 2 OH R – C + H 2 O
[O]
- H 2
O
H
R – CH – R’ R – C – R’ + H 2 O
[O]
- H 2
OH O
R – CH 2 OH R – C + H 2 O
[O]
- H 2
O
H
R – CH 2 OH R – C + H 2 O
[O]
- H 2
O
H
O
H
R – CH – R’ R – C – R’ + H 2 O
[O]
- H 2
OH O
R – CH – R’ R – C – R’ + H 2 O
[O]
- H 2
OH O
Spirt larning ok sidlanishi. Birlamchi spirt larningk at alizat orlar
(mis birik malari) isht irok ida 300-500 0
C da ok sidlanishi y ok i
ulardan 100-180 0
S da mis, k umush, nik el, plat ina k abi
k at alizat orlar isht irok ida v odorodning t ort ib olish nat ijasida
aldegid, ik k ilamchi spirt lardan esa k et onlar hosil bo’ladi:

Spirt larning ok sidlanish jaray oni murak k ab bo’lib, buning
nat ijasida ok sidlanish olib borilay ot gan sharoit ga qarab
oxirgi mahsulot sifat ida t urli mahsulot lar hosil bo’lishi
mumk in.
Spirt lardagi gidrok sil guruhining v odorodini aniqlashda
C h uguy e-Serev it sina-Terent ev usulida foy dalaniladi. Bunda
spirt larga magniy organik birik malar t a’sir et t ilganda –
OH-guruh v odorodi magniy galogenga almashinadi v a
uglev odorod ajralib chiqadi:
R – OH + CH 3 MgJ R – O – MgJ + CH 4 R – OH + CH 3 MgJ R – O – MgJ + CH 4

Ikki atomli
spirtlarning
olinishi

Gilk ollar olishning bir necha usullari ma’lum. SHulardan
ay rimlari bilan quy ida t anishib chiqamiz.
Glik ollarni uglev odordlarining v it sinal t uzilishga ega bo’lgan
ik k i galogenli hosilalarini y ok i galoid gidrogenlarni gidrolizlab
olish mumk in: С H 2Br – С H 2 – С H 2Br + 2NaOH CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH + 2NaBr
CH 3 – CH – CH 2Cl + H 2O CH 3 – CH – CH 2OH + HCl
OH OH
С H 2Br – С H 2 – С H 2Br + 2NaOH CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH + 2NaBr
CH 3 – CH – CH 2Cl + H 2O CH 3 – CH – CH 2OH + HCl
OH OH
Et ilen uglev odorodlarini v odorod peroik sidi y ok i k aliy
permanganat isht irok ida ok sidlab glik ollarni olish mumk in
CH 3 – CH = CH 2 + HOOH CH 3 – CH – CH 2
OH OH
CH 3 – CH = CH 2 + HOOH CH 3 – CH – CH 2
OH OH
Sanoat da gilk ollar  -ok sidlar (epok sid birk malarga) suv
birik t irib olinadi:
R – CH – CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 2
OH OH O
R – CH – CH 2 + HOH R – CH – CH 2
OH OH O

Diollarning kimyoviy xossalari
Ular bir at oml i spirt larning barcha k imy ov iy xossalarini t ak rorlay di lar.
Ular orasida boruv chi jaray onlar bosqi chli boradi. Gli k ollarning
k i slot ali xossal ari bir at omli spirt l arnik iga qaraganda y uqori. S h uni ng
uchun ul ar faqat ishqoriy met all ar bilangi na emas, bal k i ishqoriy y er
met allarining gidrok sid v a ok sidlari bilan ham glik oly at l arini hosil
qiladilar:CH 2– OH
CH 2– OH
+ Cu(OH) 2 +
HO – CH 2
HO – CH 2
CH 2– O
CH 2 – O
Cu
O – CH 2
O – CH 2
+ 2H 2O
H
H
CH 2– OH
CH 2– OH
+ Cu(OH) 2 +
HO – CH 2
HO – CH 2
CH 2– O
CH 2 – O
Cu
O – CH 2
O – CH 2
+ 2H 2O
H
H
CH 2– O
CH 2 – O
Cu
O – CH 2
O – CH 2
+ 2H 2O
H
H
Mi neral v a organi k k isl ot alar bi lan ul ar t o’liq v a t o’liqmas efi rlarni
hosil qi ladil ar
CH 2 – OH
CH 2 – OH
CH 3COOH
2CH 3COOH
CH 2OH – CH 2OCOCH 3 + H 2O
CH 2COOCH 2 – CH 2OCOCH 3 + 2H 2O
CH 2 – OH
CH 2 – OH
CH 3COOH
2CH 3COOH
CH 2OH – CH 2OCOCH 3 + H 2O
CH 2COOCH 2 – CH 2OCOCH 3 + 2H 2O

S h uningdek spirt lar bilan ham t o’liq v a t o’liqmas
oddiy efi rlarni hosil qilishlari mumk inCH 2 – OH
CH 2 – OH
C 2H 5OH
2C 2H 5OH
CH 2OH – CH 2OC 2H 5 + H 2O
C 2H 5OCH 2 – CH 2OC 2H 5 + 2H 2O
CH 2 – OH
CH 2 – OH
C 2H 5OH
2C 2H 5OH
CH 2OH – CH 2OC 2H 5 + H 2O
C 2H 5OCH 2 – CH 2OC 2H 5 + 2H 2O
Et ilselly ulozalar bo’y oqlar, t ut amay digan porox, at set at ipagi v a
boshqalarni olishda erit uv chi sifat ida ishlat i ladi.

Glik ollarning ok sidlanishi nat ijasida ok sialdegid, ok sik i slot a,
dialdegid, al degidok isl ot a, ik k i asosli k i slot a v a boshqalar hosil
bo’ladi. Masalan, et ilengi lk ol ok sidlanishi nat ijasida quy idagi
birik malar hosil bo’l ishi mumk in:CH 2 – OH
CH 2 – OH
CH 2OH – COOH
OHC – CHO
CHO
CH 2OH
HOOC – COOH
HOOC – CHO
CH 2 – OH
CH 2 – OH
CH 2OH – COOH
OHC – CHO
CHO
CH 2OH
HOOC – COOH
HOOC – CHO
Gl ik ollardan suv ni t ort ib olish ichk i molek ulali y ok i molek ul alar-aro borishi
mumk in. Bunda ox irgi mahsulot sifat ida jaray on olib borilay ot l an sharoit ga
qarab t urli birik malar hosil bo’ladi:
CH 2OH – CH 2OH [CH 2 = CHOH] CH 3CHO
H 2O
CH 2 – CH 2
O
CH 2OH – CH 2OH [CH 2 = CHOH] CH 3CHO
H 2O
CH 2 – CH 2
O
CH 2 – CH 2
O
CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH CH 2 = CH – CHOH + H 2O CH 2OH – CH 2 – CH 2OH CH 2 = CH – CHOH + H 2O
CH 2 – CH 2
CH 2 CH 2
OH OH
-H 2O
CH 2 – CH 2
CH 2 CH 2
O
CH 2 – CH 2
CH 2 CH 2
OH OH
-H 2O
CH 2 – CH 2
CH 2 CH 2
O

Etilenglikolni konsentrlangan sulfat kislota ishtirokida qizdirilganda yopiq
zanjirli oddiy efir – dioksan hosil bo’ladi. Bu jarayonni 1906 yilda rus olimi
A.V. Favorskiy o’rganganOH HO
OH HO
H 2C CH 2
H 2C CH 2
O
O
H 2C CH 2
H 2C CH 2
H 2SO 4
-2H 2O
OH HO
OH HO
H 2C CH 2
H 2C CH 2
O
O
H 2C CH 2
H 2C CH 2
H 2SO 4
-2H 2O

Uch atomli spirtlar
olinishi va
xossalari

Uch at omli spirt larning birichi v ak ili glit serin hisoblanadi.
Glit serin sanoat da y og’ v a moy lardan, propilen y ok i
at set ilendan foy dalanib olinadi.
Y o g’ v a moy lardan glit serin quy idagicha olinadi:CH 2 – O – C
CH – O – C
CH 2 – O – C
O
O
O
R ’’
R ’’’
R ’
3HOH
H 2SO 4
3NaOH
CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH +
+ R ’COOH + R ’’COOH + R ’’’ COOH
CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH +
+ R ’COONa + R ’’COONa + R ’’’ COONa
CH 2 – O – C
CH – O – C
CH 2 – O – C
O
O
O
R ’’
R ’’’
R ’
3HOH
H 2SO 4
3NaOH
CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH +
+ R ’COOH + R ’’COOH + R ’’’ COOH
CH 2OH – CHOH – CH 2OH +
+ R ’COONa + R ’’COONa + R ’’’ COONa
Bu y erda R ’
, R ’’
, R ’’’
= -C
15 H
31 ; -C
16 H
33 ; -C
17 H
35 .
Yog’lar gidrolizi ishqor isht irok ida olib borilganda y uqori, y og’
k isot alarining nat riy li t uzi – sov un hosil bo’lganligi uchun bu
jaray onni sov unlanish deb qabul qilingan.

Propilendan glit serin olish quy idagi bosqichlar orqali sodir bo’ladi:
a) Propilenni y uqori harorat da xlorlash. Bu jaray on radik al almashinish
mexanizmi bo’y icha borib, xlor qo’shbog’ning uzulishi hisobiga birik may,
balk i propilendagi met il guruhi v odorodi xlor bilan almashinadi:CH 2 = CH – CH 3 CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl + HCl
Cl 2
450 -500 0C
CH 2 = CH – CH 3 CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl + HCl
Cl 2
450 -500 0C
b) Allilxlorid gidrolizi:
CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH + NaCl
H 2O
NaOH
CH 2 = CH – CH 2Cl CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH + NaCl
H 2O
NaOH
v ) Allil spirt iga gidroxlorid k islot aning birik ishi v a hosil bo’lgan moddaning
gidrolizi
CH 2= CH – CH 2OH
CH 2OH – CH – CH 2OH
CH 2Cl – CH – CH 2OH
+HOCl
+HOCl
гидролиз
Сl
OH
CH 2– CH – CH 2
OH OH OH
CH 2= CH – CH 2OH
CH 2OH – CH – CH 2OH
CH 2Cl – CH – CH 2OH
+HOCl
+HOCl
гидролиз
Сl
OH
CH 2– CH – CH 2
OHOH OHOH OHOH

Glit serinni allil spirt iga v odorodperok sid birik t irib
ham olish mumk in:CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH CH 2 – CH – CH 2
OH OH OH
H 2O 2
CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH CH 2 – CH – CH 2
OH OH OH
H 2O 2
CH 2 = CH – CH 2OH CH 2 – CH – CH 2
OH OH OH
CH 2 – CH – CH 2
OHOH OHOH OHOH
H 2O 2

E' TIBORINGIZ UCHUN RAXMAT

Spirtlarning olinishi va xossalari

Купить

Похожие документы
Shimoliy muz okeani hayvonot dunyosi 2
SHarqiy Оsiyo mamlakatlari kalеndarlaridagi “fazоviy tarmоq”lar
Sifatning yasalishi+
SHarqiy Оsiyo mamlakatlari kalеndarlaridagi “fazоviy taramоq”lar
Sifatning yasalishi