Qo‘l to‘pi o‘yini texnikasi - Физическая культура - Курсовые работы

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Раздел	Курсовые работы
Предмет	Физическая культура

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G'ayrat Ziyayev

Дата регистрации 14 Февраль 2025

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Qo‘l to‘pi o‘yini texnikasi

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Qo‘l to‘pi o‘yin i texnikasi
M U N D A R I J A
K I R I S H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
I . BOB. Qo’l to’ pi o’ yini t e xn i k a s i
1 . 1 . Q o’ l t o’p i o’ y in i
t e x n i k a s i . . . . . . . .............................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .....4
1 . 2 . Q o’ l t o’p i o’ y i n i himoya texnikasi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................... . . . . . . . . . . ... . 14
1 . 3 . O’yinchilar n ing t e x n i k maxoratini oshirish . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 25
II .B O B. Qo’l to’pi o’yinining moxiyati
2 .1 Qo’l to’pi o’yiniga tayyorgarlik ko’rish va texnikani oshirish……… ...... . . ....31
2 .2. Qo’l to’pi o’yin texnikasida tezkorlik va chaqqonlikni rivojlantirish... ……37
XU LOS A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . ... 44
Foydalanilgan ada b i y otl a r ………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2

Kirish
Prezident Shavkat Mirziyoyev sportni ommalashtirish va iqtidorli
sportchilarni tayyorlash chora-tadbirlar dasturini qabul qildi.Sport musobaqalari
«tuman—viloyat—respublika» zanjiri asosida tashkil etilishi belgilandi.
Birlamchi saralash bosqichidan o’tmagan sportchilar viloyat va respublika
bosqichida ishtirok etmaydi;
Milliy terma jamoalarga barcha bosqich musobaqalarida ishtirok etib g’olib
yoki sovrindor bo’lgan yoshlar saralab olinadi;
Har yili mahalla va muassasalar jamoalari ishtirokida ko’p bosqichli Hokim kubogi
tashkil qilinadi.Xalqaro tajriba va standartlar asosida sport turlari bo’yicha milliy
chempionatlar o’tkazish tartibi ishlab chiqiladi.Prezident sport sohasidagi ilmiy
salohiyatning amaldagi holati ham talab darajasida emasligini tanqid qildi.«Birorta
sport turi bo’yicha mahalliy olimlar tomonidan na metodika, na dastur ishlab
chiqilgan. Sport diyetologiyasi, farmakologiyasi, psixologiyasi, sport muhandisligi,
kardiomashg’ulotlar bo’yicha bizda umuman mutaxassislar tayyorlanmaydi.
Bugungi kunda sportchilarni tayyorlash 30 yil oldingi dasturlar asosida amalga
oshirilmoqda», deydi davlat rahbari.
O’ z b e k i s to n d a s p o r t n i n g r i v o j l a n i sh ig a k a t t a e’ t i bo r q ar a t i l m oqd a. S p o r t
t u r l ari i c h i d a qo’ l to’ p i o’ z i n i n g h a r a k a t l a r i b i l a n b os hq a sp o r t tu r l a r i d an a j ra l i b
tu ra di . M a v z u n i n g a s o s i y dolza rb l i g i x am s h un g a q ar a t i l g a n .
M u st a q i l l ig i m i z n i n g po y d e vo r i n i m us t a hk a m l a s hd a, m a m l a k a ti m i z t ara q qi y o t i d a,
O’ z b e k i s to n ni n g b u y u k d a v l a tg a a y l a n i shi d a t a’ li m - t ar b i y a is hl ar i n i o q il o n i
y o’lg a qo’ y ish , f u q a r o l a r n i za m on a vi y ilm -fa n , t e xn i k a v a t e x no l ogi y a y utu q l a r i
b i l a n m unt azam ra vi s h d a t a ni s h t i r i b b o r i s h , ul a r n i n g s a l o m a tl i g i n i
m us t a h k a m l a s h b e n i ho y a k a t t a a h a m i y a tg a e g a. C hu n k i t ar a q q i y o t t a qd i r in i
m a’ n a vi y j ih a td a n y e tuk , za m o n t a l a bi g a m o s b i li m l ar n i e g a ll a g a n , j is m on a n
b ar k a m ol , y uk s a k s a lo hi y a t l i y os h a v l o d h a l e t a d i . Y u r t b os hi m i z n i s p o r t g a b u l g a n
q i z i q is hl ar i y oshl a r n i j a x o n ar e n a l ar i g a o l i bc h i q m oq d a. Spor t n in g b a rc h a
t u r l ar i d a n y o sh l ar i m i z fa x r l i o’r inl arni o l m oqd a l ar.
2

M u nt a zam ra v i s h d a ji s m oni y t ar bi y a v a s p o rt bi l a n s hu g’u l l a nis h y uqo r i d a
a y ti l g a n o m ill a r d a n b i ri i n so n s a l o m a tli gi n i m u s t a h k a m l a s h n i t a’ m inl a y di .
T ar b i y a v a s p o r t n i y a n a d a r i v o jl a n t i r i s h c ho r a - t a d b i r l ari t o’g’ r i s i d a” g i q a r o ri
m uhi m a h a m i y at ka s b e t m o q d a. O li m pi y a spo r t t u r l a r i , s h u j u m l a d a n b u sp o rt
t u r l a r i i c h i d an m ust a h k am j o y e g a ll a g a n g a n d bo l s po r t t u r i n i m a m l a k a ti m i z d a
r i v o j l a n ti r i s h d a y a ng i p e d a gogi k t e xn o lo gi y a l a r d a n f o y d a l a n i s h b i z ji s m on i y
t ar bi y a o’q i t u v c h i v a m u ra b b i y l ar i ni n g o l di m i z g a Pr e z i d e n ti m i z, H uku m a ti m i z
to m on i d a n q o’ y ilg an ho z i r g i k u nnin g d o l za r b v a z i f a l a r id a n bi r i di r.
Kurs is h n i n g m a q s a di v a v a z i f a la r i Q o’ l to’p i o’ y in i qo id a l a r i v a
x a k a m li k n i o’ r g a ti s h s a m ara l i usl u b l a r i n i i s h l ab c h i q i s h . Q o’ y ilg a n m a qs a dg a
er i s h m o q u c h u n o’ y ind a qo’ l l a n a dig an x il m a - x i l m a xs u s u s u l l ar y ig’ i n di s i qo’ l
t o’ p i t e x n ik a s i n i t a sh k i l e t i shn i i lg’o r u sl ubl a r ini o’ r g a ni b c h i q is h ;
Q o’ l to’p i o’ y in i q o id a l a r i v a x a k a m li kn i y a n g i s a ra l a s h u s l u b l a r i i sh l ab c h iq i l d i
v a m e y o r id a t a h l i l e t i l di .
- I s h l ab c hi q i l g an u s l u b i y at q o’ l t o’p i o’ y in i q o i d a l a r i v a x a k a m l i k n i s i n a b
k o’ r i l d i , h a m d a u l a r n i t a k o m ill a sh ti r i s h m a s a l a l a r i t a j r ib a d a ko’ r i b c h iq i l di .
Q o’ l to’ p i o’ y in i q o i d a l a r i v a x a k a m l i k n i a m a li y a h a m i y a t l i t o m onl a r i
o’ r g a ni b c h i q il d i ;
O’ y i n t e x n i k a s i d a x u j u m v a hi m o y a bi r - bi r i d a n farq q il a d i . T o’pn i
il i s h , u z a t is h , o li b y u r i s h v a d ar v o z a g a o t i s h xu j u m t e x ni k a s i g a t e g i s h l i d i r.
T o’ p y o’ li n i to’s is h , un i t u t i b o l i s h , u r i b q a y t ar is h v a d a r v o z a b o n o’ y i n
t e xn i k a s i hi m o y a sid a q o’l l a n i l i s hi .
Q o’ l to’ p i o’ y in i n g t a sn i fi t e x ni k us u ll ar n i u m u m i y m a xs u s b e l g i l a r g a
q ar a b gu r u x l a r g a bo’l i s h d a n i b o r a t li gi . O’ y i n fa oli y a t i t a v s i f i g a q a ra b
g a n db o l t e x n i k a s id a 2 t a y i r i k b o’li m a j r a t il i s h i :
B u l ar n i b a r c h a s i n i q o’ l to’ p i o’ y in i q o i d a l ari v a x a k a m li k n i o’r g a ti s hn i m is o l l ar
v a t a j r i b a l ar a s o s i d a o’ r g a n i b bo r i b q o’ y id a k e n g v a r a v o n q i l i b y o r i t a m i z.
3

I. BOB. Qo’l to’pi o’yini texnikasi
1.1. Qo’l to’pi o’yini texnikasi
Q o’ l to’ p i o’ y in i d a to’ p b i l a n v a t o’p si z u s u l l ar b a j ar i l a d i .
Q o’ y il g a n m a qs a dg a er i sh m o q u c h u n o’ y ind a q o’ll a n a d i g a n xil m a - x i l
m a xs u s u su ll a r y ig’in d i s i q o’ l t o’p i t e xn i k a s i n i t a sh k i l e t a d i .
T e x ni k u s u l l ar – b u q o’ l t o’p i o’ y in i n i vu j u d g a k e l t i r is h v o si t a s i
d e m a kdi r . Y u k s a k sp o rt n a ti j a l a r ig a k o’ p j ix a t d a n g a n d b o l c h il a r n i n g a n a
s h u h il m a - x i l v os it a l a r n i q a n c h a li k t o’l i q b i l i sh iga , ra q i b j a m o a o’ y in c h i l a r i
q a r s h i li k ko’ r s a t a y o t g a n , ko’p i n c h a e s a c h ar c ho q o r t g a b o ra y o t g a n
sh a r o i t d a o’ y i n j ara y oni d a g i t u r l i h o l a tl a r d a u l a r n i q a n c h a l i k m o x i r li k b i l a n ,
s a m ara l i qo’ l l a sh g a b og’ l i q . Q o’ l t o’p i t e x n i k a s i n i y a xs h i b il i s h
g a n d b o l c hi n i n g x a r to m on l a m a t a y y o r g a r l i g i v a h a r j ix a t d an k a m o l
to pi s h i n g a j ra l m as q i s m i d i r .
O’ y i n t ar a q q i y o t i ni n g y u z y ild a n o r t i q t a r i x i m ob a y n i d a g a n dbo l
t e xn i k a s i d a m u a y y an o’ z g a r i sh l ar r o’ y b er d i . B u t ar a q q i y ot ni n g a s o s i y
y o’ n a l i s h l ari q u y id a g i l a r d a n i b o r a t : a v v al k e n g t a r q a l g a n 11 x1 1 o’ y i n
o’ r n ig a h o z i r g i ku nd a s h id d a tl i , d oi m i y y uq o ri t ez li kd a x a ra k at q il uv c h i
o’ y inl a r vu j u d g a k e l di . O’ y i n t e x ni k a s i d a xu j u m v a hi m o y a bi r - bi r i d an fa r q
q i l a d i . T o’p n i i l i s h , u z a t is h , o l i b y u r is h v a d a r v o z a g a o ti s h x u j u m
t e x n i k a si g a t e g i s hl i d i r . T o’ p y o’ li n i t o’si s h, un i t u t i b o l is h , u r i b q a y t a r i s h
v a d a r v o za bo n o’ y i n t e xn i k a s i h i m o y a si d a qo’l l a n i l a d i .Ma y do n d a x u j u m c h i
v a h i m o y ac h i si f a t i d a x ar a k a t q i l i s h h a m d a a l d a m c h i x ar a k a tl a r u s u l i
o’ y i n t e x n i k a s i n in g a s o si n i t a s h k i l e ta d i . D a s tl a bk i h o l a t – t u r i s h ,
t a yy o r g ar li k v a x ar a k a t q i l i sh n i b e l g i l a y d i. Ba l a n d v a p a s t h o l a t d a t u r is h
h ar x i l , q a y s i ho l a td a t u r is h n i v a z i y at b e l g i l a y d i . Z a m on a v i y g a n db o l d a
ko’ p in c h a b a l a n d h o l a t d a tu r i s h ( o y oql a r o z g i n a b uk i li b ), o r a l ig’ I y e lk a
k e n g l ig ida , g a v d a s a l o ld i n g a e g il i b , q o’l l ar b u ki lg a n h o l a t d a t ut il a d i .
Q a y s i o’ y in c h i m a y don d a t ez v a t e j a m l i x ara k t q il sa , o’sh a
o’ y in c h i ko’p r o q f o y d a k e l t i r a d i . S h un i n g u c h u n x ar bi r o’ y in c h i t ez s t a r t
4

o l i s hn i , y o n to m o n b i l a n y u r i sh l a r n i , y u g u ra y o ti b y o’n a l i sh n i o’ z g a r t i r i s hn i ,
t o’xt a s h va s a k ra sh n i , o r q a b i l a n er ki n o ld i n g a y u r i s hn i b il i s h i s h ar t .
Q o’ l to’ p i o’ y in i n g t a sn i fi t e x ni k us u ll ar n i u m u m i y m a xs u s b e l g i l a r g a
q ar a b g u r u x l a r g a b o’l i s h d a n i bo r a t . O’ y i n fa ol i y a t i t a v s i f i g a q a r ab g a ndbo l
t e xn i k a s i d a 2 t a y i r i k bo’li m a j ra til a d i :
1 . Ma y d o n o’ y in c h is i t e x n i k a si .
2 .D ar v o z a b o n t e xn i k a s i .
H ar q a y s i bo’ l i m x ara k a t l a ni s h t e x n i k a s i v a t o’p n i b o s h q a r i s h t e x ni k a s i
bo’ l i m c h a l a r ig a a j ra t il a d i . K i c h i k b o’li m l ar tu r l i u s u l l a r d a i j ro e t i l a d i g a n
a n i q t e xn i k us u l l a r d a n – h ar a k a t l a n is h t e xni k a s i u s lu bl a r i v a u su ll a r i d a n
i b o r a t . B u l ar d an m a y do n o’ y in c h i l a r i v a d a r v o za bo n f o y d a l a n a d i . U s u l v a
tu r l a r d a h ar a k tn i n g a s o s i y m e x a n i z m i u m u m i y b o’l i b , d e t a l l a r i bil a ng in a
far q l a n a d i . H ar x i l u s ul n i i j r o e ti s h sh a r t l a r i g a n d b o l t e x n i k a s in i y a n a d a t u r li -
tu m an q i l a d i .
O’ r g a n i l a y o t g an m a t e r i a l n i s u r u n k a l a s h t i r i s h u s u l t u r l a r i n i t u z i k r o q
t us h u n is h g a, u l a r n i t ug’ ri t a x li l q il i sh ga , t a’ li m v a o l i n g a n b i l i m l ar n i
t a k o m ill a s h t i r is h v a z i f a l ar in i m uvo ff a qi y a t l i h al q i l is hg a y o r d a m b era d i . [ 4 ]
T o’pn i e g a l l a g a n h u j u m c h i b ut u n v u ju d i bi l an r kq i b l ar d a r v o z a s i g a
t o’ p ki r i t i s h g a in t i l a d i . Ra q ib l a r n in g q a r a m a - q a r s h i l ig i n i fa q at m a xsu s
u s u l l a r y o r d a m id a y e ng is h i m u m ki n .
O’ y i n t e x n ik a s i ni n g b u q i s m ig a to’p n i i l i s h , u s h l a s h , to’ p n i y er g a u r i b
o l i b y u r i s h v a e g a ll a b o l i s h , c h a lg’ it i s h (f i nt ) v a t o’s i q (za s lo n )
qo’ y i s h u su ll a r i k i r a d i .
T o’ p n i i li s h. B u to’ pn i e g a l l a s h g a i m ko n b e r u v c h i u s u l . T o’p n i b i r
va i k k i q o’ll a b i l i s h m u m ki n . T o’pn i ik k i qo’ l l ab i li s h d a q o’ll a r n i n g
p a n j a l a r i bi r - b i r ig a y a q i nl a s h t i r i b v o r o n k a si m o n c h u q u r l i k ho s i l q i l i n a d i ,
b ar m oq l a r to’ p g a t e k k a nd a n so’ n g , u c hi b k e l g an t o’ p t e z l ig i n i
p a s a y t i r i s h u c h u n q o’l l ar
b uk il a d i .
5

T o’pn i b i r q o’ld a il i s h ju d a m u ra k k a b . I l is h v a k e y in g i q o’ ln i
s il k i t is h k up in c h a b un d ay hol a t d a t u t a s h h ar a k a t n i t a sh k i l e t a d i .
T o’ p bi l an m uvo f f a qi y a t l i h a r a k at qi l i s h q i li s h u c hu n u n i to’ g’ ri
u s h l a s h lo z i m . A g ar o’ y in c h i u n i i kk i q o’ll a b u s hl a s a to’ p y a x s h i n a z o r a t
q i li n a d i . L e ki n to’ p b i r q o’l l ab y u q o r i d a n y ok i o c hi q k a ft b il a n h am ushl a s h
m u m ki n . Fa q t bu h ol d j a t o’p n i q a t t i q s i q i b u s h l a m a sl i k l o z i m , c hu nk i b u
qo’ l n in g p a n j a b u g’i m l ari q o t is h i g a o li b k e l a d i .
T o’ pni u z a t i s h a s os i y t e x n i k u s u l h i so bl a n a d i . T o’ p u za t i s h k o’ p
u s u l l a r y o r d a m ida , a y niqsa , b os hq a l a r g a q ar a g a n d a k o’p r o q y u q o r i d a n v a k o’ l
p a n j a l a r i y o r d a m id a b a j a r i l a d i . U za t i s h t e x ni k a si n in g b a j ar il i s h i t o’ p o t i s h
u s u l i d a h am fa r q q i l a d i . Q o’ll a r n i t i r s a k q is m id a bu k k a n h o l d a y uqo r i d an
t o’ p n i u za t i s h – q o’ l to’ p i d a to’ p u z a t is h n i n g a s o si y u s u li dir . K e y ing i
v a qt l a r d a y a shi r i n h o l d a – o r q a d a n , b os h o r t id a n , o r a s i d a n t o’ p u z a t is h k o’p r o q
a x a m i y a tg a e g a b o’l m oqd a . T o’ p u za t i s h p a n j a l a r n in g f a o l i s h l a sh i n a t i j a si d a
b a j a r il a d i . Q o’ l p a n j a l a ri y o r d a m id a u z a t il g a n t o’ p a n iq l i k v a t e z l ik d a n
y ut a d i .
T o’ p n i y e r g a u r i b o l i b y u r i sh . Bu u su l b i r j o y d a t u r g a n da ,
y ug u r g a nd a b a j ar il s h i b , qo’ l to’p i o’ y in c h i s in i n g h ara k a t qi l is h i d a qul l a ni l a d i g a n
a s o s i y u su ll a r d a n h is o b l a n a d i . T o’p n i y er d a n x ar h i l : y uq o r i r o q v a p a s t r o q
s a p c h i t i b t u r i b y u r is h m u m ki n . Bu u su ld a q o’ l t o’p i o’ y in c h i s i m a y do n d a n
s a p c hi b k e t a y o t g a n to’ p n i p a st g a t u sh i r i b v a k e n g y o y ilg a n b ar m oql a ri bi l an
k uti b o l a d i . U qo’l in i b uk i b , t o’p n i b i r o z y u q o r i g a u z a t a d i , s un g u n i y a n a
m a y do ng a m a’ lu m bu r c h a k bo’ y i c h a k e sk i n i t a r a d i . B u n d k a o y o q l ar
b uk i l g a n , g a v d a b i r o z e g i l g a n , b os h to’g’ ri tu t i l g an bo’ l i s h i k er a k . T o’pn i
y er g a u r i b o l i b y u r i s h t o’g’ ri c h i z i q , y o y si m o n c hi z i q v a do i ra bo’ y l ab
x ar x i l y o’n a li s h l a r d a b a j r i l i s h i m u m ki n . Y o’n a l i s hn i, t ez l i kn i ,
s a p c hi s h b a l a nd l i g in i o’ z g ar t i r i b h a m d a to’ p g a q ar a m a sd a n y er g a u r i b o li b
y u r i s h l ar h o z i r g i za m o n qo’ l t o’p i o’ y i n i d a k a t t a a h a m i y a tg a e g a bo’l m oqd a .
Tupni o t i s h Ot i s h n a t i j a s i b i r q a t o r s h ar o i t l a r g a bo g’l i q , s h u l ar o r a s id a
m ux i m i ra q i b l a r g a k ut il m a g an v a z i y a td a o t i s h y un a l i s h in i v a us u lin i
6

u z g ar t i r i sh di r . T u p n i ko’ z l a g a n j o y g a y o’n a l t i r i s h d a , a y ni q sa , t ez li k m uxi m r o lo’ ynaydi
– u n in g ku c h i t e z l ig i g a b og’ l i q .
T o’ p o t i s h t e x n i k a s in i b a j a r i s h d a u n i n g in e r si y a s i v a v a z n in i x i s ob g a
o lis h zar u r, to’ p o t a y o t g a n qo’ l n in g k e n g a m pli t u d a d a g i x a r a k a t i m ush a kl ar
q i s q a r i sh i g a v a g a v d a d a g i b a r c h a m ush a k l a r n in g q i sq ar i s h i g a qu l ay sh a r o i t
y ara t a d i . L e ki n
o’ yin da bi r n e c h a q a d a m d an so’n g , k e n g a m pl it ud a d a ko’ l n i
s i l k it i b to’ p ot ishn i qo’ l l a s h a n c h a g i n a m u sh k u l sh u ni n g u c h u n u y in c h i l ar v a
m u ra b bi y l ar ni n g i jo di y i z l a n i sh d a n m a qs a d i t ez o t is h t e xn i k a s i n i ( h ar a k a t n i
t e z l a s h ti r i b , t o’ p il g a nd a n so’ n g d a rr o v s a k r ab v a ho k a z o ) y ara t i s hg a
q ar a t il g a n .
D ar v o z a g a t o’ p ot i s h j o y d a n , y u g u r i b k e l i b , s a k r ab v a t a y a n g an h o l a t d a
b a j ar i l a d i . E n g k o’ p t ar q a l g a n u s u l – h ar a k a t d a y u qo r i d an qo’ l n i bu k i b t o’ p
ot i sh dir . Q o’ll a r n i s i l k i ti s h n a t i j a s id a to’ p n i o t i s h ho l a t i o’ z g a ra d i . T o’ p o t i s h
bo s h n in g o r q a to m on i d a n , y e lk a us t i d a n , y ok i y o n to m o ni d an b o’l is h i
m u m ki n . Bu v u judg a k e l g a n ho l a t v a t e x ni k a n i b a j ar is h x u su si y a t i g a q ar a b
a n iq l a n a d i .
H ara k a t d a q o’l n i y u q o r i d a b uk i b to’ p o t i s h 3 x i l v az i y a t d a b a j ar il a d i :
C h a l i s ht i r m a q a d a m l ar d a n ( s k r e s t n i y sh a g ) s o’n g o t i s h , c h a li s h t i r m a
q a d a m l ar si z o t i s h v a t o’xt a b o t i s h .C h a l i s ht i r m a q a d a m l ar d a n s o’n g o’ y in c h i
y ug u r i b k e l i b s a k r a b t o’ p o t ish i y ok i r ux s at e t i l g a n u c h q a d am qo i d a s i d an
f o y d a l a n is h i m u m ki n . A g ar o’ y in c h i to’ p n i o’ n g q o’l i b il a n o t m oq c h i b o’l s a ,
bi r in c h i q a d a m n i c h ap o y o q b il a n b os hl a y d i , b u h ol d a i k k i n c h i q a d a m in i
qo’ y ish d a s h u o y o q k a f t in i n g i c hk i to m on in i y u g u ra b o s hl a g a n t ar a f i g a q a r a b
q o’ y a di . S h u ho l d a to’ p u s h l a g a n qo’ l to’g’ r i l a ni b , b o s hn i n g o r q a to m o n ig a
o’ tk az i l a d i v a g a v d a n in g y o n to m on i d a r v o za g a q ar a t i l a d i . T o’ p bil a n
bo’ lg an q o’l g a q ar a m a- q ar s h i o y oq g a t a y a n i lg a n d a n s o’ n g to’ p o t i s h
h ar a k a t i b o sh l a n a d i ; b u h o l d a g a vd a n i n g o g’i r lig i o l d in g a o’tk a z i l i b , d ar v o za
to m o n bu r i l a d i v a to’ p u sh l a g an qo’ l b uk i l i b o l ding a q ar a b t e z l a n i s h h ar a k a ti n i
b os hl a y d i . S h u n i hi s ob g a o l is h k e ra k k i , qo’ l h ar a k a t i d a vo m id a t i r s a k
p a n j a l a r d a n o l d in d a b o’l m og’ i k era k .
7

T o’p n i qo’ l d a n c h i q a r ishd a vu j u d g a k e l a di g an k a f t v a b il a k
s i l ki t i l is h i , k e y in c h a li k g a vd a n i n g y u q o r i q i s m l ar ig a n i s b a t an p a s tk i
q is m l ar i n i to’ xt a t is h g a o l i b k e l a d i .
Y u q o r i d a n q o’l n i bu k i b t o’ p o ti s h q o’l n i t ez s i l t a s h y o r d a m id a b a j a r i l a d i .
B i r i n c h i o l di n g a q o’ y i l g a n o y o q q a q ara m a- q a r s h i q o’ l t o’ p bi l an o r q a g a s u r i l a d i
va k e y in g i q a d a m d a g a v d a n i n g y u q o r i q is m i bil a n b i r g a s i l t a n a d i g a n qo’ l o x i r g i
c h e g ar a s ig a c h a o r q a t ara f g a bu r i l i s h i k er a k . K e y ing i q a d a m n i qo’ y ish d a g a vd a
d a r v o za to m o n b u r i l i b t e z l i k b i l a n o ld i n g a e g i l a d i v a t o’p n i qo’ld a n c hi q ar a d i .
Bu u su l n i n g fa r q i s h un d a k i , t o’ p ot i s h b i r o y o q q a t a y a ng a n h o l d a
b a j ar i l a d i . Y u q o r i d a n q o’ln i bu k i b to’ x t a b t o’ p o t i s h – b u e n g t ez o ti s h
u su l id ir . Bu y er d a d a s t l a b k i za r u r i y at to’p n i s a k r a b i l i s h hi s ob l a n a d i , b u n d a to’ p
o t a y ot g a n o’ y in c h i q o’l i n i s i lt a s hn i b os hl a s h i m u m ki n . Bu h o l d a o’ y in c h i
a vv a l o’ n g o y og’i n i , s o’n g c h a p o y og’i n i b o s a d i , to v o n e s a h ar a k a t ni n g
to’ x t a sh i n i t a’ m i n e t is h u c h u n x i z m at q i l a d i .
T o’ p ot a y o t g a n o’ y in c h i q a d am qo’ y is h d a g a v d a n in g o g’i r l i g i n i d a r h o l
o l d in g i o y o q q a o’t k a za d i . V a g a v d a n i d ar v o za t o m o n bu r i b , q o’ l t i r s a gi n i b u k k a n
h ol d a t o’p n i k e s k i n o l d in g a y ubo r a d i .
Q o’ln i y u q o r i d a bu k i b , s a k r a b ( y u q o r i g a ) to’ p o t i s h u z o q m a s o fa d a n ( 1 0 -
12 m ) d ar vo z a g a hu j u m qil i s h d a qo’ l l a nil a d i . Q o’ l n i si lt a s h v a t o’p n i
q o’ld a n c h i q a r i s h h a vo d a b a j ar i l a d i . T o’ p ot a y o tg an o’ y in c h i t o’ p u shl a g a n
qo’ l i n i o r q a to m on g a y ubo r i b , to’ psi z qo’l in i o l di ng a c h i q ar a d i , g a vd a n i n g
y uqo r i q is m in i ot a y o t g a n t o m ong a b u r i b , d e p s in i sh d a b o’s h o y og’i n i bu k i s h i
lo z i m . T o’pn i d a r v o z a g a o t i s h o’ y in c h i n in g s a k r a g a n d an k e y in g i p a r v o z i n in g
e n g y uqo ri n u q t a s i da , k o’ k rak d a r vo z a t o m o n bu r i l i b , o y o q l a r n i n g o r a s i k e n g
o c hili b b a j ar i l a d i .Ba’zan q o’l ni n g a y l a n m a h ara k a t i n i ( o ld i n g a – p a s t g a –
o r q a g a ) s e ki n l a n ti r g a n v a u l a r n i ik k i t o m ong a y o z g a n h o l a t i d a h i m o y ac hil ar
t o m on i d a n qo’ y ilg a n t o’s i q y on i d a n to’ p o ti s h g a i j o z at b er i l a d i .
O’ y ind a y iqi li b o t i s h zar u r a t i t e z - t e z v u j u d g a k e l a d i . B u t o’ p o t a y otg an
o’ y in c h ig a hi m o y ac hid a n q u tu l i s h , y o b u l m a s a o’ zi bi l an d a r v o za o ra s id a g i
m a so f a n i y a qin l a s h t i r i s h i m k o n i n i b e ra d i . T o’pn i t a y a n g an ho l d a y iqi li b
8

d a r vo z a g a o t i s h s a k r a b - y i q i li b d a r v o z a g a to’ p o t i sh d a n fa r q q i l a d i . B i r in c h i s i
b e k i k v a z i y a td a n hu j u m b os hl a s h d a q o’l l a n i li b , i k k i n c h i s i o l t i m e t r l i k
c hi z i qd a n hu j u m qili sh d a i s h l a t i l a d i .
D ar v o z a g a bu n d ay x i l m a- xi l u s ul d a to’ p o ti s h m u v o z a n a t s a q l a s h
m unos a b a ti d a a n c h a g i n a m u ra kk a b di r , c h u n k i o’ y in c h i t o’p n i m uvo z a n a tin i
y o’ qo t g a n ho ld a d a r v o z a g a o t a d i . B u ni n g u s t i ga , o’ y in c h i y iqi l i s h in i n g
y o’n a l ish i x ar h i l – o l d in g a v a y o n t ara f l a r g a bo’ l i sh i m u m ki n .
Y u q o r i d a q o’l n i b uk k a n ho ld a y o n t ara f g a e g i li b v a y iq il i b t o’ p ot i s h b e k i k
v a z i y a td a xu j u m qi l i s h g a i m ko n b er a d i .
Y o n to m on g a e g i l i b t o’ p o t is h b i r y o k i ik k i o y o q q a t a y a ng an h ol d a
b a j ar i l a d i . H i m o y ac h i qo’ l l a r i b i l a n y o n to m on i d an qo’ y g an to’s i q d an
qu t i l ish u c h u n hu j u m c h i t o’ p o ti s h n i b a j ar is h d a g a vd a s i n i t o’p s i z to m ong a
e g i b , t o’p n i b os h i u s t i d a n v a h i m o y ac h i l ar q o’l l ari y o n id a n d ar v o z a g a
y o’n a l t i r a d i .
Y o n t ara f g a y iq i l i b t o’ p o t i s h . B u us u l n i o’ y in c h i t o’ p o t i s h v a qtid a
hi m o y ac hid a n u z o q r o q k e ti s h i m k o ni y a t i n i y ara t is h u c h u n qo’ll a y d i . B u ng a
“ y olg’o n ” t o’ p o ti s h d a qo’ l l a ni l a d i g a n f i n t l ar y o r d am b er a d i . H u j u m c h i
c h a lg’ i t i s h d a n s o’n g ol di ng a bi r q a d am ko’ y i b , t a y a n ch o y oql a r i n i h i m o y ac h i
o y og’i n i d a r v o z a g a t o’ p ot a y o t g a n t o m ong a y a q i n r o q k o’ y ish i k e r a k . S h un d a n
so’ n g g a v d a n i og’i r l i g i ol d in g i e g il g an o y oqq a o’t k az i l a d i . G a vd a y o n
to m o n i b i l a n d a r v o za t ara f i g a bu r i l a d i , to’ p b i l a n b o’l g an q o’ l e s a t o’ p
o t is h ni n g o xi r g i x o l a t i g a k o’t a r i l a d i . O’ y in c h i t a y a n ch b o’l m a g an b o’s h o y og’ i n i
o l di n g a k o’ta r ib , bo’ s h q o’ l to m o n e gi l a d i v a hi m o y ac h i b e l i d a n si r p a n g a n g a
o’ xsh a b y iq i l a d i . U go r i z o nt a l h o l a t g a y a q in l a s h g a n d a , d ar v o za t o m ong a
k o’k r a g i n i k o’t ar i b , to’p n i b os h i n in g o r q a s i d a n d ar v o z a n i n g ko’ z l a g an j o y ig a
y ub o ra d i , so’ n g b o’s h qo’ lin i y er g a t e k k a z i b y iqi l a d i .
B u nd ay t o’ p ot i s h u s u l in i to’ p o t a y ot g an q o’ l to m o n d an h a m
b a j ar is h m u m ki n , l e k i n b un d ay h o l a t d a t a y a n c h o y o q i s h b a j ara y o tg an qo’ l
t a r af d a g i o y o q b u li s h i k er a k . Y u q o r i d a q o’l n i b uki b , s a k r a b , y o n t o m o n g a
e g i l g a n h ol d a y iq il i b t o’ p ot i s h u su l i d a n a s os a n c h i z i q b o’ y l ab v a bu r c h a k d an
9

hu j u m q i l a di g a n o’ y in c h il a r f o y d a l a n a d i l a r . O’y in c h i t o’ p n i i k k i q o’ ll ab e g a l l a b ,
t e z ol t i m e t r l i c h i z iqq a y a qin l a s h a d i , t a y a n ch o y o q k a f t l a r i n i s h u c h i z i q q a
p ar a l l el qo’ y i b “ z on a g a ” s a k ra y d i v a t o’p n i h a v o d a t o’ p o t a di g an t o m ong a
o’t k a z i b , d a r v o z a g a o t a d i .
T o’ p u sh l a g an q o’ l to m o n d a g i o y o q bi l an d e p s i n g a n d a , y iqi li s h sh u
t a ra f g a b a j ar i l a d i v a o’ y in c h i y er g a d e p si n g an o y o k da , k e y i n qo’ l l a r g a t us h a d i;
b o sh q a o y o q b i l a n d e p s i n g a n d a e s a ol d i n b o’s h q o’l g a v a k e y i n d e p s i n is h d an
b o’ s h o y oq q a t us h a d i. O’ yin chi y e lk a l a r i o r q a l i a y l a n i b o’ r n i d a n tu r a d i .
Q o’li n i y o z i b , y o n to m ond a n t o’ p o t i s h – b e k i k v a z i y a t d a k o’ p
qo’ l l a n i l a d i g a n us u ll a r d a n b i r id i r. U n i b e l , s o n , t i zza b a l a nd l ig id a
b a j a r is h m u m ki n . S i l t a s h y u q o r i d an t o’ p o t i s h d ay b a j ar i l a d i . C h a l is h t i r m a
h ara k a t q i l g a n d a n s o’ n g o’ y in c h i t o’ p o t is h n i n g d a st l a b k i ho l a ti g a k e l a d i :
o y o q l ar k e n g qo’ y ilg a n , k o’ l t o’ p b i l a n o r q a to m o n g a u o’t k az il g a n , g a v d a
d a r v o z a g a y o n to m o n bi l an b u r i l i b , to’ p o t a d i g a n q o’ l to m o n e g i l g an bo’ l i s h i
k er a k . S hu n d a n k e y i n g a vd a n i n g o g’i r li g i o l di n g i o y oq q a o’t k az i l a d i , k o’k r a k
d a r vo z a to m o n bu r i l a d i , q o’ l t i r s ak bo’g’ i n i d a bu k i l i b , m a y do n g a p ar a ll e l
o l d in g a c ho’ z i l a d i . K e y in c h a l i k q o’ l s i l k i t is h h a r a k a t i t u fa y l i t o’g’ r i l a n a d i , un g a
y e lk a x ar a k a t i qo’ s h i l i b , t o’ p d ar v o z a g a y u b o r i l a d i .
H i m o y ac hid a n t o’pn i u z o q r o q ol i b k e t i s h u c h u n , o’ y in c h i n i n g
ol d ing i t a y a n ch o y og’i n i , hi m o y ac h i o y og’i nin g s i r t q i t o m on i g a qo’ y is h i
m a qs a d g a m uvo f i q d i r ( o d a t d a o’ n g t o m onga ). G a vd a n i n g y u q o r i q i s m in i bu r i s h
y o r d a m id a q o’ l n i b uk m a sd a n to’g’ ri t o’ p o t i sh n i b a j ar is h m u m ki n . T o’ p
us h l a g a n qo’ l to m o n id a g i o y o q bi l an d e ps i n i s h hi m o y ac hil a r d a n to’ p n i
y a n a d a u z o q r o q o l i b k e t i sh g a i m ko n b era d i . K o’ p in c h a b un d ay to’ p ot is h lar
y uqo r i g a v a y o n to m o n g a s a k r a g a n xo ld a b a j ar i l a d i . Ba l a ndg a s a k ra b ,
o d a t d a g id ay y uqo r i d a n to’ p ot m oq c h i d ay h ar a k at q i l g a n h u j u m c h i o x i r d a to’ p
o t a y ot g an k o’ l i h ar a k a t in i o’ z g a r ti r i b , to’ p n i y uq o r i d an e m a s , b a lk i
hi m o y ac hil ar g a v d a s i y ok i qo’ l l a r i b il a n qo’ y g an t o’s i q l ar y o ni d an
d a v o z a g a y ubo r a d i . D a r v o z a d a n q a y tg an t o’p n i q a y t a u r is h d ar v o z a us t u nl a r i g a
u r i li b y o k i d a r v o za bo n d an q a y tg a n to’ p n i b i r y ok i i k k i q o’ll a b d ar v o z a g a o t i s h
10

m u m ki n . Bu h ar a k a t s a k r a b , k e y i n e s a y iq i l g an h ol d a b a j ar il a d i . Z a m on a v i y
g a n d bol d a y uq o ri d ara j a d a g i n a ti j a l a r g a e r i s h is h u c hu n s p o r t c h i d a n j is m oni y
t a y y o r g ar li k b i l an bi r q a t o r d a o q i l o n a h ar a k a t t e x n i k a sin i m uk a mm al e g a ll a b
o l i s h t a l a b e t i l a d i .
G a n db o l d a z ar b a b e r i s h t e x n i k a s i e n g m u h i m a h a m i y a tg a e g a , c h un k i
o’ y i n n a t i j a s i hu j u m h ara k a t l ar ni n g m uv af f a q i y a t l i y a k un l a ni s h i g a b og’ l i q .
Z a r b a b e r is h t e xn i k a s i n i o’ r g a n i s h h ar a k a t n i n g b i o lo g i k m e x a n i z m l ar i n i
o’ r g a n is h g a a s o s l a n a d i .
G a n db o l d a to’ p bi l an za r b a b e r i s h , b i o m e x a n ik a d a q a b u l q il i n g a n
t a sn i f l a s h g a m uvo f i q s i l ji t u v c h i h ar a k a t l a r t oi f a s i g a k i r a d i . N o m l a n i s h i d an k e li b
c h iq i l sa , bu n g a o’x s h a s h h ar a k a tl a r n i n g v az i fa s i q a n d a y di r j is m n i sil j i t i shd a n
i b o r a t . G a n db o l d a g i za r b a n i n g b i o m e x a n i k t a v si f l a r i n i t a d q i q q i lg an ko’ p g in a
m u a lli f l a r n in g f ik r i c h a , h a m m a ul o q t i r i s h h ar a k a tl a ri u c h u n u m u m i y bo’lg a n
t o’ p u z a t is hl ar m e x a n i z m l ar i , h a ra k a t l ar m iq do ri g a n d bo l d a za r b a b er i s h d a g i
b u rc h a k u lo q t i r is h h a r k a t l a r i u c h u n h am u m u m i y his ob l a n a d i .S p o r t d a ul o q t i r i s h
n aza r i y a s i n in g a s o si y qo i d a l a r i n a z ar i y a g a m uvo f i q, s p o r t c h i “ ul oq ti r u v c h i –
s n ar y a d ” t i z i m i si fa t id a k o’ r i b c h iq i l a d i . Ul o q t i r is h h ar a k a t i e s a 3t a b o s q i c h g a
b o’l i n a d i:
B i r i nc h i b o s q i ch d a b ut u n “ ul o q t i r u v c h i – sn ar y a d ” ti z i m ig a t e z l i k
b er i l a di , b un i n g n a ti j a s i d a t i z i m m a’ lu m bi r h ar a k a t so ni g a e g a bo’l a d i . Bu
b o s q i c h d a t i z i m , a s o s a n , o y o q l ar k u c h i v a t e z k o r l i g i h i s o big a t e z l a s h a d i .
I kk i nchi b o s q i c h da “ ulo qt i r u v c h i – s n a r y a d ” ti z i m ini n g y uqo r i
qi s m iga , y a’ n i t a n a v a s n ar y a d g a t e z l i k b e r i l a d i . Bu b i r i n c h i n a v b a t da , m ush a kl ar
ishi h is o b i g a s hu n in gd e k, to’pl a n g an q uv v a t n i g a v d a n in g p a s tk i qis m id a n
( b u nin g u c h u n u l a r n i n g h ar a k at t ez li g i q a ti y to’xt a t i l g an b o’li sh i l o z i m ) y uqo ri
q is m l ari va sn a r y a dg a o’tk a z i s h y o’l i o r q a l i a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i .
G a vd a b o’g’i n l a r i n i p a s t d a n – y uqo r ig a k e t m a- k et t o’ x t a ti b bo r is h
h ar a k a tl a n a y o t g an s po r t c h i g a v d a s i m a s s a s i ni n g k a m a y ish i g a v a o q i b a t d a
g a vd a n i n g y uq o ri q is m i h a m d a to’ p t e z l i gi n in g o s h i sh i g a o l i b k e l a d i .
11

U ch i nc h i b o s q i ch sn a r y a dg a t e z l a n is h b er i s h u c hu n s ay
h ara k a t l a r n i y o’ n a l ti r i s h za r u r i y a t i b i l a n t a s n i f l a n a d i .
G a n db o l d a z ar b a b e r i s h h a qi d a to’ x t a l g a n d a , t o’ p g a t ez li k b er i s hn i n g u c ht a
b os qi c h iga , za r b a b e r i sh n i n g u c h t a fa z a s i m uvo f i q k e l a d i . Z ar b a l a r n i faz a l a r
bo’ y i c h a a j ra t i s h d a ko’p c h i l i k m u a l l i f l a r n in g f i k r l ari bi r - b i r i g a m o s k e l a d i .
Z a r b aTo’ pga t e z l i k T o’ p ga O’yi n c h T o’ p ga K i ne m a t i Asosiy
b er ish b er ish t e z l i k i t e z l i k k z a r u r iy
f a z alari b os q ich l a r i b er ish h a r a k at b er ish z a n ji r n in jis m o n iy
b os q ich l a r i lari u s u l l a r i g si f a t lar
va z i f alari y e takchi
xal q alari
1. “ O’ y inch i - Eng ko’p Yu g u rib 1.Yo’l- O y oq O y oql a r
T a y y o r g a r to’p” t iz i m i g a h a r a k a t k e l i sh y o’ l a k a y k a fti, ku c hli
- lik te z l i k b e rish son i - 2. 3 bold i r, va
ni to’pl a sh q a d a m - d a n t i z z a, son te z korlig
3. 2 i
q a d a mdan
4. 1
q a d a m-
d a n.
5. J o y ida
turib
2.Asos i y “ O’ y inch i - Mumkin S i l ta- 1.s a k ra b T a n a , Umu r tqa
to’p” q a d a r ko’p nish, turib y e l k a, - ning b e l
t iz i m in i ng sonli g a v d a ni 2.ikkala bi l a k bo’g’i m i
y u qori h a r a k a tni burish o y oqqa va y e lka
qis m i g a te z l i k o’tka z ish t a y a ni b . bu g’ im-
b e rish 3.bi t ta la r id a g i
o y oqqa e g i l uv c h
t a y a nib a nl i k
y i q i -
12

l a y o t g a n d a
G a n db ol c h i ni n g za r b a b e r i s h i d a h a r a k a t so n i n i t o’p g a o’tk a z is h
m e x a n i z m l ari s o f x o l d a h ar d oi m h am u c h ra m a y d i . U l ar o’ y i n f a o l i y a t i n in g
o’ z g a r u v c h a n i sh ti r o k c h i l ar i g a b og’ l i q ho l d a o’ z g a r i s h i m u m ki n .
B u nd a n t a sh q a r i , g a n db o l d a zar b a b e r i sh n i t u z ish n in g o’ z i g a xo s m e x a ni z m l ari
m a v j u d :
- zar b a b e r i sh d a , h a r a k at s o n i n i t o’p g a o’ t k a z i s h m e x a n i z m i ;
- o’ yin chinin g za r b a b e r i s h p a y tid a t a y a n ch b i l a n o’ za r o ta’ siri m e x a n i z m i ;
- k i n e m a ti k z a n j i r x a l q a l ar in i n g q a ti y ra vi s h d a to’ l i q b a j a r i li s h i n i
t ar tibg a s o l is h m e x a ni z m i ;
- zar b a b e r i sh d a h ar a k a tl a r n i t u z is h d a g i s t r e ch – r ef l e k s m e x a ni z m i ;
- zar b a b e r i sh d a b ar m oql a r ni n g to’ p b i l a n o’ zaro
ta’ siri m e x a n i z m i .
Z ar b a b er is h t e x n i k a s i n i n a z o r a t q i l is h m u a m m os i t a d q i qo t c h i l ar t o m on id a n
u z o q v a q t d a n b e ri o’ r g a n i b k e l i n a d i .
Z ar b a b e r i sh d a us h b u sh a r t l a r n i b i r v a q t n in g o’ z i d a u y g’unl a s h t i r is h
fa v q ul o d d a (e ks t re m a l ) h o l a t l a r d a m u m ki n e m a s . C hu n k i z a r b a n i k am v a q t
b a j ar a tu r i b , u n in g k u c h i n i b i r x i l d ara j a d a u s h l ab bo’l m a y d i .
O’ y in c h i za r b a k u c h i n i os hi r a y ot i b , u n i b a j ar i s h v a q ti d an o r ti q q o l a d i ,
za r b a n i t ez r o q a m a lg a os h i ra y ot i b e s a t o’p nin g u c hi b c hi q is h t e z l ig i d a y utq a za d i.
G a n db ol c h i m u a y y an o’ y i n v a qt id a z a r b a n i b a j ar i s h s h ar oi tl a r id a n k e l i b
c h iq q a n h ol d a h a m m a zar b a b er i s h t e xn i k a s i p a ra m e t r l ari u y g’u n l i g i n in g
m a’ lu m b i r v a r i a nt i n i t a n l a y d i . Y u q o r i d a a y t i b o’ t i l g a n i d e k , b io m e x a n ik a d a
g a n db o l d a g i zar b a b e r is h s i l ji t u v c h i h ar a k a t l ar t o i f a s i g a ki r a d i . S i l j i tu v c h i
h ar a k a t l ar d a g i h a r a k a t k u c hi , o d a t d a b i r z u m li k k in e m a t i k z a n j i r n i n g y a kuni y
b o’g’i n i k a b i n a m o y o n bo’l a d i. A g ar h ar a k a t g a f a q a t zar b a b era y o t g a n q o’ l
m ush a kl a r i g i n a e m a s , b a l k i o y oql a r , t a n a m us h a k l a r i h am j a l b e ti lsa , us h b u h o l d a
k i n e m a ti k za n j i r ni n g y a k u ni y bo’g’ in i m a ksi m al k u c h n i n a m o y o n q i l i sh i
m u m ki n . H ara k a t “ Q a m c h i ” m e x a n i z m i bo’ y i c h a y ok i t e z l ikn i b o’g’i n d an-
b o’g’i ng a k e t m a - k et u z a t i s h o r q a l i qu r i l a d i .
13

G a n db o l d a za r b a g a t ez l i k b e r i sh n in g q a ti y k e t m a - k e t l i g i m a v ju d :
b o l di r , s o n , t a na , y e lka , b il a k , t o’ p t ut g a n q o’ l p a n j a s i . Q u y id a g i ho ll a r d a
ul o q t i r u v c h i k i n e m a ti k z a n ji r ni n g y a kuni y bo’g’i n i t ez li g i e n g y uqo r i b o’l a d i:
- a g ar h ar b i r b o’g’in l a r m a ss a s i g a e n g k a t t a s i d a n b o s h l ab n a v b a t m a -
n a v b a t t e z l i k b er is hg a a m al q i l in sa ;
- a g ar o ld i ng i m a ss a ni n g t e z l i g i m a ksi m u m d ara j a g a y e tg a n p a y tda ,
k e y i ng i m a ss a g a t e z l i k b e r i s h b o s h l a n s a ;
- a g ar k e y i n g i b o’g’ i m m ush a k l a r i ni n g k u c h i ol d i n g i m ush a k l ar k u c h i
nolga t e n g bo’ l g a n p a y td a i s h g a t u s h g a n ho l l ar d a .
1 . 2 . Qo’l to’pi o’yini himoya texnikasi
O’ y ind a m uv affaqi y a t g a er is h i s h a s o s an t u g’ ri h a r a k a t qi l i s h g a
b o g’l i q. B u n i n g u c h u n o’ y inn i bo s h q a r i s h d a xil m a- xi l t a kt i k v o s i t a l ar d a n
f o y d a l a n m o q k er a k . T a k t i k a d e g a n d a , o’ y in c h i l ar n i r a q i b us t id an g’ a l a b a
q o z on i sh g a q a ra t i lg a n sh a x si y y ok i j a m o a h ar a k a tl a ri t a sh k i l q i l in i s h i , y a’ n i
j a m o a o’ y in c h i l a r inin g m u a y y an re j a g a bi n o a n a y n an s h u , a n i q ra q i b b il a n
m uv af f a qi y a t l i k u r a s h olib bo r i s h g a i m ko n b er a d ig a n bi r g a l ik d a g i h a r a k a tl a r n i
tu s h i ni s h k e ra k .
T a k t i k a d a g i a s o si y v a z i fa hu j u m v a hi m o y a h ara k a t l a r i ni n g m a qs a dg a
er i s h t i ra o l a d i g a n e n g q u l ay vo si ta , u s u l v a sh a k l l ar n i b e l g i l a s h d a n i b o ra t .
Q a nd ay t a kt ik a n i t a n l a s h h ar b i r a l o h i d a h ol d a j a m o a o l d i d a
t u r g a n v a z i f a l a r g a , k u c h l ar n is b a t i v a o’ y in c h il a r n in g o’ zaro k u r a s h u v c h i
g u r u h l ar ig a , m a y do n n in g a hv o li g a , iq l i m sh ar oi t i v a ho k a z o l ar g a b og’ l i q .
Q o’ l to’p i o’ y in i d a ko’ p m ar t a l a b h u j u m d an hi m o y a g a v a hi m o y a d a n
hu j u m g a o’tis h d a n i bo r at b o’l g a n i u c hu n h a m , t a b ii y k i , h ar q a y s i
j a m o a n in g hu j u m v a hi m o y a h ara k a tl a ri u y us h g a n b o’l i s h i k er a k .
T a k t i k a u c h r a s hu v v a q t i d a b ut u n o’ y i n fa o li y a t in i n g a so si y m a z m u n i
h is o b l a n a d i . A n i q r a q ib g a q a r s h i to’g’ ri t a n l a n g a n k u ra s h t a k t ik a s i
m uv aff a qi y a t q o z o n is h g a y o r d am b er a d i , n o t o’g’ ri t a n l a n g an y ok i
u c h ra s h u v m ob a y ni d a a s qo t m a g an t a k t i k a e s a o d a t d a m a g’lubi y a tg a o l i b k e l a d i .
14

Q o’ l to’p i o’ y inid a t a k ti k a bi l an t e x ni k a bi r – b i r i g a c h a m b arc h as
b og’l a ni b k e t g a n b o’l a d i . T o’ p n i k i m g a v a q a n d ay u z a t is h n i , ra q i bn i do g’d a
q o l d i r i s h u s u l i to’ p b il a n h i m o y a n i y o r i b o’t i s h n i is hl a t is h k er a k m i y ok i t o’p n i
s h e r i g i g a u z a tis h m a’ qul m i , d ar vo z a g a q a y s i p a y td a t o’ p o t i s hn i h a l q i l a y o t g a n
o’ y in c h i t a k ti k – t af a k k u r i d an f o y d a l a n i l a d i , q i l m oq c h i b o’ lg an h a r a k a t i n i
a m a lg a o s h i ra y o t g a n d a e s a u t e x ni k m a ho r a t in i n a m o y is h q i l a d i . D e m a k ,
t e xn ik a o’ y in c h i n i n g t a kti k re j a l a r i n i a m a lg a o sh i r is h vo s i t a s i bo’ l i b hi z m at
q i l a d i . T e xni k t a y y o r g ar l i k a’ l o d ara j a d a b o’l s a gi n a x il m a - xi l t a k t i k
h ar a k a t l ar in i b a j a r i s h m u m k i n .
K u c h i t e n g j a m o a l ar u c h ra sh u vi d a g i g’ a l a b a k o’p i n c h a m a g’l u b
b o’lg a n la r d a i r o d a k a m li k q i l g a n i y ok i ji s m oni y v a t e x ni k t a y y o r g ar li k bo’ s h
b o’lg a n i s a b a b q i l i b ko’ r s a t il a d i .
L e k i n qo’ l to’ p i o’ y in i d a g i g’ a l a b a ko’ p in c h a t a kt i k r e j a l a r ku r a sh i bi l an
b e l g i l a n a d i . T a k ti k a i kk i j a m o a ni n n g j is m o n i y , t e xn i k v a i r o d a vi y
t a y y o r g a r l i k d a g i d a r a j a l a r i t e n g b o’l g a n d a , ul a r d a n b i r i n i g’ a l a b a
qi l i s hin i t a’ m inl a b b e ra di g a n m uh i m o m ildir . Ol d i n d an m uk a m m al o’ z l a s ht i r i b
i s h l a t ilg a n t a kt i k a m uv aff a q i y at k e l ti r a o l a d i . Ba’zi j a m o a l ar h ar q a nd ay
ra q i b g a q a r sh i o’ y n a g a n d a h am bi r x i l t a kt i k a i shl a t a v er a d i l a r . T a k t i k
j ih a t d a n bu nd ay q a sh s ho q li k , bi r x i lli k m a ho r a t ni n g o’s a b o r is h i g a t o’s q i nl i k
q i l a di . H ar b i r j a m oa , a y niq s a , y uq o ri m a l a k a l i j a m o a x i l m a – x i l t a kt i k re j a d a
o’ y n ay bi l i sh i k er a k , a k s h ol d a u , a y r i m y utu q l a r i b o’l is h i g a q a r a m a y ,
m uso b a q a l a r d a k a tt a y u tu ql a r g a er i sh a ol m a y d i .
O’ qu v - m a shg’ u l o t j ara y on i d a t a k t i k t a yy o r g ar li k k a j id d i y e’ t i bo r
b er i l a d i . X ar b i r o’ y in c h i v a u m u m an j a m o a h ar a k a t l ar ni n g x i l m a- xi l
v a r i a n tl a r in i m uk a mm al e g a ll a g a n bo’l is h i l o z i m . H u j u m v a hi m o y a d a
q o’ll a n i l a d i g a n t a kt i k h ar a k a t l ar q ara m a- q ar sh i v a z i f a l a r n i y ec h is h u c h u n
qo’ l l a n i l a d i . S h u ni n g u c h u n t a k t i k a i k k i k a t t a t u r k u m g a hu j u m t a kt i k a s i v a
h i m o y a t a kt i k a s i g a a j r a l a d i . H u j u m o’ y inn i h a l q i l u v c h i o m ild i r , y a’ n i
m u v o ff a qi y at qo’p i n c h a u nin g o x i r g i n a t i j a s ig a b o g’l i q bo’l a d i . Huj u m ni n g
m utl a q o y a g on a m a qs a d i bu ra q i bn i n g h i m o y a d a g i h ar a k a t l a r i t a r t ibi n i
15

b u z i s h v a d ar vo za g a t o’ p o ti s hd a sh a x si y q ar s h il i k n i y e n g i s hd ir . H o z i r g i
ku n d a qo’ l t o’p i o’ y in i hu j u m ni n g t e z- t e z v a q is q a v a q t d a vo m id a u y us h t i r i l is h i
b i l a n t a f si f l a n a d i . Z a m on a vi y qo’ l t o’ p i o’ y in i d a hi m o y a d an hu j u m g a o’ti s h
t e z l ig i , t a k ti k k o m bi n a t s i y a l ar n i b a j ar is h t e z ko r l i g i v a a n iq l i g i os hd i . B u n i n g
n a t i j a s i d a t e x n i k us u l l a r n i n g b a j a r i li s h v a qt i q is q ar a d i .
H u j u m d a j a m o a l ar a s os a n i k k i t a k t i k t i z i m n i q o’ll a y d i l ar – t ez y o r i b u t i s h
va p o z i t s i y a hu j u m i b u hu j u m l ar n i n g h ar q a y sis i b i r – b i r i n i t o’ldi r a d i v a
s hu n in g u c h n h am h a m m a j a m o a l ar qu r o l l a n g an bo’ l i s h i k e r a k .
Tez yo r i b o’ tish. Bu h u j u m d a k o’p r o q n a ti j a b e r a di g an us u l d i r . A m m o
uni qo’ l l a g a n d a o’ y in c h i l ar n i o’ za r o y on m a – y o n h o l a t d a b o’l i b q o l i s h i qi y i n .
S hunin g u c h u n p o z i t s i y a d a huj u m qi l i sh n in g s o li s h ti r m a og’i r li g i b i r o z b a l a n d
h i s ob l a n a d i. S h un g a q ara m a sd a n t ez y o r i b o’t i s h q a n c h a l i k ko’ p q o’ll a n s a ,
h u j u m c hil ar t o’ p o t i sh n i sh un c h a l i k k o’ p b a j ar a d i l a r . Z a m on a vi y qo’ l to’ p i
fa q a t u n in g h isobig a r i v o j l a n m oq d a . T ez y o r i b o’t i s h n in g m a qs a d i r a q i b l a r n i n g
to’ p n i y o’qo ti b , hu j u m d an hi m o y a g a o’ti s h i p a y tid a s o d i r b o’l a dig an v a q t i n c h a
u y u sh m a g an h a ra kt id a n f o y d a l a n is h d i r . S hun i n g u c hu n t ez y o r i b o’ti sh g a
a l b a t t a r a q ib l a r d a n t o’p n i k u t i l m a g a n d a ol i b q o’ y il g a n d a ki r i sh i l a d i . Bu
k o’p i n c h a to’p n i ol i b qo’ y is h d a , to’ s i q l a r d a n , d a r vo z a b o n d a n y o k i d a r v o za
u s tu n i g a u r i li b q a y tg a n t o’p n i e g a ll a g a n d a v a hu ju m c hi l ar t o m on i d a n o’ y i n
qo i d a s i b u z i l g an h o l l ar d a a m a l g a o sh i r i l a d i .
T ez y o r i b o’t is h d a g i o’ z g a r i s h l ar u n in g s h id d a t i b il a n b og’ l i q – hu j u m
4 -7 s d a v o m e t a d i , o’ z a ro h ar a k a t l ar o d d i y bo’ l s a h a m , o z so n l i o’ y in c hi l ar
bil a n u st u n l i k v u jud g a k e l ti r i l a d i . V a q t d an y u t i s h v a b u sh l i q , so n j ix a t d a n
u s tu n likn i vu j u d g a k e l ti r a d i v a d a r v o za n i i s h g’o l e t i s h u c h u n q ul ay sh a r o i t
y ara t a d i . A m m o b un i n g u c hu n b ar c h a h i m o y ac hil ar h a ra k a t i i m ko n bo r i c h a
t e z k o r , d a d i l va y a xsh i k e l is h i l g an b o’ li s h i k er a k .
T ez y o r i b o’t i s h d a a y niq s a , d a r x o l qu l a y v az i y a t n i t a n l a s h v a
b i r i n c h i to’ p n i t o’g’ ri u za ti s h m uhi m di r . T ez y o r i b o’t is h y olg’i z v a
j a m o a n i n g h a m m a o’ y in c h i l a r i to m on id an a m a lg a o s h i r i l i sh i m u m kin . T e z
16

y o r i b o’t i s h g a q a n c h a li k ko’ p o’ yin chilar q a tn a s h sa , ul a r g a k a r s h i k u r a s h i s h
s hu n c h a l i k m u r akk a b l a s h a d i .
D ar v o za t o m o n t ez y o r i b o’t i s h d a hu j u m c h i l ar bu t u n m a y do n k e n g l i gi d a
b i r y ok i ik k i q a t o r bo’l i b j o y l a s h a d i . B i r i n c h i b o’l i b st a r t ol g a n ( 1 - 3 - o’ y in c h i )
o’ y in c h i l a r n i o r q a d a g i o’ y in c h i l ar q o’l l a s h i k e r a k . H u j u m c h il ar to’ p n i
y o’qo t i sh i v a u l a r g a j a vo b a n h u j u m u y us h t i r i l is h i m u m kinl i g i s a b a b l i bi r
o’ y in c h i o r q a d a q o l a d i . A g ar o l d q a t o r o’ y in c h il a r i s o n j ih a t d a n u st u n l ik k a
e r i s h a o l m a s a, u nd a hu j u m nin g m uvo f f a q i y a tl i y a k u n in i hi m o y ac h i l ar o r a si d a g i
bo’ s h j o y g a ki r i s h ga h ar a k a t q i l a y o t g a n o r q a q a to r o’ y in c hi lari a m a lg a o s h i r a d i .
B u n d ay bi r i n - k e ti n r i v o j l a n a d ig a n v a o r q a q a t o r o’ y in c hi l a r i y a kun la y di g a n t e z
y o r i b o’ti s h hu j u m i “ r ivo j la n g a n h u j u m ” d eb no m ol g a n . U z o q m a so f a g a to’ p
u za ti b t ez y o r i b o’ti s h – od di y v a m ud da t i d a n i l g ari y a kun la n a d i g an h u j u m nin g
m a’ suli y a t l i u s u l i d ir . O d a t d a u z a t is h n i d a r v o z a bon y ok i t o’p g a e g a b o’ l g a n
o’ y in c h i b a j ar a d i . t ez y o r i b o’ t i s h n i b o sh l a g an o’ y in c h i m a y do n n in g y o n c h i z ig’ i
b o’ y l ab y ok i m a y do n m ar k azi t o m o n c h a q qo n o lding a i n t i l a di .
M u v o ff a qi y at u c h u n o ld i n g a i n t il g a n o’ y in c h i b o sh q a l a r d an o’ z i b k e t i sh i
m u m ki n . O d a t d a, bu n i o ld i n g a c h iq i b o’ y n a y ot g a n hi m o y ac h i y ok i to’ p o ti l g a n
j o y g a q ara m a- q ar s h i bu r c h a k d a g i hi m o y a c h i a m a lg a o s h ir a di .
T a’ qi b d a n q u t i l g a n o’ y in c h i g a t o’p n i t ez v a a n i q u za ti s h k e r a k . Y a x s h i si ,
to’ p n in g y o’ n a l i s h t ra y e k t o r i y a s i p a s t r o q b o’l g a n i m a’ qu l . S h un i ng d e k ,
t o’ p u z a t is h m a so f a s i j u d a u z o q b o’l m a sli g i k e r a k , c h u nk i b u nd ay to’pn i
r a q ib l a r d a r v o za si n i e g a l l a b o l i s h m u m ki n . A g ar t ez y o r i b o’t g a n o’ y in c h i ga
d a r v o za bo n ni n g d ar x o l t o’ p u z a t is h i g a h a l a q i t b e r i s h s a, u x o l d a b u o’ y in c h i
t o’ pn i k e c h ik ti r m a sd a n o’ z sh e r i k lar i g a, ul a r e s a o l d in d a g i o’ y in c h i l a r g a u z a t i sh i
za r u r.
T o’ p n i q is q a m a s o f a g a u z a t i b t e z yo r i b
o’ tish. U s hb u ha r a k a tn i
bi r i n c h i bo’ l i b b o s h l a g an o’ y in c hi n i g h ar to m on dan p a n a qi l in g a n i g a i sh on c h
h osi l q i l in g a nd a a m a lg a o s h i r i l a d i . U l ar o r q a s i d a n bo s h q a o’ y in c h i l ar h am t ez
y o r i b o’t i s h g a i n ti l a d i . R a q i b l a r n i h u j u m in i to’ x t a t i s h i m koni y a t i d a n
m a x r u m e ti s h u c h u n , t o’p n i e g a l l a g a n o’ y in c h i q o i d a n i b u z i b bo’ l s a h am
17

, a v v a l o , o’ y inn in g bo r i s h v a z i y a t in i a n iq l a y d i , h i m o y ac h i b i l a n m un o s a b a t g a
k i r ish m a s d a n t ez m o’l j al o l i sh g a h ar a k at q il a d i v a t o’p n i b o’s h s h er i k l a r i g a
u z a t a d i .
H u j u m c hi l ar bu t u n m a y do n k e n g l i gi d a o l d in g a q a r ab h a r a k at q i l a d i l a r .
B i r i n c h i q a to r d a 3 - 4 o’ y in c h i bo’ l i b , ul a r q i s q a y o’ l bil a n o l d in g a i n ti l a di l a r .
O d a t d a, h i m o y ac h i dan b o’s h b o’l g an h u j u m c hi n i t o p i s h u c h u n 3 - 4 m ar t a to’ p
u z a t is h n i b a j a r i s h ki f o y a di r . T ez y o r i b o’t i s h hu j u m i bi r- b i r i g a b o g’l i q b o’l g a n 3
b o s q i c h d a n t u z i l g a n : to’ p n i e g a l l ab h u ju m g a o’tis h s o n j i x a ti d a n u s tu n li k k a
e r i sh i s h v a h u j u m n i y a kun la s h . H u j u m c h i t ez y o r i b o’t i s h h ar a k a t i n in g b i r i n c h i
b os qi c h i da i r g’i b ol d i n g a t a sh l a n a d i v a o’ z i n i t a’ q i b q i lu v c h i o’ y in c h i d a n
q u ti l i s h g a h ara k a t q i l a di . T o’ p u z a t m oq c h i b o’l g an o’ y in c h i q a y s i o’ y in c h i g a
t o’ p o’ z a t i s h n i , v a z i y a tn i to’g’ r i b a h o l a b , t o’ p t ra y e k t o r i y a si n i v a y o’ n a l is h i n i
a n i q l a s hn i , a g ar k e r a k b o’ ls a hi m o y ac hi l a r n i c h a lg’ iti s h u c h u n qi l i n a d i g a n
h a r a k a t l a r n i to’ g’ ri t a n l a s h n i b ilis h k er a k . T ez y o r i b o’t g a n h u j u m c hi ni n g
a s o si y m a qs a d i h i m o y ac h i l ar o r q a sig a o’t g a n s h e r i k l a r i g a bo’ ylam a y ok i
di a g a n a l t o’ p o’ za t i sh dir . T ez y o r i b o’t i s hn i n g i k k i n c h i b os qi c h h u j u m c hi l a r
h u j u m ku c h in i i m k o n bo r i c h a k e n g a y ti r s h a d i v a m a y do n k e n g li g i d a bi r v a ik k i
q a to r bo’l i b j o y l a s h a d i . T o’ p hu j u m c hi n i n g o l d i ng i q a t o r i g a u z a t il a d i .
O’ y in c h i b o s q i c hi n in g v az i fa s i – h u j u m n i m uv aff a qi y a t l i
y a ku n l a n is h d i r . Y a x s h is i , hi m o y ac h i l a r d a n h u j u m c hi l ar s o n i k o’ p bo’ l i sh i
k e r a k . A m m ao s o n j ix a t d an t e ng l i k b o’ l g a n h ol a t d a h u j u m n i n g k am ku ch bi l an
t ez h ar a k a t q i l i sh g a d o i m t a y y o r bo’l i s h i k e r a k . B u n d ay hol a t l ar d a bi r i n c h i
q a t o r d a g i hu j u m c h i l ar o’ r i n a l m a sh t i r is h , c h a l g’ i t i s h l ar y o r d a m id a hu j u m n i
y a ku n l a s hg a i n t i la d i l ar y o k i i k k i n c h i q a t o r d a g i o’ y in c h i l a r i n in g o’ y in ga
qo’ s h i l is h l a r i g a q u l ay s h a r oi t y ara ti s h ga u r i n a d il ar , b u a lo x i d a
a x a m i y a t g a e g a d i r. Noq ula y po z i ts i y a d an s ho s h i li b o t i l g a n to’ p ra qi b n i n g
h u j u m g a o’t is h i u c h u n k u c h j ih a t d a n u s t un l ikk a er i s hu v i g a ol i b k e l i s h i m u m ki n .
S h un d ay qi l i b , t ez y o r i b o’t is h y uk s a k u y us hq o q l i k bi l an t a s hk i l
to p g a n h ar a k a t d ir . Un i qo’l l a g a n d a y a xs h i n a t i j a g a e r i sh i s h u c hu n t e xn i k –
t a k t i k t a y y o r g a r l i k ni n g y u k s ak d ara j a s i y e t ar l i e m a s ; r ux i y hol a td a, d a d i l l i k ,
18

j u rat v a b a’zan t a v a k k a l h a ra k at q il i sh g a h u j u m n i y a xsh i n a ti j a bi l an
y a k u n l a s h g a y o r d am b er a di .
P o z i t s io n huju m . J a m o a t e z y o r i b o’ t i s h h u j u m in i y a k un l ay ol m a s a,
u nd a hu j u m c hi l ar m a j bura n hi m o y ac hi l a r ni n g u y ush qo q li k b i l a n tu z il g a n
hi m o y a s i ga q a r s h i k u r a sh m og’ i k e r a k . Z a m on a vi y sh a r o it d a h i m o y ac h i l a r n in g
h a m j ix a t l ig i b i l a n t a s h ki l e t i l g a n t ez y o r i b c hi q is h n i h o y a t d a m uxi m , c hu n k i
hu j u m c hi l a r nin g to’ p b i l a n h u j u m qil is h l a r i g a 1 m i n d a n o r ti q v a q t b e r i l m a y d i .
P o z it s i o n h u j u m n i q o’l l a s h qu y i da g i ho l a tl a r d a o’ r i n l id ir :
– to’ p n i o’ yin ga k i r it i s h u c h u n k o’ p v a q t s a r f l a ns a ;
–
o’ yin t e z l i g i ji h a ti d a n ra q ib l a r n in g u s tu n l i g i y a qq o l s e z i l i b tu r s a ;
– o’ y i n su ra ti n i o’ z g ar t i r is h z a r u r i y a t i t ug’ i l g a n d a, q a y t a ti kl a n i s h
u c h u n t a n a ff u s qi l i s h d a;
–
o’ yin chilarni a l m a sh t i r is h k e r ak bo’ l s a;
P o z i t s io n hu j u m u ch b o s q i c h d an i b or a t ; b o s h l a n g’i c h t a y y o r l o v c h i v a
y a kun lo v c h i . B i r i n c h i s i d a o’ y in l a r n i j o y – j o y i g a qo’ y is h a m alg a os hi r i l a di .
V a q t i n c h a s o n j i h a t d a n u st u nl i k k a e g a bo’ l i s h y ok i hu j u m z o na l ar i d a n b i r id a
qo’ l ay v a z i y at y ar ati s h u c hu n to’ p v a o’ y in c h i l a r n i n g o’ r i n a l m a sh is h i
i k ki n c h i faza d a b o s h l a n a d i . O xi r g i f a za d a e s a d ar v oz a ol i n i sh i g a er i s h i l a d i y ok i
k u c h l a r q a y t a t i k l a n i b , h u j u m n i d a v o m e tti r i s h v a hu j u m d an h i m o y a g a o’t i s h
u c h u n qu l ay v a z i y at y uz a g a k e l t i r i l a d i .P o z i t s io n h u j u m n i u y ush t i r is h u c h u n
j a m o a i k k i t a k t i k g u r u h g a b o’l i n a d i . B i r i n c h i gu r u h c h a n i ol di n g i q a to r d a –
da r v o za m a y don c h a s i c h i z i g’ i y a qin i da i k k i t a s i b u r c h a k dan v a bi r c h i z i q
b o’ y l ab o’ y n a y di g a n o’ y in c h i l a r t a s h k i l e t a d i . I k ki n c h i q a t o r n i m ar k a z i y v a
i k k i y ar i m o’ r t a l i q d a o’ y n a y di g an o’ y in c h i l a r e g a ll a y d i . B i r in c h i q a t o r d a g i
o’ y in c h i lar z i m m a sig a m u ra k k a b v a z if a y uk la n g a n – ul a r ra qi bl a r m udof a as i
o r a s i d a h ar a k a t q i l a d il a r. S h u n i n g u c h u n b i r i n c h i q a tor o’ y in c h i l a r i t o’p n i
e g a l l a b , c h a lg’ i t is h l a r n i qo’ l l a b , hi m o y ac hi n i a l d ab o’t i b v a t o’ p o t i sh g a q u l ay
v az i y at y ara ti s h u c h u n j o y t a nl a s hn i b il i s h i za r u r d ir . Bu o’ y in c h i l a r n in g o’ z
q a t o r i d a g i sh e r i k lari b i l a n h a m ko r li k da o’ y i n po z i t si y a l a r i n i v a q t i – v a q t i b i l an
a l m a sh i b t u r i sh n i b il i sh i m a qs a d g a m uvo f i qd ir .
19

I k ki n c h i q a to r o’ y in c h i l a r i o’ y in n i t a sh k i l e t i s h b i l a n b i r q a to r d a hu j u m n i
y a kun la s h f u n k s i y a s i n i h am b a j ara d i . S h un i n g u c h u n u l ar y u q o r i t a y y o r g a r li k
d ara j a s i g a, h am t e xn i k a d a h am t a k t i k a d a y u k s a k m a l a k a g a er ish m og’ i k e r a k .
B i r i n c h i v a i k ki n c h i q a t o r d a o’n g t o m on dan c h a p q o’ l bi l a n , c h a p
t o m on d a n e s a o’n g qo’ l b i l a n to’ p ot a d i g an o’ y i n c h i l a r n i n g o’ y n a s h i ra q i b
d a r v o za si g a u n u m l i h u j u m u y us ht i r is h g a i m ko n i y at b e r a d i .P o z it s i o n h u j u m ni n g
h ar h i l v a r ia nt l a r id a c h i z i q bo’ y l a b o’ y n a y di g a n o’ y in c h i l ar s o n i o’ zgar i s h i
m u m ki n . P o z it s io n hu j u m d a o’ y in c h i l a r n i n g 3 - 3 y ok i 4 -2 b o’l i b c h i z i q b o’ y l ab
j o y l a sh i s h i ko’ p t ar q a l g a n d ir . P o z i t s io n hu j u m d a y a n a b os h q a c h a j o y l a s h i s h l a ri
m a v j u d .
Jo y l a sh i s h va r i a n t i n i t a n l a s h u l a r n i n g i m koni y a t i g a v a r a q i b l a r hi m o y a
ti z i m in i n g t u z il i s h i ga b og’ l i q . P o z i t s io n hu j u m d a hu j u m c h i lar or a s id a g i o’ za ro
a s os i y t a k ti k h ar a k a tl a r j o y l a s h i s h v a r i a n t i ga bo g’l i q b o’l m a y d i . I k k i o’ y in c h i
o r a s i d a g i “ q a y t ar v a c h i q ”, “ a ld a m c h i hu j u m ”, “ j o y a l m a sh t i r i s h ”, “ to’s i q ”
s i n g ari o dd i y h ara k a t l ar b o sh q a l ar i g a n is b a t an ko’p r o q i s h l a t i l a d i . “ Q a y t ar v a
c hi q ” – b u e n g o d d i y t a k t i k k o m bin a t si Y . U o’ y in c h i n in g t o’ pg a p e sh v o z c h i qi b
u n i b o’s h j o y g a u z a t i s h i v a y a n a o’ z i g a q a y t ar i b o li s hi d an ib o ra t bo’ l a d i .
B u n d ay ho l a t d a hi m o y ac hi g a t a s od if a n ki r i sh n i bos hl a g a n o’ y in c h i n i n g
t e z l i k ji h a t d a n us t u n li g i y a x s h i n a ti j a b e r a d i . “ A ld a m c h i hu j u m ” –b u o’ zaro
h ar a k at b o’ li b h u j u m c h i n i n g t o’ p bi l an ikki hi m o y ac h i o r a s i d a n o’t i b , u n i
o t m oq c h i bo’ l g a nd a hi m o y ac h i l a r n i sh u h u j u m c h i y o’ li n i t o’s i s h u c h u n
o l d in g a c hi q i s h g a m a j bu r e t i s h d a v a i sh o n t i r ishd a qo’ l l a n i l a di . B u n d a y
holl a r d a n s o’ n g b o s h q a h u j u m c hi lar u c h u n o c h i l g a n “ y o’ l a k c ha ” d a e r k i n h ar a k a t
q i li s h i m kon i y a t i y ara til a di .
“ J o y a l m a shti r i s h ” – o’ zaro h ar a k a t d a b o’l g a n o’ y in c h i l a r d a n b i r in i
hi m o y ac hi l a r d a n y a s h i r in c h a o z o d e t i s h u c h u n q o’l l a n i l a d i . T o’ p e g a l l a g a n
o’ y in c h i s h er ig i t o m o n h ar a k a t q i l a d i v a to’ p n i o r q a d a g i b o’s h j o y g a o’ t g a n
sh e r i g i g a u z a t a di . H u j u m c hi l a r n i n g o’ zaro h ar a k a t i d a to’ s i q qo’ y is h a l ox i d a
a h a m i y a t g a e g a . U n i n g y o r d a m id a h i m o y ac hi lar q ar sh i li g i n i b a r t a r af e ti sh ,
z o n a g a k i ra y o t g a n hu j u m c hi n i n g t a’ q i b q i l in i s h i g a h a l a q i t b e r i s h m u m ki n . T o’si q
20

qo’ y is h n in g tu r l ari qu y i d a g il a r: j o y d a t u r i b v a h ar a k a t d a, t a sh q a r id a n v a
i c h k ar i d a n . B u l a r d a n b os h q a l a r g a q ar a g a nd a bi r i n c h i q a t o r d a g i h u j u m c hi l a r
s a m ara l i f o y d a l a n a d i l ar.P o z i t s io n h u j u m d a j a m o a h ara k a t l a r i n i t a s h ki l e t i s h d a
c h i z i q b o’ y l ab o’ y n a y di g a n o’ y in c h i o r q a l i h u j u m qi li s h y e t a k c h i o’ r i nn i
e g a l l a y d i . C h i z i q bo’ y l ab o’ y n a y di gan o’ y in c hi l ar so n i h a r - x i l b o’l i s h i
m u m ki n .( 1 - 2 ) v a u l a r nin g o’ y in da g i a s o si y o’ r n i m ar k a z d a, d a r v o z a
q a r s hi s i d a d i r. A m m o u y o n t a r a f g a c h i z i q b o’ y l ab h ar a k at q i li s h i , o l di n g a
er k i n t o’ p t a s hl a s h c hi z ig’ i g a c h iq i s h i v a to’ p n i o’ y in g a k i r i t i s h da i s h t i r o k e ti s h i
m u m ki n .C h i z i q b o’ y l ab o’ y n a y di g an o’ y in c h i n in g a s os i y v az if a s i t o’p n i e g a l l a b ,
uni d a r v o za g a o t is h d ir . B u n i n g u c h u n u h a m i s h a xi y l a i s h l a t i b h o l i j o y g a
o c hi l i s h g a , to’ p o t i s h u c hu n k u c h l i qo’ l i n i b o’s h a t i shg a h ar a k a t q i l a d i . K e y ing i
h ar a k a tl a r i u ni n g hi m o y ac hi d a n q u t i l is h i n i v a o r q a b i l an t u r g a n h ol d a u n i
c h a lg’ i t i b , h ar q a y s i to m o n g a a l d a b k e t is h i n i t a’ m in l a y d i ; c h i z i q bo’ y l a b
o’ y in c h i o’ zi t o’s i q q o’ y is h i v a t o’ p u z a t i s h da s h e r i k l a r i g a y o r d a m qi l i sh n i
b i l ish i
sh a r t .
U m u m a n , ol di n ga q o’ y il gan v a z i f a n i a m a l g a os hi r i s h u c h u n
hu j u m c hi l a r k e n g j o y l a s h is h i v a b u tu n m a y do n b o’ y l ab xu j u m qil i s h i , t o’s i q
qo’ y ish i , b u r c h a k v a u z o q m a so f a d an to’ p o t is h n i b a j a r a o l i s h i k e r a k .
C h i z i q bo’ y l ab o’ y n a y di g a n o’ y in c h i h o l i j o y g a k i r i b “ o c h il s a” v a
d a r v o z a m a y do n i g a s a k r ab ki r s a , u h o ld a u n g a d a r x o l t o’ p u z a t il a d i .
B i r n e c h a o’ y in c h i l a r c hi z i q bo’ y l ab x u j u m qi l i sh g a n d a u l a r n in g v a z i f a si
c h e g ar a l a n g an bo’l a d i : b i ri x a m ish a d a r v o z a g a x a v f t ug’ d i r a di , b o s h q a l a r i e s a
ko’ p i n c h a s h er ik l a r i ga y o r d am qi l a d i .
Jo y a l m a shi sh g a k e l i s h i b h u j u m qi l i s h s a m ara l i u s ul dir . B u ni n g u c hu n
hu j u m c hi l ar o’ y ini n g h ar b i r v a z i y a t i d a m u v aff a q i y a tl i o’ y n ay ol is h i ,
to’ pn i u z a t is h v a un i n g r iv o j l a n is h y o’li n i o l d in d a n k o’ ra b i li s h i s h a r t . J o y
a l m a shi sh g a k e li s hi b hu j u m qi l i sh n i , hi m o y a ni n g h ar q a n d ay ti z i m i g a q ar sh i
qo’ l l a s h m u m ki n. B u n d ay hu j u m us ul l a r i d a k o’ p t a r q a l g an v a r i a nt l a r :
“ vos m er k a”, “ ik k i b u r c h a k ” h is o b l a n a d i .Bu v a r i a n t l a r g a b i r n ec h a o’ y in c hi l ar
h a r a k a ti n in g u c h r a sh u v t a m o y il i a sos bo’ l g a n ( 3 - 6 ). B u n da hu j u m c hi lar
21

gu r u h lar g a b o’l i n a d i v a o’ z l a r i ni n g o’ y n a l is h i bo’ y i c h a h ar a k at q i l i sh i
m u m ki n . B i r – b i r i g a q a r a m a- q ar s h i h ar a k at qilib u c hr a sh i sh i t o’ p h a ra k a ti n in g
m un t aza m l i g i g a to’ s i q l ar qo’ y is h g a, b i r h i m o y ac h i z o n a si g a ik k i hu j u m c h i n in g
t a s o d i f i y ki r is h i g a qu l ay sh a r o i t y ara t a d i .
Q o’pi n c h a h u j u m n in g “ vos m er k a” v a r i a n t i d a b u t a m o y i l to’ l a y o r i t i l g a n .
U n i n g no m i hu j u m c h i l ar h ar a k a t in i n g s h a k l i dan k e l i b c h iq q a n b o’li b k a tt a v a
ki c h i k “ vos m er k a” d e g a n i k k i t u r g a a j r a t il a d i . O’ y in c h i l ar k o m bin a t si y a s i b i r –
b i r i g a q a r a m a –q a r s h i “ sk re s t ” h ar a k a t q i l i b b o g’ l a y d i . H ar q a c h o n t o’ p
u za ti lg a nd a o’ y in c h i d i a go n al bo’ y l ab m a y do n bu r c h a g i ga k e t a d i v a o’ zi to’ p
u z a tg a n j o y i g a q a y t a di . B u bi r n e c h a m ar t a t a k r o r l a n g a n d a n s o’n g hi m o y ac hi l a r
o’ r g a n i b q o l a di , shu n d a n f o y d a l a n g a n hu j u m c hi l ar to’ s a t d a n bo s h q a s h er ik l ar in i
h am j a l b q il g an h o l d a hu j u m sh a k lin i o’ z g a r ti r a d i v a ra qi b l ar m ud o f a a s i n i
v a q tin c h a s a r o s i m a g a s o l a d i . O lt i m e t r l i c h i z i q bo’ y l a b , b u rc h ak v a c h i z i q
b o’ y la b o’ y n a y d ig a n o’ yin chilarnin g m un tazam h ara k at q i l is h i , hi m o y ac h i l ar
h a r a k a t i u c h u n u n d an h am ko’ p q i y in c h i l ik l ar t ug’ d ir a di . I kk i ki c hi k
“ vos m er k a” d a y o k i i k k i u c h b u r c h a k b i l a n h ar a k a t q il i s h o d d i y o’ zaro
h ara k a t n i ; 2 -3 o’ y in c h i o r a s i g a to’s i q q o’ y is h v aa s os i y to’ p u za ti s h la r n i qo’ l l a s h
y a x s h i n a ti j a g a er is h is h g a i m ko n b e r a di .
H ar a k a t q i l is h d a m uhi m i bi r p o z i t s i y a d a i kk i h u j u m c hi n i n g to’ x t a b
q ol m asl ig i ; t o’ p bi l an bo’ l g a n o’ y in c h i e s a hi m o y ac hi l a r n i n g o ld i n g a c h iq i sh i g a
m a jbu r e t u v c h i h u j u m h ar a k a tl a r i n i i sh l a t i s h i k e r a k .
Z o n a l i h i m o y a g a q a r s h i h u j u m d a m uhi m i hi m o y ac hi l a r g a n oq u l ay
bo’l g a n j o y l a s h ti r i sh d a n f o y d a l a ni s h d i r. S h un d a y qi l i b , 6 -0 v a 5 - 1 z o n a s i g a
q ar sh i ku r a sh d a y a xs h i s i ikk i c h i z i q b o’ y l ab o’ y na y di g a n o’ y in c h i b i l a n x u j u m
qil i s h . 4 - 2 v a 3 - 3 z o n a l i h i m o y a g a q a r s h i k u r a s h d a e s a, b i r o’ y in c h i c h i z i q
b o’ y l ab o’ y n a s a y a xsh i n a ti j a b e r a di .P o z i t s io n hu j u m m u v aff a q i y a ti ni n g oh i r g i
n a t i j a s i o’ y in c h i l ar n in g o’ za ro k e li s hi b q i l i n a d i g an h ar a k a ti g a, o l di n d a n
o’ r g a n g a ni n i qo’ ll a s hi g a v a o’ y in da vu j u d g a k e l a di g an ho l a t l a r n i i jo bi y h al
q i li s hi g a bo g’l i q .
22

H i m o y a d a o’ y n a sh ni n g u m u m j a m o a us u l i s h a xs i y , hu d u di y v a ara l a sh
bo’ l i s h i m u m ki n . B i r o q q i s m an bo’ l s a h am bos h q a u s u l e l e m e nt l a r id a n
f o y d a l a n m a sd an b i r g i n a u s ul d a o’ y n a y v er i s h x a t o bo’ l a d i , c hu n k i b u h o l h i m o y a
t a kt i k a s i n i q a s h sho q l a s h t i r i b qo’ y a d i . H i m o y a d a o’ y n a s h u su l l a r in i
hi m o y ac hi l a r n i n g s h a x s i y xi s l a tl a r i v a i m ko n i y a t l a r i n i h i s ob g a o l i b t a n l a s h k e r a k .
M u d of a a q i la y o t g an j a m o a h a ra k a t la r i nin g h a m m a s i h u j u m
q i l a y o t g a n l a r h ar a k a t i g a j a v o b t ar i q a si d a b o’l i b , ra q i bl a r t a k t i k a s i n i n g
h u s u si y a tl ar i g a q a ra b u y us h t i r i l a di . M ud o f aa n i n g y a xs h i u y u s h t i r il g a nl i g i
j a m o a g a hu j u m h ara k a t l a r in i h am m uvo f f a q i y a tl i b a j ar is h i m ko n i y a t i n i be r a di .
H i m o y a ni n g a so si y m a qs a d i r a q i b la r n i n g d a r v o z a g a to’ p n i a n i q o tish i
i m koni y a t in i k a m a y ti r i sh di r b u n d a a s os i y va z i f a l ar q u y i d a g i l a r d a n i bo r at
bo’ l a d i :
1 ) qi s q a v a q t i c h i d a r a q i b l a r d an to’ p n i o li b qo’ y is h;
2 ) h u j u m d a i s ht i r o k e t uv c h i g u r u h o’ y inch i l a r i o r a s i d a g i o’ r g a n i lg a n
a l o q a l a r n i b u z is h ;
3 ) d ar v o z a g a to’ p oti s h l a r g a q ar sh i l i k k o’ r s a t i s h .
4 ) o’ z d a r vo z a s i o l d i d a to’ p u c h u n ku ra s h i s h v a to’ p e g a l l a g a nd a n
s o’ n g hu j u m n i t a sh k i l q i li s h.
A r a l as h h i m o ya . Bu t i z i m d a sh a x s i y v a z on a l i hi m o y a n in g i j obi y
to m on lari bi r l a s ht i r il d ga n . I k k i a so si y t a m o y i l m a n faa t i a l oxi d a o’ y in c h ig a q a r sh i
h ar a k a t v a z o n a d a g i m udof aa n i n a t i j a l i qil i sh dir .
B u n d ay hi m o y a qu y id a g i v ar i a n t l ar g a bo’ l i n a d i : 5 + 1 , 4 + 2 , 1 + 4 + 1 .
b ul a r nin g a n gl a t i s h i c ha , o’ y in c h i l a r n in g b i r q i s m i ( b i r i n c h i r a q a m ) z on a n i u sh l a b
t u r a d i . B o sh q a l ari e s a, ( i kk i n c h i r a q a m ) xu j u m c hin i sh a x s a n h i m o y a qil a d i .
V ar i a n t 5 +1 - h i m o y ac h i n i t a s hk i l e t i s h da ko’ p u c h r a y di g a n u s ul dir .
B u nd a o’ y in c h i l ar 6 – 0 z o n a d a gi g a o’x s h a b h a ra k a t q i l a d i l ar, o’ y in c h i l a r d a n
b i ri e s a k u c h l i h u j u m g a q ar sh i s h a x s i y hi m o y a d a o’ y n a y d i .
23

V ar i a n t 1 + 4 +1 r a q i bl ar j a m o a s i c h i z i q bo’ y l ab o’ y n a y di g a n b o’l s a,
sh u ng a q a r s h i q o’l l a n il a d i v a u o’ y in c hi n i hi m o y ac hi d a n b i r g a p a n oh g o x li k q ilis h
y uk l a n a d i .
H i m o y a d a m u v aff a qi y a t l i o’ y n a s h , b arc h a h i m o y a ti z i m l ar in i to’ l a
t a k o m il l a s h t i r i b e g a ll a s h g a v a s h a x si y hi m o y a d a y a xs h i h ar a k at q i l is h n i
bi li s hg a a s os l a ng a n . K e y in c h a l i k z o n a v a r i a n tl a r i n i n g b i r i n i q o’l l a s h v a u n d a n
s o’n g ar a l a sh hi m o y a g a o’ti s h h u ju m qil is h i d a r a q ib l ar o l d i g a m u ra k k a b
v a z i fa la r qo’ y a d i .
Guruh h a r a k a t l a ri
H i m o y ac hi l a r n i n g g u r u h bo’ l i b h a r a k at q i l i sh i – j a m o a o’ y inin in g
a so s i d i r. T o’si q l a r g a q a r s h i h ara k a t q i l i sh d a, t o’ p b i l a n o’ti sh g a to’ p o t i sh g a
q a r sh i ku r a sh d a, ra q i b l ar s o n ji h a t i d a n u s t u nl i k k a e g a b o’l g a n d a s h un d ay
h ara k a t l a r n i qo’ l l a s h z a r u r d i r.
H i m o y ac hi l a r a so s a n u c h ho l a t d a h a r a k a t q i l is h g a t a yy o r bo’l i s h l a r i k e r a k :
s o n j ih a t d an t e n g b o’l g a n d a ( 2 x2 , 3 x 3 v a y a n a b o s h q a l a r ), hu j u m c hi l a r son
j ih a t d an u s t un l ik k a e g a b o’l g a n d a ( 2 x 1 , 3 x 2 v a y a n a b o sh q a l a r ).
S o n ji x a t d an t e n g b o’l i s h r a qi bl a r n i n g po z i t s i y a d a h u j u m qil is h i d a
u c h r a y d i ; hi m o y ac hi l ar h u j u m n i “ st ra x ov ” k a q i l i s h h ar a k a ti g a q ar sh i ,
qo’ s h i l is h , g u r uhl i to’ s i q , s i r g’ a n i b o’t is h v a d a r v o z a b o n bi l a n o’z a r o h a r a k a t d a
qo’ ll a n i la d i .
“ S t ra x o v k a” t o’ p e g a ll a g a n hu j u m c hi l a r g a q a r s h i q o’l l a n i l a d i ,
hi m o y ac hi l a r hu j u m ini n g x a v f l i r o q bo’ l g an to m on i g a s i l ji sh a d i v a b o’s h
b o’l i b q o l g a n z o n a ni
24

y opi s h a d i . A g ar hi m o y ac h i to’ p b il a n bo’l g a n o’ y i c hi n i to’ x t a t i s h u c hu n c h iq s a,
u h ol d a un i n g j o y in i un g a y a qi n b o’l g a n b o s h qa h i m o y ac h i e g a l l a y d i .
O’t i s h – t o’s i q y o r d a m id a h ar a k at q il i b y o k i a l d a b o’ t i b , to’ p o t is h
p o z i t s i y a s i g a c h i q m oq c h i bo’ l g a n h u j u m c h i l a r n i d oi m o n a z o r a t q i l i sh n i
s a q lo v c h i a s os i y usu l b o’l i b hi s ob l a n a d i . U hu j u m c h i l a r n in g j o y a l m a shi n i sh id an
ib o r a t d i r . B u n d ay j o y a l m a s h ti r i sh l ar b i r m ar t a bo’ l i s h i m u m ki n , u n d a
p a n ox g og i d a n q u t il g a n o’ y in c h in i h i m o y ac hi lar d an bi ri ol a d i y o k i o’ r i n
a l m a sh i n is h d a ikki o’ y in c h i q a t n a s h s a, u n d a ik k i o’ za r o ha r a k a t q i l u v c h i
h i m o y ac hi l ar v a s i y l i k q i l u v c h i o’ y in c h i l a r n i a l m a sh t ir a di .
T o’si q y o r d a m id a q u t il i b , z o n a g a k i r m oq c h i b o’l g a n o’ y in c h in i z i c h
u sh l a g a n d a s i r g’ a ni b k i r i s h q o’l l a n i l a d i . U n i n g k i r i s h i g a y o’ l q o’ y m a sli k
u c h u n , hi m o y ac h i un i y a qi n m a so f a d a k u z a t i s h i k e ra k . B un i n g u c h u n
o’ y in c h i p a n ox g o x li k q il uv c h i sh e r i g i t o’s i q si f a t i d a f o y d a l a ni s h i u c h u n
o r q a g a c h e k i n a di v a h ar a k at q il u v c h i hi m o y ac hin i o l d i n g a o’t k a z a di .
G u r u x b o’l i b to’ s i q qo’ y i s h to’ p o t u v c h i hu j u m c hi g a q a r s h i xu j u m qil g a n
h o l a t l ar d a i s h l a t i l a d i v a u n i bi r – bi r i g a y a qi n j o y l a s hg a n i k k i - u c h
hi m o y ac h i a m a lg a o s h i r a d i .
D ar v o z a b o n b i l a n o’ zaro h a ra k at t o’s i q q o’ y uv c h i h i m o y ac h i l a r bi l a n
d a r v o za bo n ni n g k e l i s h i b q i l g a n h a r a k at l ar i d a n i b o ra td i r. B u n d ay hol a t d a
o’ y in c h i l ar h ar a k a t i o l d in d a n o’ za r o b o’ l i s h il g a n v a z i f a s h a r t i n i xi s ob g a
olib xi m o y ac h i o x i r g i po z i t si y a n i e g a l l a y d i . K o’p i n c h a to’s i q q o’ y uv c h i
xi m o y ac hi l a r g a d a r v o z a n i n g u l a r g a y a q i n b u r c h a g i n i b e r k it i s h y u k l a n a di .
Ra q i b l ar s o n ji h a t d a n u s tu n li k k a e g a bo l i b qo l g an h o l a t d a,
hi m o y ac hi l a r a v v al x u j u m n i n g r i vo j la ni s h i n i t o’x t a ti s h g a h a r a k at qi l i s h l a r i
k e r a k . I kk i hi m o y ac h i u ch x u j u m c hi g a q a r s h i ku r as h d a qu y i d a g i c h a i s h
t u t m og’ i lo z i m . A g ar to’ p b u rc h a k d a g i x u j u m c hi ga b o’l s a , u n g a y a q i n
h i m o y ac h i l a r d a n bi r i xu j u m q i l a di , i k ki n c h i s i e s a q o l g a n i kk i x uj u m c h i g a
b ar a v a r bo’ l g a n o r a l iq d a gi p o z i t s i y a n i e g a ll a y d i .
25

1 .3. O’yinchilarning texnik maxoratini oshirish
K e y ing i v a q t l a r d a d a v o z a b on n in g t o’ p o t a y otg a n o’ y in c h i g a p e s hvo z
c h iq i sh i a m a ld a k o’ p q o’ll a n il m oq d a . B u n d ay ho l a t da , d e si n ib , y uqo r i d a n
b a l a n d t ra y e k t oi y a d a to’ p o ti s h l ar ( d a r v o z a b o n u st id a n o sh i r i b ) m a’ lu m
bo’li sh i c h a , j u d a s er m a hs u l h i s ob l a n a d i . T o’ p o ti s hn i n g b a j r i l is h i o d a t d a g i
u s u l d a b o s h l a ni b , o x i r i d a e s a to’ p n in g t ra y e kto r i y a s i o’ z g a r t i r i l a d i . [ 7 ]
T o’pn i y er g a u r i b s a p c h it i b o t is h - d ar v o z a b o n l ar u c h u n e n g m u ra k k a b
to’ p o ti s h d i r . A y ni q s a , ot g a nd a n so’ n g s a p c hi b a y l a n i b , o’ z t ra y e k t o r i y a s in i
o’ z g a r ti r a d i g an t o’p n i ol i s h d a r v o za bo n l ar u c h u n j ud a k a t t a q i y in c h il i k
t ug’ d i r a d i. O d a t da , b u u s u l b u rc h a k d an h u j u m qi li s h p a y t i d a qo’ l l a n il a d i .
T o’p n i o t i lis h j o y ig a q arab o’n g g a y ok i c h a p g a a y l a n ti r i b o t i s h m u m ki n .
To’p n i a y l a n t i r i shg a b i l a k v a k a f t n i n g t e z k o r h ar a k a t l a r i v a b a r m oql ar n i n g
f a o ll i g i t u fa y l i e r i s h i l a d i .
C h a l g’i t i s h la r ( f i nt ) . Bu u s u ln i t o’p s i z v a to’ p b i l a n b a j a r i s h m u m ki n.
T o’ps i z c h a l g’i t s h l a r d a n ko’p r o q un i q a r s h i l ik si z q a b u l k i l is h u c hu n
hi m o y ac hil a r n i n g y a q i n i d a t u r g a n i d a t a’ q i b d a n q u t i l i s h m a qs a d i d a
f o y d a l a n i l a d i. T o’ p b i l a n c h a l g’i t i s hl a r u z a t i sh n i , ot i sh n i y o k i y er g a u r i b y u r is h n i
k ar sh i l i ksi z b a j ar is h u c h u n q o’ll a n i l a d i .
C h a lg’ i t i s h l ar m u rr a k k ab h ar a k a tl a r y o r d a m id a b a j a r i l a d i , h a m m a sid a n
ko’p r o q bi r – bi r i g a bog’ l i q b o’ l g an bos qi c h (faz a ): a n c h a gi n a s e k i n c h a l g’i t i s h
h ar a k a t i t e x n i k u s uli n in g q u l ay p a y tid a q o’ll a n is h i v a t ez a so si y usu l n i a m a lg a
o sh i r i s h g a b og’l iq d i r .
I k k i v a u n d a n o r ti q u su ll a r d a n t a sh k i l t op g an c h a l g’i t i sh l ar i kk i t u r g a
bo’ l i n a d i : o d d i y v a m u ra kk a b . B i r h ar a k a t d an b o sh q a ik k i n c h i h a ra k a t g a o’t i s hd a
q a n c h a k am v a q t s ar f l a n s a , r a q i b n i a l d a b o’ ti s hg a s h u n c h a i m k o ni y at y ara t a d i .
T o’pn i u z a t i s h d a u s u l l a r n i o’ z g a r ti r i b t o’ p y o’n a li sh i n i v a t o’ p u z a t ishd a
to’ x t a b q o li s h p a y tl a r id a c h a l g’i t i s h l ar q o’ l l a ni l a d i . En g k o’ p t a r q a l g a n
c h a lg’ i t is h – b u t o’ p n i ot m oq c h i bo’ l i b , so’ n g t o’p n i u z a t is h d i r ( b os h o r q a s i d a n ,
o r q a v a y o n to m on d a n ).
26

T o’ p o t i sh d a t o’p n i u za t a y otg a n d ay h ara k a t q i l i s h y ok i b i r u s u l d a to’ p
ot m oq c h i b o’l i b , i k ki n c h i u su l d an f o y d a l a n is h , s a k r a b to’ p ot m o q c h i bo’l i b y er g a
t us h i b h i m o y ac h i n i a l d a b o’t is h j u d a f o y d a l i d i r .
C h a lg’ i t i s h l a r n i , a y ni q sa , hi m o y ac hi n i a l d a b o’t i s h d a qo’ l l a s h m u h i m dir .
Bu bi r v a i kk i q a d a m l i h ar a k a t b o’l is h i m u m ki n . C h a lg’ i t i s h s i f a t i d a q a d am
qo’ y is h , h a m l a q i l i s h v a to’ p u za t i s h l ar d an f o y d a l a n il a d i .
T o’siq . Bu hu j u m c h i l a r n i n g h i m o y ac h i l ar p a no h i d a n q u t i l is h i u c hu n
qo’ l l a n i l a d i g a n f o y dal i vo s i t a dir . Q o’ l t o’p i o’ y ini d a to’ s i ql ar y a kk a h o l d a vao’ yin chilar
gu r u h i t o m onid a n q o’ y ili s h i m u m ki n .
G u r u h b o’li b t o’s i q qo’ y is h 9 m er t l i e r k i n t o’ p t a sh l a s h c h i z ig’ i d a n t o’ p
o t i sh d a qo’ l l a ni l a d i , b u b i r n e c h a h u ju m c hi ni n g b i r – b i r ig a y a qi n t u r i b ,
t o’ pe g a ll a m oq c h i bo’ l g a n h u j u m c hig a p e sh v o z c h iq a y o t g a n hi m o y ac hil ar
y o’li n i to’ s i s h d an i b o r a t dir .
O’ y in c h i l a r n in g hi m o y a t e x ni k a si g a t o’p n i o l i b y u r i s h , u r i b q a y t ar i s h ,
to’ si q qo’ y is h v a d a r v o z a bo n o r q a l i to’ p n i u s h l a b o l is hl a r k i r a d i .
D a s t l a b k i h o l a t d a t o’g’ ri tu r i s h h i m o y a h ar a k a t i t a y y o r g a r l i g i g a za m i n
y ara t a d i . O’ y in c h i o y oql a r i n i b u k i b , g a v d a o g’i r l i gi n i o y o q k a f tl a r n i n g
ol d ing i q i s m ig a b ar a v ar t a q si m l a b , q o’ll a r i n i bu k k an h o l d a ( b u r c h a g i
t a x m in an 9 0 % ) bi r o z i kk i t o m ong a y o y i b , qo’ l k a f tl a ri n i o ld i n g a q ar a t i b
t u r is h k e ra k . Y o n to m on g a e r k i n y u ra o l i s h v a o r q a b i l a n y ug u ra bi l i s h
h i m o y ac h i h ar a k a t i t e xn i k a s i ni n g e n g m u x i m usu l l a r i di r .
To’ pni
o li b qo’ yi sh . Bu m uhi m us u l y o r d a m id a j o m o a n i n g q a r s h i
h u j u m g a o’t i s h i n i t a’ m inl a nd i . H i m o y a d a g i o’ y in c h i to’ p u z a t i l g an v a qt d a u n i
ol i b q o’ y is h m a qs a d i d a o’ zi to’ si b t u r g a n h u j u m c h i n in g o ld i d an t o’p g a q a r s h i
c h i qi s h u c h u n j o y id an k e s k i n q o’ z g’ a l i s h i l o z i m .
T o’ p n i ur i b ch i q a r ish . Bu h ar a k a t to’ p ol i b y u r g a n h u ju m c h i b i l a n
ku r a sh d a b a j a r i l a d i . H i m o y ac h i q ul ay p a y t po y l ab hu j u m c h i g a
y a qi n l a s h a d i, to’ p n i u r i b c h i q ar a d i v a u n i e g a l l a sh g a h ara k a t q i l a d i . T o’p n i u r i b
c hi q a r i s h u n i o t i s h u c hu n q o’l n i o r q a g a u z a t i b , s i l t a s h h ar a k a t in i b a j ar is h d a
h am qo’ll a n i l a d i. H i m o y ac h i bu n d ay xol a t d a hu j u m c hi n i n g to’ p n i o t m oq c h i
27

bo’ l g a n q o’l in i o r q a g a u z a t is h i n i k u t a d i v a s h u p a y t qo’ l k af t i b il an t o’p n i
tu s h i r a d i .
T o’ p n i t o’s i sh . D ar v o z a g a y o’n a lti r i l g an t o’pg a q ar sh i l i k ko’ r s a tishd a
qo’ l l a n i l a d i g a n a s o si y vo s i t a h i s ob l a n a d i . Y uq o r i d a n , o’ r t a v a p a st d a n
k e l a y ot g a n to’ p n i b i r v a i k k i qo’ l b i l a n to’s is h m u m ki n . T o’si sh n i
b a j ar a y otg an h i m o y ac h i q a n c h a l i k hu j u m c hi g a y a q i n bo’ l sa , t o’ p y o’n a l i s hi n i
a n i q l a s h s hu n c h a li k oson bo’l a d i . S h u ni n g u c h u n hi m o y ac h i t o’p n i u s h l a s h g a
t a y y o r l a n is hd a d i q q a t b i l a n hu j u m c hi n i , s h un i ngd e k , t o’ p n i k u z a t i s h i v a o’ z
v a q t i d a to’ p ot a y otg a n o’ y in c hi n i to’ x t a ti s h u c hu n c h iq i s h i lo z i m . H u j u m c h i
to’ p o t is h i d a n o l di n h i m o y ac h i b e v o s i t a qo’ l l a r i n i y uqo r i g a k o’t ar i b , k q f tl a r i n i
o l d i n g a q ar a t i b bi r - b i r ig a y a qin l a sh ti r a d i va to’ p n i t o’s i s h d a q o’ l
b ar m oql a r i n i j a r o x a t d a n s a q l a s h u c h u n m u s h a kl a r in i t ar a n g l a s h t i r a d i .
Y er d a n s a k r a t i b o t il g a n to’ p n i t o’s is h s a k r a b a m a lg a o sh i r il a d i . S h u n in g
u c h u n h i m o y ac h i ol d in d an o y o q l ar in i bu k k an h o l a t d a t a y y o r l a n i b t u r i sh i k e r a k .
Q o’s h il ish . Bu us u l o’ y in c h i l ar n i n a z o r a t q il i s h n i y o’qo t i s h x a v f i
t u g’i l g a n d a qo’ll a n i l a d i . H i m o y ac hil ar q o’s h i l i b j o y a l m a sh ti r sa , b u h o l d a
u l a r k u za tu v c h i g a o’ y in c h il a ri o’ z g ar a d i y u to’s i q qo’ y ilg a n h u j u m c h i o r q a g a
h ar a k a t q i l s a, s h u z a x o t i u n i n g r a q i b i ol d i n g a c h i q i b , h u j u m c h i k e tg an
t o m ong a o’t a di . O d a t da , bu n d ay usu l to’s i q q o’ y ishd a v a hu j u m c hil a r n in g
q ara m a - q ar sh i o’ r i n a l m a sh t i r is h i d a qo’ l l a ni l a d i . H u j u m c h i h i m o y a
h ara k a t l a r ig a qo’ s h i l g a n d a uni t a’ q i b q i lu v c h i y o k i d ar v o z a g a y a qi n tu r g a n
hi m o y ac h i j a v o b g a r bo’l m og’ i k er a k . H u j u m c hi n i n g h u j u m h ara k a t l a r i n i
qi y in l a s ht i r is h u c h u n hi m o y a qil is hg a o’ tg a n o’ y in c h i h u j u m c hi n i n g k i r is h
y o’lin i v a fa o l h ar a k a t i n i to’xt a t i sh g a h ar a k a t q i l is h i k er a k . B u n i a m a lg a
os hi r i s h u c h u n hi m o y ac h i q ara m a- q a r s h i h ar a k at q i l i b , ta’ qibchidan o z o d
bo’ li s h i m a qs a dg a m u v o f iq di r .
D ar v o z a b o n j a m o a d a e n g qi y i n v a m a su l v az i fa n i b a j ara d i . U n in g h a r a k a t i
fa q a t d ar v o z a bo n ni n g x a v f si z l i g i n i e m a s , b a lk i h u j u m ni n g n a t i j a si n i h am
b e lg i l a y d i . D ar v o z a b o n u c h u n m uhi m i – a v v a l o b o’ y i ( 18 0 - 1 9 0 s m ), t e z li k
rea k si y a s i , m o’l j a ll a y ol i s h , c h a qq o n l ik , ku c h , c h i d a m li l i k k a b i si f a t l a r di r .
28

D ar v o z a b on n i n g d a st l a bk i o’ y i n t e xn ik a si ga : t u r i s h , s i l j i s h , c h a lg’ i t is hl a r , t o’p n i
qo’ l , o y o q , g a vd a b il a n q a y t a r i s h v a t o’p n i u z a t is hl ar k i r a di .
D ar v o z a b o n t e x n i k u su ll a r i n in g m uv aff a qi y a t l i b a j a r i li s h i k o’ p j ih a td a n
u ni n g h ar a k a t g a q a n c h a l i k t a y y o r e k a n l i g i b e l g i l a n a d i . D ar v o z a b o n n in g d a s t l a bk i
h o l a t n i t o’g’ ri t a n l ay b i l is h i u ni n g h ar a k a tg a t a y y o r e k a n l i g i o m ill a r i d a n d i r .
Tur i s h. D ar v o z a b o n h ar a k a t d a g i t o’ p n i n g v a z i y a ti g a bo g’l i q r a v is hd a h ar
xil h o l a t d a t u r is h i m u m k i n . D ar v o z a d a t u r is h ni n g a s os a n 2 t u r i m a v j u d: d a r v o z a
o’ r t a si d a v a d a r v o za u s t u n l ari y o n i d a . D ar v o za o’ r t a s id a a s o si y h o l a td a
t u r i b h ar a k a t q i l i s h qu l a y dir : o y oql a r y e lk a k e n g l i gi d a, s a l bu k i l g an g a vd a
og’i r l i g i ikki o y oq q a b ar a v ar b o’l i n g a n , g a v d a n in g y uqo ri qi s m i o z g in a
o l d i n g a e g i l g a n , qo’ l l a r n in g k af t l a r i o l d i n g a q a ra ti lg a n h o l d a s al bu k i l i b y o n
t o m ong a u z a t i l g a n , k a f tl a r b a l a n d li g i t a x m in an y e l k a b a l a n d l i gi g a t e n g y o k i
un d a n h am b a l a n d r o q bo’ l i s h i m u m ki n .
A g ar h u j u m c h i to’ p o t is h n i bu r c h a kd an b a j ara y ot g an b o’lsa , u nd a
d a r v o za bo n d a r vo z a u st u n i y on i d a t u r i b ( o y oql a r o ra li g’ i 1 5 - 2 0 s m ), d ar v o z a g a
y a qi n b o’lg a n q o’l in i y uqo r ig a ko’t a r i b t i r s ak b o’g’i n i s a l g in a b u k il g a n bo’l a d i ,
s hu nd a d a r v o z a n i n g y uqo r i b u r c h a g in i y op a d i; i k k i n c h i qo’ l i y o n to m on g a
u z a t il g a n , g a v d a og’ i r l i g i d a r vo z a g a y a q i n t u r g a n o y o q q a o’tk a z i l g a n . Ana
s hu nd ay h o l a t d a d a r v o z a b o n b e vo s i t a t o’ p n i q a y t ara d i y ok i t e z - t ez o l d in g a
c h i q a d i .
S il j i s h. D ar v o z a b o n j o y in i a so s a n y o n to m ong a q a d am qo’ y i b
o’ z g a r ti r a d i . Bu u n i n g o’ z y o’n a l i s hi n i t e z - t e z a l m a sh ti r i sh ig a v a to’ p n i q a y t ar i s h
u c h u n t a y y o r bo’ l i s h i g a i m ko n i y at y ara t a d i .
D ar v o z a b o n to’ p n i o l i b q o’ y ish n i , s a p c h i g a n to’ p n i e g a l l a b, u n i o’ y ing a
ki r i t i s hn i , ra q ib l ar to m o n id a n t ez y o r i b o’ ti s h n i t a’ m in lo v c h i to’ p n i e g a l l a s hi n i,
o l d in g a v a o r q a g a t ez h ar a k a t q i l i sh n i , k e s k i n s t a r t ol i s h n i b i l ish i s h a r t .
D ar v o z a b o n h a m l a q i l is h h ar a k a t l ar i d a n v a o y oql a r n i bi r c hi z i q
bo’ y l ab y o z i b o’ti r i s h ( s hp a g at) h o l a t i d a n t ez - t e z f o y d a l a n i sh g a to’ g’ ri
k e l a d i , s hunin g u c h u n u b u h a r a k a t l a r n i h ar t o m ong a b e m a l o l b a j a r i s h n i b i l is h i
j ud a zar u r. U n in g h ar x i l s a k r a s h l ar n i b a j ar i sh i o’ yin da a l o hi d a a h a m i y a tg a e g a.
29

D ar v o z a b on n in g to’ p ot a y o t g a n o’ y in c h i g a p e sh v o z c h i qi s h i v a s a k r a s h i –
d a r v o za q o’ r i ql a s h nin g m u ra kk ab u s u l l a r i q a t o r i d a n o’ r i n o l g a n . D ar v o z a n in g
n is h on g a o l i n g a n b u r c h a g in i k a m a y ti r i s h u c h u n d a r v o za bo n y uqo r ig a y ok i
u z u n li k k a s a k rab d a r v o z a g a y o’ n a l ti r i l g a n to’ p n i n g y o’lin i t o’s i s h g a h ar a k a t
q i l a d i . O d a t d a , d a r v o za bo n s a k ra g a n d a to’ p n in g y o’ n a l i s h y o’lin i ko’ p r o q
k a m a y ti r i s h u c h u n o y o q v a q o’ll ar n i y o n to m on g a y o y a d i . D ar v o za bo n r a q ib l a r
b i l a n t o’ p u c h u n k u r a s h d a k o’p i n c h a a l d a s h h a r a k a t l a r i n i i s h l a t a d i . C h a lg’ i t i s h
m a qs a d i d a bi r t o m o n g a e g i l i b , k e y i n b os hq a t o m on n i t o’ s a d i , t e z - t e z y olg’ o n
c h i q is h l ar n i qo’ l l a y d i . B u nd ay h ol a t l a r d a hu j u m c h i to’ p n i d a r v o za bo n u s ti d an
o sh i r i b t a s h l a y d i , l e ki n b u n d ay bo’li s h in i o l d in d a n k u t g a n d ar v o z a b o n d a r h o l
o r q a g a q a y ti b , t o’ p y o’li n i t o’s i s h g a u lg u r a d i . T o’ p n i il is h d a r v o z a b o n o’ y i n
t e x n i k a si n in g e n g m uhi m e l e m e n t l ar i d a n bi r i dir . K u c h l i ot i l g a n to’ p n i i l i s h
i m ko n i y o’ q b o’ls a h a m , un i q a y t ar g a n d a n so’ n g e g a ll a b o l i s h m uh i m r oq d i r ,
c h u nk i q a r s h i hu j u m g a o’t i s h b os h l a n i sh i k er a k , s hu n i n g u c hu n d a r v o z a b o n
t o’p n i i li b o l g a n i m a’ qu l . L e k i n e n g y a xsh i y o’l i – to’ p n i i kk i q o’ll a b ili b
o l is h .
T o’pn i u sh l a s h d a r v o za bo n h ar a k a t l a r i d a g i a so si y o’ r i n n i
e g a ll a y d i . M u hi m i , ot i l g an t o’ p n i “ a m o r ti za ts i y a ” q i l i b u s h l ay bi l i s h k er a k .
B u n in g u c h u n to’ p u r i l g a n da , q o’ l k aft v a b ar m oql a r i n i o z g i n a o r q a g a
y ubo r is h m a qs a dg a m uvo f i q d i r . Y a q i n m a s o fa d an s a p c h i b k e l g a n to’p n i
d a r v o z a b o n u s h l a b o l m og’ i
lo z i m .
T o’pn i q a y t a r i s h d a , u sh l ab o l is hd a d a r v o z a b o n bi r y o k i i k k a l a qo’ ln i
i s h l a t i sh i , b ar a v a r i g a o y o q v a qo’ l , y ok i g a v d a b i l an h a m to’pn i q a y t a r i s h i
m u m ki n . Y u q or i d a n k e l a y ot g a n t o’p n i d a r v o z a b o n bi r y ok i i kk i q o’l l ab
u s h l a y d i . A g ar t o’ p q a y s i t a raf d a n k e l a y o t g a n bo’ l sa , u n d a d a r v o z a b o n t o’ p
k i r itis h bu r c h a g i n i k a m a y ti r i s h u c hu n s h u t ar a f g a y ok i o l d in g a b i r q a d a m
t a shl a y d i y o xu d s a k ra y d i v a t o’p n i u s h l a s hn i o’sh a t o m on d a g i qo’ l
b a r m oql a ri y o k i k a f t i b il a n b a j ar a d i . Ba’z a n b u u su l s a k r a b y iq il g a n h ol d a h am
b a j ar il a d i , l e ki n b u m a qs a d g a m uvo f i q e m a s , c h un k i b u n d ay u s u ln i b a j ar i s h g a
30

ko’ p v a q t i s arf l a n a d i , o q i b a t d a , to’ p n i q a y t ar g a n d a n so’n g d a r v o z a b o n
o’ z i ni n i n g m o’l j a li n i y o’qot a d i . B u nd ay h ar a k a tl a r n i b a j ar ish d a m uvo z a n at
y o’q o t i s h g a k am v a q t s ar f l a b , a s o s i y h o l a t d a tu r i s h n i s a q l a g a n m a’ q u l .
D ar v o z a n i n g p a s t k i q i s m ig a o t i l g a n to’ p o y o q b i l a n q a y t ar i l a d i . T o’ p
k e l a y otg a n to m o n a n i q l a n i b d a r vo z a bo n s h u t o m ong a o y o q k a f t l ar in i t o’g’ r il a b,
m a y do n g a y a qi n k e n g q a d a m g a h a m l a q i l is h g a i n t i l a d i . B u n d a s o n v a b o l d i r
o r a s i d a g i b u r c h ak 9 0 0
n i t a sh k i l e t a d i . S h u t ar a f g a o y o q b i l a n b i r g a
e h t i y ot d a n o’sh a to m o n d a g i qo’ l h am c ho’ z i l a d i: bo s h q a qo’ l e s a m uv o z a n a t
s a q l a s h u c h u n y u q o r i g a ko’t a r i l a d i . H a m l a q i l is h o xi r i d a o y o q t o’l i q
t o’g’ r il a n a d i v a d a r v o za bo n to’g’ ri c h i z i q b o’ y l ab o y o q l a r n i y o z i b , s h p a g a t
ho l a ti n i ol a d i y ok i ik k i n c h i o y o q ti z za si g a tu sh a d i s o’ n g t e z a s o s i y ho l a t d a
t u r is h g a q a y t a d i .
E n g c h e k k a p o z i t si y a d a n d a r v o z an i n g u z o q p a s t k i bu r c h a g i g a
y o’ n a l ti r i lg a n to’ p n i d a r v o z a b o n sh u t a r a f d a g i qo’ l v a o y og’ i n i b ar a v a r i g a si l t ab
y ok i h a m l a q ili b u sh l a y d i .
T o’ p n i u z a t is h . D ar v o z a b o n t o m oni d a n t ez v a a n i q u z a t il g a n
t o’ p j a m o a n i n g h u j u m g a o’t i s h i u c hu n m uhi m s h ar oi t y ara t i s hn i n g g a r o vi di r .
S hunin g u c h u n d a r v o z a b on n i n g b a l a n d t ra y e k t o r i y a bil a n y o k i u z o q m a so f a l a r g a
to’ pn i y uqo r i d a n qo’ l n i bu k i b u z a t is h n i qo’ l l a s h i qo id a t u si g a ki r i b q o l g a n .
T o’ pn i e g a ll a g a n id a n so’ n g d a r v o za bo n , u n i u z a t i s h u c h u n qu l ay t arafni t a n l a y d i .
D ar v o z a b on n i n g h a r a k a t i s a m ara l i bo’ l i s h i u c hu n e n g t o’g’ ri po z i t si y a s i –
d a r v o za o’ r t a s i h i s ob l a n a d i . D ar v o za ol d i d a u n in g m ar k az id a n 1 m g ac h a m a so f a
bo’ y l ab h ar a k a t q i lu v c h i d ar v o z a bo n b a l a n d “ t ra y e kto r i y a ” d a k e l a d ig a n t o’p n i
e g a ll a s h g a d o i m t a y y o r bo’li s h i l o z i m . T o’ p ot il i s h in i b o s h l a s hi n i a n i q l a g a c h ,
d a r v o za bo n d a r v o za m a y don i g a t o’ p k i r i t i s h i m ko n i y a t i n i k a m a y ti r i s h u c hu n
o l d in g a c h i q a d i . O t i l a y ot g an to’ p 3 0 0
d a n k i c h i k bu r c h a k o st id a b o’lsa , u
ho l d a d a r v o za bo n d a r v o za us tu nl a r i y on i d a n j o y ol a d i . D ar v o z a bo n h e c h v a q t
t o’p n i n a z o r a t s i z q ol di r m a s l i g i v a o’ z v a qt id a h u j u m c hi n i n g to’ p o ti s h u su l i n i b u
h ar a k a t b os hl a n i s h i d a n ol d i n r o q a n i q l a s h i ju d a m uhi m di r . A g ar u n in g j a m o a s i
hu j u m qil a y o t g a n bo’ l sa , u n d a u 9 m e t r l i c h i z i q y on i d a j o y l a sh a d i , t a s o d i f a n
31

j a m o a s i t o’pd a n a j r a b q o l i b , ra qi b l ar t ez y o r i b o’ t i s h hu j u m i n i a m a lg a os hi r s a l ar
o’ y i n g a q o’ s h i l is hg a t a y y o r bo’li b t u ra d i . B u n d ay hol d a u t o’ pn i e g a ll a s h u c h u n
m a y do n g a c h iq i sh i m u m ki n . U r i ni s h i m uv aff a q i y a tsi z b o’l s a , u nd a o r q a g a
c h e k i n a d i v a d a r v o za g a tu r i b , t ez y o r i b o’t i b to’ p n i d a r v o z a g a o t a y ot g a n
hu j u m c hi n i n g t o’p in i q a y t ar i s h g a h ar a k a t q il a d i .
32

II .B O B. Qo’l to’pi o’yinining moxiyati
2 .1 Qo’l to’pi o’yiniga tayyorgarlik ko’rish va texnikani oshirish
Qo’l to’pi keng tarqalgan sport turlaridan bo’lib, u o’quvchi yoshlarni
jismoniy rivojlantirish, ularning salomatligini mustaxkamlashning eng ommabop,
binobarin, eng qulay vositalaridan biridir. Bu kattalar uchun xam, o’smir—yoshlar
uchun xam birdek ma’qul bo’lgan chinakam xalqchil o’yin xisoblanadi.
Musobaqada o’n ikki tashkil topgan ikki jamoa qatnashadi. O’yin 40x20 m
kattalikdagi turtburchakdan iborat. qatnashuvchi jamoa o’yinchilarining maqsadi
— egallab olib, dastlabki himoya qilinib turgan darvozaga kiritish. To’p bilan
barcha xarakatlar faqat qo’lda ajariladi. To’p uchun kurashish, qarshilik
qo’pollik va sportchiga xos bulmagan oidaga rioya kilinib bajarilishi
lozim, O’yin ishtirokchilarning yoshi va jinsiga bogliq bo’lib, 30 daqiqadan 60
daqiqagacha davom etadi. O’zining shaxsiy fazilatlarini ko’rsatish
imkoniyatlariga ega. Ammo, shu bilan birga, o’yin har bir o’z shaxsiy intilishlarini
umumiy maqsadga bo’ysindirishini talab qiladi.
Qo’l to’pi o’yinining asosini yugurish, sakrash, to’pni uzatish, uloqtirish kabi
shug’ullanuvchilarning xar jixatdan uyg’un rivojlanishiga yordam beradigan
funktsional tizimlarning rivojlanishiga yordam beradigan tabiiy xarakatlar tashkil
etadi.Yuklamalar organizimida barcha funktsional tizimlarni rivojlanishiga ijobiy
ta’smir ko’rsatadi. Mashg’ulotlar tasirida, shuningdeq musobaqalarda
shug’ullanuvchilarning ruhiy faoliyati takomillashadi, tezlik reaktsiyasi,
chamalash, ijodiy fikr yuritish, tezlik va tashabbuskorlik kabi sifatlari rivojlanadi.
Qo’l to’pi o’yini umumiy jismoniy tayyorgarlik uchun yaxshi vosita bo’lib xizmat
qila oladi. Yo’nalishini o’zgartirib xilma —xil yugurish, sakrashning turli xillari,
maksimal tezlikda xarakat kilish yulllri bilan jismoniy sifatlarni, ayni paytda
irodaviy xislatlarni, taktik tafakko’rini kamol topishi tufayli qo’l to’pi xar qanday
ixtisosdagi talaba uchun zarur bulgan sport o’yinlari qatoridan joy olgan.
Qo’l to’pi o’yini bugun maktab, litsey, kollej va oliy o’quv yurtlarida keng
qo’llanilmokda. Qo’l to’pi musobaqalari mexnatkashlarni muntazam tarzda
jismoniy tarbiya mashg’ulotlariga jalb qilishning muxim vositasi, sport maxoratini.
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oshirishning xamda «Alpomish va Barchinoy» me’yoriy talablarini bajarishning
asosiy omillardan hisoblanadi.
Nazariy tayyorgarlik
Nazariy bilim olish qo’l to’pichilar sport maxoratini tezrokq usishiga yordam
beradi.Mavzu tanlashda jamoa manfaatlariga. muvofik ish kurih, uning oldida
turgan anik vazifalarni xisobga olish lozim. Suxbat utkazishni qo’l to’pichilarning
o’ziga topshirish maqsadga muvofikdir. Ma’ruzachilar adabiy manbalardan, qo’l
to’pi musobaqalari ma’lumotlaridan, o’z jamoalarining tajribasi va boshkalardan
suxbat uchun ma’lumot sifatida foydalanadilar.
Ma’ruza va suxbatlar bevosita amaliy mashg’ulotlar oldidan o’tkazilgani ma’qul,
chunki charchagan shug’ullanuvchilarga ma’ruza foyda keltirmaydi.
Amaliy mashg’ulot utkazish jarayonida shurullanuvchilarda, odatda, o’yin
texnikasiga, taktikasiga, ta’lim va mashg’ulot usuliyatiga oid savollar tugiladi.
Amaliy mashg’ulot paytida uzundan-uzok nazariy tushuntirishlar berish noto’g’ri
bulardi. Yaxshisi, turilgan savollarning xammasini xisobga olib qo’yib, ularga
maxsus suxbatlarda, masalan, «Qo’l to’pichilar uchun chigil yozishning
axamiyati», «Yuksak sport natijalariga erishishda jismoniy tayyorgarlikning roli»
mavzularida tayyorlangan suxbatlarda javob bergani ma’qul.Nazariy
mashg’ulotlarning shu tarzda taqsimlanishi va ularning amaliy mashg’ulotlar bilan
yaqin borliligi qo’l to’pichilarda mashg’ulotga qiziqish uyg’otadi xamda o’yinning
nazariy va amaliy asoslarini puxta egallab olishga yordam beradi.
O’yinga yul-yuriq berish. O’yinchi o’z jamoasining xam, uchrashiladigan
jamoaning xam xususiyatlarini urganishi va chuqur bilishi, o’yin taktikasi va uning
turli tizimlarini o’zlashtirib olishi talab qilinadi. Murabbiy o’yinga yul- yuriq
berishga puxta tayyorgarlik kuradi, raqib jamoasi xasida imkoni boricha kup
ma’lumot to’playdi, mashg’ulotga puxta tayyorlanib, konspekt tuzadi.Odatda, yul
—yurik berish mazkur o’yinning axamiyatini bayon etishdan va rakib jamoasi
xamda uning o’yinchilariga tavsifnoma berishdan boshlanadi. Shundan so’ng
o’yinning taklif etilayotgan taktik rejasining asosiy g’oyasi anik va ixcham tarzda
tushuntiriladi.
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Murabbiyning rakib jamoasi tugrisidagi tasavvuri noto’g’ri bo’lib chiksa, yoki
rakib kutilmagan tizimda xujum va ximoyani amalga oshirsa, nima kilish kerakligi
to’g’risida xam o’z fikrlarini o’rtaga tashlaydi.Shunday killb bulgusi o’yinga
beriladigan yo’l-yuriq kuyidagicha buladi:
1.Bo’lg’usi o’yinning axamiyati.
2. Rakib jamoasi tavsifnomasi.
3. Jamoa o’yinining taktik rejalari.
4. Xar bir o’yinchilarga topshiriq
Shiddatli o’yin davomida o’yinchilar juda ko’p turli maslaxatlarni eslab kololmay,
rejasiz o’ynay boshlaydilar. Murabbiy rakib kuchini batafsil taxlil qilishdan kelib
chikib, o’yinning umumiy rejasini va o’yinchilarga bulgan umumiy talablarnigina
bayon kiladi-yu, o’yin paytida mustaqil karorga kelish xukukini xar kaysi
o’yinchining o’ziga koldiradi.O’yinga yul-yurik berish o’yin o’tkaziladigan kun
amalga oshiriladi.Murabbiy o’yinning birinchi va ikkinchi yarmi orasidagi
tanaffusda anik vaziyatdan kelib chikib, jamoaning taktik xarakatiga zarur
tuzatishlar kiritadi.Buning uchun u o’yinning borishi va jamoalar taktik niyatining
amalga oshirilishini dikkat bilan ko’zatib boradi. O’yinga oid muloxazalarni
aytishdan o.ldin murabbiy o’yinchilarga tinchlanib olish uchun ikki-uch dakika
vakt beradi. Keyingi 2-3 dakika muloxaza va tushuntirishlarni (masalan, to’p
uzatishda, ximoyada, xujumda, tez yorib utishda, darvozaga to’p otishda va xokazo
yul qo’yilgan xatolar) aytiladi.Qolgan vakt butun jamoaning dikkatini chalgitmay,
ayrim o’yinchilarga zarur kursatmalar berishga sarflanadi.
O’tkazilgan o’yinni muxokama qilish
Muxokamani o’yinga umumiy baxo beritdan boshlash lozim. Keyin taktik reja
g’oyaSI amalga oshirilgani yoki oshirilmaganligini kayd kilish kerak Agar amalga
oshmay dolgan bulsa. bunga nima xalal berganiga tuxtalib o’tish lozim. Shundan
so’ng murabbiy xamma qatorlar (oldingi, orqa qator, ximoya, xujum va
darvozabon o’yinchilarining) xarakatini va, nixoyat, xar bir o’yinchi xarakatini
baxolaydi. Tegishli xulosa chikarilib, qo’l to’pichilarning keyingi o’yinlari
muvaffakiyatlirok bulishi uchun shu o’yinda yuz bergan kamchiliklar ko’rsatiladi.
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Utgan o’yinni muxokama kilish kuyidagicha ko’rinishda buladi:
1. O’tkazilgan o’yinning umumiy baxosi.
2. Jamoa o’yin taktik rejasini kanday bajargani.
3. Xar bir o’yinchi faoliyatini baxolash.
4. O’tkazilgan o’yindan chiqarilgan xulosalar.
Yo’q-yo’rik berishni va o’yinni muxokama kilishni qo’l to’pi maydoni
maketidan foydalanib o’tkazish maqsadga muvofikdir. Bu ayrim taktik xolatlarni,
«kombinatsiya» va boshkalarni ko’rsatmali namoyish kilish imkonini beradi.
Murabbiy nazariy mashg’ulotlar o’tkazishga puxta tayyorgarlik ko’rishi shart.
Suxbat, ma’ruzani konspektsiz o’tkazib bulmaydi. Maxsus mavzular bo’yicha
mashg’ulotlar uchun tayyorlangan ma’ruza matnlari bilan oldindan tanishib chikish
tavsiya etiladi. Nazariy mashg’ulotlarda o’quv filmlaridan foydalanish tanlangan
mavzuni samarali urganish vositasidir.Murabbiy sport mashtuloti nazariy asoslari,
pedagogika, fiziologiya, jismoniy tarbiya nazariyasi va usuliyati soxasidagi o’z
bilimlarini muntazam boyitib borishi kerak Shu masalalarga oid barcha yangi
adabiyotlarni ko’rib chikishi va shug’ullanuvchilarga bular bilan tanishib chikishni
tavsiya kilishi kerak
Jismoniy tayyorgarlik
Qo’l to’pichilarning umumiy jismoniy tayyorgarligi jismoniy kobiliyatlarni
xar tyoomonlama tayyorlash, umumiy ish kobiliyatini oshirish vazifalarini xal
kiladi. Umumrivojlantiruvchi mashklar va sportning boshka turlaridan olingan
shug’ulllnuvchilar organizmiga umumiy ta’sir kursatuvchi mashklar bunda asosiy
vositalar sifatida qo’llaniladi. Bunda mushak- paylarning rivojlanishi va
mustaxkamlanishiga, ichki organlar «faoliyati»ning takomillashishiga, xarakatlar
muvozanatining yaxshilanishiga va xarakat sifatlari umumiy darajasining oshishiga
erishiladi.
Umumiy jismoniy tayyorgarlikni oshirish maksadida qo’llaniladigan ko’pgina
mashklar organizmga xar tomonlama ta’sir ko’rsatadi, ayni chogda ularning xar
biri u yoki bu sifatlarni ko’proq rivojlantirishga karatilgan buladi.Maxsus jismonyy
tayyorgarlikning maqsadi qo’l to’pichi uchun xos bulgan jismoniy sifatlar va
36

funktsional imkoniyatlarni rivojlantirish qamda takomillashtirishdan iboratdir.Qo’l
to’pichining umumiy va maxsus jismoniy tayyorgarligida kuch, tezkorliq
chidamlilik chakkonilik epchillik asosiy o’rin tutadi. Ayni shu jismoniy fazilatlar
qo’l to’pichilarning xarakat imkoniyatlari darajasini ifodalaydi.
Kuchni tarbiyalash
Kuch zamonaviy sport trenirovkasi amaliyotida sportchining eng muxim
jismoniy fazilatlaridan biri bo’lib xisoblanadi. Chunki kuch ma’lum darajada
o’yinchining maydonda xarakatlanish tezligini, yuqoriga sakrashning balanddigi
darajasini belgilaydi.Kuch o’z xarakteriga kura: mutlak kuch, nisbiy kuch,
«portlovchi» va «startga oid» bulishi mumkin.
Mutlaq kuch — mushakning (yoki mushaklar guruxi — ning) o’z orirligidan
kati nazar, kiskargan vaktda yuzaga keladigan kuch.
Nisbiy kuch - o’yinchi tanasi ogirligining bir kilogrammiga tutri kelauhgan
mikdor.
«Portlovchi kuch» — sport mashki yoki o’yin xarakati sharoitida
reglamentlashtirilgan minimal vakt ichida yuzaga chikuvchi katta kuchlanishga
erishish kobiliyatini bildiradi. Bu kuchdan qo’l to’pichilar sakrashda, tez yorib
utishda, katta masofaga to’pni kattiq kuch bilan uzatishda anik foydalanadilar.
Shuningdeq «portlovchi» kuchning darajasi mushakning reaktiv kobiliyatiga
bog’liq bo’ladi. Ishlayotgan mushaklar zarba bilan mexanik cho’zilgandan
keyinroq ularning kiskarishi samarasi sifatida katta xarakat kuchlanishi xosil
buladi. Ko’zgalgan mushaklarning elastik o’zgarishini chaqiradigan dastlabki
cho’zilish ularda kinetik energiyani o’z ichiga olganligi tufayli buladigan ayrim
kuchlanish potentsialining jamgarilishini ta’minlab beradi.
O’quv—mashg’ulot jarayonida taktik tayyorgarlikka jildiy e’tibor beriladi. X,ar bir
o’yinchi, va, umuman jamoa xarakatlarning xilma xil variantlarini mukammal
egalagan bulishi lozim.
Xujum va ximoyada qo’llaniladigan taktik xarakatlar karama—karshi vazifalarni
echish uchun qo’llaniladi. Shuning uchun taktika ikki katta turkumga xujum
taktikasi va ximoya taktikasiga ajratiladi.
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Xujum taktikasi
Xujum o’yinni xal kiluvchi omildir, ya’ni muvaffakiyat ko’pincha uning oxirgi
natijasiga boglik buladi. Xujumning mutlako yagona maqsadi bu rakibning
ximoyadagi xarakatlari tartibini bo’zish va darvozaga to’p otishda shaxsiy
karshilikni engishdir. Xozirgi kunda qo’l to’pi o’yini xujumning tez —tez va kiska
vakt davomida uyushtirilishi bilan tavsiflanadi. Zamonaviy qo’l to’pi o’yinida
ximoyadan xujumga utish tezligi, taktik «kombinatsiya»larni bajarish tezkorligi va
anikligi oshdi. Buning natijasida texnik usullarning bajarilish vakti kiskardi.
Jamoa xarakatlari
Xujumda jamoalar asosan ikki taktik tizimni qo’llaydilar — tez yorib utish va
pozitsiya xujumi. Bu tizimlarning xar kaysisi bir~-birini tuldiradi va, shuning
uchun zqamma jamoalar kurollangan bulishi kerak
Tez yorib utish. Bu xujumda kuprok natija bera — digan usuldir. Ammo, uni
qo’llaganda o’yinchidarning o’zaro yonma—yon xolatda bo’lib kolishi qiyin.
Shuning uchun pozitsiyada xujum kilishning solishtirma ogirligi biroz baland
xisoblanadi. Shunga karamasdan, tez yorib utish kanchalik kup qo’llansa,
xujumchilar to’p otishni shunchalik kup bajaradilar. Zamonaviy qo’l to’pi fakat
shuning xisobiga rivojlanmokda.Tez yorib utishning maqsadi rakiblarning to’pni
yukotib, xujumdan himoyaga utishi paytida sodir buladigan vaktincha uyushmagan
xarakatidan foydalanishdir. Shuning uchun tez yorib utishga albatta rakiblardan
to’pni kutilmaganda olib kuyilganda kirishiladi. Bu kupincha to’pni olib kuyishda,
tusiklardan, darvozabondan yoki darvoza ustunlariga urilqib kaytgan to’pni
egallaganda va xujumchilar tomonidan o’yin qoidasi buzilgan xollarda amalga
oshiriladi.Tez yorib utishdagi o’zgarishlar uning shiddati bilan bogliq xujum 4—7
s davom etadi, o’zaro xarakatlar oddiy bulsa xam, oz sonli o’yinchilar bilan
ustunlik vujudga keltiriladi.
2.2. Qo’l to’pi o’yin texnikasida tezkorlik va chaqqonlikni rivojlantirish
38

Tezkorlikni tarbiyalash
Jismoniy fazilatlardan biri bulgan tezkorlik deganda, biz qo’l to’pichining
ma’lum sharoitda kiska vakt ichida, eng kup xarakatlarni xarakatlarni bajara olish
kobiliyatini tushunamiz.
Tezkorlik namoyon bulishining kuyidagi shakllari mavjuddir:
- tafakkur (fikrlash) jarayonining tezligi;
- oddiy va murakkab reaktsiyalarning kanday bulmasin biron —bir tashki ta’sir
yoki kompleks ta’sirlarga javoban tezligi;
- yakka xarakati bajarish tezligi;
- xarakatlar tezligi (ayrim xarakatlar seriyasini bajarish vakti).
O’yinchi xarakat faoliyatining tezligi, birinchi navbatda, xarakatlarni
muvofiklashtiruvchi markaziy nerv tizimining faoliyatiga munosib bulishi lozim.
Qo’l to’pichining tezkorligi muayyan reaktsiya tezligida, jadal siltanishda, 25 —
30 m masofada kursatiladigan: kmurish tezligida xamda to’p bilan yoki to’psiz
texnik usullarni bajarish tezligida anik ifodalanadi. Tezkorlikni rivojlantirish uchun
yugurishda kayta tezlanish, velosipedda uchish va shunga uxshash xar xil
maksimshu tezlik bilan bajariladigan tsiklik mashklardan foydalaniladi. Kayta
tezlanishda maksimal darajaga etkazadigan kilib tezlikni sekin — asta, tekis
oshirib borib, xarakat amplitudasini kattalashtirish lozim.
Tezkorlikni rivojlantirishga yordam beradigan yana kupgina mashklarni keltiramiz:
- yonboshlab, orqa bilan jadal yugurishni bajarish;
- tizzani yuqorirok kutarib va kadamlarni maksimal tezlikda kuyib yugurish;
- 25 — 80 m masofaga oyok uchida depsinib tez sakrab — sakrab xarakat kilish;
- maksimal sur’atda aylantirilayotgan kalta va uzun argamchi bilan sakrash;
aylanib turgan argamchi tagidan yoki ustidan yugurib utish;
- urta masofaga yugurayotganda sur’atni tusatdan o’zgartirish;
- dastlab yugurib borishdan sung (6 — 8 m) 20 — 30 m masofada maksimal
tezlikka erishish.
39

Siltanish (ro’vok) va tez yugurishlar xar xil estafetalarda musobaqa uslubida
o’tkazilgani ma’qul. Bir mashg’ulotga muljallangan Tezkorlikni rivojlaitirishga
qaratilgan mashklarning xajmi uncha katta bulmasligi kerak
Tezkorlikni rivojlantirish uchun o’yin texnikasi va taktikasiga oid ayrim
mashklardan foydalanish mumkin. Shuningdeq tez yorib utish, pressing xam,
maksimal tezlikda to’pni erga urib yurish va chalgitib utish kabi mashklar xam
Tezkorlikni rivojlantirishga imkon yaratadi.
O’yinchilarniig yakka xarakatida — xujum va ximoyada oyok xarakatini
tezlashtirib, xarakat tezligini rivojlantirishga katta axamiyat berish kerak
Chaqqonlikni tarbiyalash
Chaqqonlik — bu sportchining xarakatlari muvofiklashgan va ular anikligini
bevosita kuchning va tezlikning yuqori darajasi kursatilishi bilan bog’lik kompleks
kobiliyatidir. Muvofiklashuv jixatidan murakkab xarakatlarni yaxshi o’zlashtirih
paydo bulayotgan vaziyatlarni tutri baxolash, tusatdan o’zgarayotgan sharoitlarga
amal kilib, murakkab xarakat vazifalarini muvaffakiyatli echish kobiliyati bilan
tavsifladi. Qo’l to’pichi uchun nixoyatda muxim narsa, bu tayanchsiz xolatda
bajariladigan muvofiklashgan xarakatlar, tez o’zgaruvchi sharoitlarda to’p bilan
buladigan xarakatlar, muvozanatni saqlay bilish va orientatsiyani saklashning a’lo
darajada rivojlanishidir.
Chaqqonlikning rivojlanishiga, odatlanmagan sharoitda (boshka snaryadlar
va to’proq tusiklarni bosh kacha joylashtirish, obxavo sharoitlarining kiyinligi va
boshkalar) odatdagi mashklarni bajarish yaxshi yordam beradi. Shuningdeq
akrobatiq gimnastik va engil atletikaga oid mashklarni to’pni uzatish, ilish,
darvozaga otish texnikasi bilan birgalikda kushib urganishlar xam chaqqonlikni
rivojlantiruvchi vositalardan sanaladi.Og’irligi va xajmi xar xil bulgan to’plarni
ishlatib xarakat muvozanatini takomillashtirish jarani o’yin texnikasini
takomillashtirishdan oldinrok yurib, o’yinchi tomonidan to’pni egallash sifati
yuqori bulishini talab kiladi. Bunda kuyidagi taxminiy mashklardan foydalanish
mumkin:
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- to’pni yuqoriga otib va ilib, ung va chan qo’l bilan erga (dolga urib,
gimnastika skameykasi ustidan sakrash;
- to’pni yuqoriga otish; to’pni yuqoriga otib utirgan va turgan xolda to’pni ilish;
shu mashkning o’zi, 180 — 360° burilib to’pni ilish;
- shu mashkning o’zi, lekin utirgan xolatda to’pni ilish, to’pni yuqoriga otib va
turgan xolatda uni ilish;
- yuqoriga otilgan to’pning tagidan yugurib utish va to’pga burilib, uni ilib
olish;
-xarakatda to’pni ilish yoki undan o’zini olib kochish;
- aylanayotgan argamchidan sakrash va to’pni ilish xamda sherigiga
uzatish;
- yotgan xolatda to’pni yuqoriga otish va utirib uni ilish;
- bir oyokni olding'a kutarish va kutarilgan oyok tagidai to’pni tashki
tomondan utkazib yuqoriga otish;
- to’pni bir qo’llab ushlab, uni gavda atrofida qo’ldan qo’lga utkazib aylantirish;
shuning o’zi, ammo oldinga engashgan xolatda to’pni oyoklar orasidan utkazish;
shuning o’zi, ammo oyoklar bir oz keng kuyilgan xolatda to’pni «sakkiz» shaklida
oyoklar atrofidan utkazish;
Ruxiy tayyorgarlik
Qo’l to’pichilarning ruxiy tayyorgarligi umumiy ruxiy tayyorgarlikni va oldinda
turgan musobaqaga. tayyorgarlikni o’z ichiga oladi.
Akliy—irodaviy xislatni tarbiyalash umumiy ruxiy tayyorgarlikning asosiy
vazifasidir.
G’alaba kilishga intilishni tarbiyalash lozim. Bunday intilishning eng
ta’sirchan usuli ijtimoiy burch va jamoa oldida javobgarlikni anglash xisoblanadi.
Ayrim qo’l to’pichilarga, guruxlarga va butun jamoaga Maxsus topshiriklar berish
katta axamiyatga ega bulishi mumkin. O’yin natijasining axamiyatini, albatta
galaba kilish zarurligini xadeb eslatish xam kerak emas. Bulajak o’yin va uning
natijasini xaddan tashkari kup uylayverishdan o’yinchilar e’tiborini chalgitish
ma’qul.
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Xar bir sportchida irodaviy sifatlar yuqori darajada rivojlangan bulishi lozim.
Dadilliq kat’iyat — liliq bosiklik va esankiramasliq tashabbuskorliq intizomlilik
asosiy irodaviy xislatlardir.
Bu xislatlar o’quv — mashg’ulot jarayonida tarbiyalanadi.
Maxsus ruxiy tayyorgarlik sportchidan akliy kobiliyatning rivojlanishini,
kizikuvchanlikni, sharoitni tankidiy baxolay olishni, o’z xatti — xarakatini to’g’ri
taqlil kila bilishni talab kiladi. Bu sifatlar tegishli maxsus bilim va malaka egallash
uchun zarurdir. Murabbiy, ayniksa, sportchiga musobaqaga tayyorlanish
jarayonida ijobiy yoki salbiy ta’sir etishi mumkin bulgan emotsional ruxiy
xususiyatlarni tarbiyalashga aloxida e’tibor berishi kerak
Funktsional tayyorgarlik
Qo’l to’pichi organizmining funktsional imkoniyatlari undagi jismoniy
tayyorgarlikning asosini tashkil etaqqi. Funktsional imkoniyatlarning darajasi anik
sport ishchanligida namoyon buladi. Mashg’ulotlar ta’sirida buladigan o’zgarishlar
mustaxkam bulishi uchun o’yinchi uzok vakt davomida o’ziga xos maxsus ishni
bajarish kobiliyatiga ega bulishi lozim. Mashg’ulotlar jarayonida qo’l to’pichiga
xajm va shiddatliligi jixatidan anchagina katta yuklamani bajarishga to’g’ri keladi.
Kupincha bu yuklamalar musobaqadagi: yuklamalardan xam ortikryuk buladi.
Ma’lumki, o’yinda faol ishtirok etgan o’yinchi 60 dakika ichida xamisha
karshilikka qaraydigan sharoitda xar xil tezlikda 5 —6 km masofani yugurib utadi.
Bunday sharoitda bajarilayotgan ishning darajasi organizmning fakat energetik
imkoniyatiga boglik bulmay, balki ma’lum darajada jismoniy tayyorgarlikka, asab
— mushak muvozanatiga, texnik kamolotga va xarakat faoliyatiniig
mustaxkamligini xamda tejamkorligini ta’minlab beruvchi boshka omillarga xam
boglik buladi.
Shug’ullanuvchilarning funktsional imkoniyatlari mushaklardagi energetik
moddalarning umumiy zaxirasidan tashkari «gipoksiya» (xavo etishmaslik)
xolatiga — ruxiy tayyorgarlik bilan karshilik kursata bilish, ya’ni tolikishni keltirib
chikaradigan kislorod etishmasligiga bardosh bera olishga xam bogliq
42

Organizmni xaddan tashkari katta ish tasiridagi tolikishdan saklab kolishga
subektiv tolikish sezgisi yordam beradi. Tolikish sportchi bajargan ishga doimo
uxshash bulavermaydi. Murabbiy sportchini tolikish alomatlariga tutri baxo
berishga, o’z organizmiiing xakikiy ishchanligi chegarasini bilishga urgatishi keraq
Shu bilan bir qatorda, shikastlanishlar dastavval qattiq tolikishdan,
yuklamaning xaj:mi va shiddatliligi juda katta bulishidan, mapnulot va o’yinga
etarli darajada tayyor bulmaganligidan kelib chikishini eslatib utish lozim.
Qo’l to’pida xarakat faoliyati o’ziga xos bulgani uchun mashg’ulotning turli
shiddatda bajariladigan mashklari kiska va ancha uzok vakt sust va faol dam
olishni almashlab olib borish lozim. O’yin xarakatlarining tavsifi tuxtab — tuxtab
utadigan bulgani uchun, u nafas olish jarayoniiing maksimal mikdorda
kuchaytirilishini talab qiladi.
Qo’l to’pichilarning funktsional tayyorgarligini oshirish uchun maxsus
vositalardan foydalaniladi.
O’yinchilarning funktsional kobiliyatlarini xisobga olib, ularning funktsional
tayyorgarligini oldindan rejalashtirish maqsadga muvofiq buladi.
O’YIN TAKTIKASI.
O’yinda muvaffakiyatga erishish asosan to’g’ri xarakat kilishga bogliq
Buning uchun o’yinni boshkarishda xilma —xil taktik vositalardan foydalanmok
kerak
Taktika deganda, o’yinchilarning rakib ustidan galaba kozonishga karatilgan
shaxsiy yoki jamoa xarakatlari tashkil kilinishini, ya’ni jamoa o’yinchilarining
muayyan rejaga binoan aynan shu, anik rakib bilan muvaffakiyatli kurash olib
borishga imkon beradigan birgalikdagi xarakatlarni tushunish kerak
Taktikadagi asosiy vazifa xujum va ximoya xarakatlarining maqsadga erishtira
oladigan eng qulay vosita, usul va shakllarni belgilashdan iboratdir.
Kanday taktikani tanlash xar bir aloxida xolda jamoa oldida turgan
vazifalarga, kuchlar nisbati va o’yinchilarning o’zaro kurashuvchi guruxlariga,
maydonning axvoliga, iklim sharoiti va xokazolarga bogliq
43

Qo’l to’pi o’yinida kup martalab xujumdan ximoyaga va ximoyadan xujumga
utishdan iborat bulgani uchun xam, tabiyki, xar kaysi jamoaning xujum va ximoya
xarakatlari uyushgan bulishi kerak
Taktika uchrashuv vaktida butun uyin faoliyatining asosiy mazmuni
xisoblanadi.
Anik rakibga karshi to’g’ri tanlangan kurash taktikasi muvaffakiyat
kozonishga yordam beradi, noto’g’ri tanlangan yoki uchrashuv mobaynida
askotmagan taktika esa odatda maglubiyatga olib keladi.
Qo’l to’pi o’yinida taktika bilan texnika bir — biriga chambarchas boglanib ketgan
buladi. To’pni kimga va kanday uzatishni, rakibni dog’da koldirish usuli to’p bilan
ximoyani yorib utishni ishlatish kerakli yoki to’pni sherigiga uzatish ma’qulmi,
darvozaga kaysi paytda to’p otishni xal kilayotgan o’yinchi taktik tafakkuridan
foydalaniladi, kilmokchi bulgan xarakatini amalga oshirilayotganda esa u texnik
maxoratini namoyish kiladi. Demaq texnika o’yinchining taktik rejalarini amalga
oshirish vositasi bo’lib xizmat kiladi. Texnik tayyorgarlik a’lo darajada bulsagina
xilma —xil taktik xarakatlarni bajarish mumkin.
Kuchi teng jamoalar uchrashuvidagi g’alabaga ko’pincha mag’lub bulganlarda
iroda kamlik kilgani yoki jismoniy va texnik tayyorgarlik bush bulgani sabab kilib
kursatiladi. Lekin qo’l to’pi o’yinidagi galaba kutgincha taktik rejalar kurashi bilan
belgilanadi. Taktika ikki jamoaning jismoniy, texnik va irodaviy tayyorgarlikdagi
darajalari teng bulganda, ulardan birini g’alaba kilishini ta’minlab beradigan
muxim omildir. Oldindan mukammal o’zlashtirib ishlatilgan taktika muvaffakiyat
keltira oladi. Ba’zi jamoalar xar kanday rakibga karshi uynaganda xam bir xil
taktika ishlataveradilar. Taktik jixatdan bunday kashshokliq bir xillik maxoratning
usa borishiga tuskinlik kiladi. Xar bir jamoa, ayniqsa, yuqori malakali jamoa xilma
—xil taktik rejada uynay bilishi kerak aks xolda u, ayrim yutuklari bulishiga
karamay, musobaqalarda katta g’alabaga erisha olmaydi. To’pni masofada uzatib
tez yorib Ushbu xarakatni birinchi bo’lib boshlagan o’yinchining xar
tomondan pana kilinganiga ishonch xosil kilinganda amalga oshiriladi. Ular
orqasidan boshka o’yinchilar xam tez yorib utishga intiladi. Rakiblarni xujumni
44

tuxtatish imkoniyatidan mazrum etish uchun, to’pni egallagan o’yinchi qoidani
buzib bo’lsa xam, avvalo, o’yinning borish vaziyatini aniqlaydi, ximoyachi bilan
munosabatga kirishmasdan tez muljal olishga xarakat kiladi va to’pni bush
sheriklariga o’zkatadi.Xujumchilar butun maydon kengligida oldinga karab xarakat
kiladilar. Birinchi qatorda 3— 4 o’yinchi bo’lib, ular kiska yul bilan oldinga
intiladilar. Odatda, himoyachidan bush bulgan xujumchini topish uchun 3-4 marta
to’p uzatishni bajarish kifoyadir.
Tez yorib utish xujumi bir—biriga boglik bulish uch boskichdan tuzilgan:
to’pni egallab xujumga utish, son jizqatdan ustunlikka erishish va xujumni
yakunlash.Xujumchi tez yorib utish xarakatining birinchi boskichida irgib oldinga
tashlanadi va o’ziini ta’kib kiluvchi o’yinchidan kutulishga xarakat kiladi. To’p
uzatmokchi bulgan o’yinchi, kaysi o’yinchiga to’p uzatishni, vaziyatni to’g’ri
bazqolab, to’p traektoriyasini va yunalishini aniklashni, agar kerak bulsa,
himoyachilarni chalqgitish uchun kilinadigan xarakatni to’g’ri tanlashni bilishi
kerak Tez yorib utgan xujumchilarning asosiy maqsadi ximoyachilar orqasiga
utgan sheriklariga buylama yoki diagonal to’p uzatishdir.
Tez yorib utishning ikkinchi boskich xujumchilar kuchini imkon boricha
kengaytiradi va maydon kengligida bir va ikki qator bo’lib joylashadi.
To’p xujumning oldingi qatoriga o’zatiladi.Uchinchi boskichining vazifasi —
xujumni muvaffakiyatli yakunlashdir. Yaxshisi, ximoyachilardan xujumchilar soni
kup bulishi kerak Ammo son jixatdan tenglik bulgan xolatda xujumning
yakunlanishi o’yinda tez —tez uchrab turadi. Shuning uchun xujumchilar kam
kuch bilan tez xarakat kilishga doim tayyor bulishi kerak Bunday zqolatlarda
birinchi qatordagi xujumchilar o’rin almashtirish, chalgitishlar yordamida xujumni
yakunlashga intiladilar yoki ikkinchi qatordagi o’yinchilarning o’yinga
kushilishiga qulay sharoit yaratishga o’rinadilar, bu alozqida axamiyatga egadir.
Noqulay pozitsiyadan shoshilib otilgan to’p rakiblarning xujumga utish uchun
kuch jixatdan ustunl.ikka erishuviga olib kelishi mumkin.
Shunday kilib, tez yorib utish yuksak uyushkoklik bilan tashkil topgan
xarakatdir. Uni qo’llaganda yaxshi natijaga erishish uchun texnik — taktik
45

tayyorgarlikning yuksak darajasi etarli emas ruxiy xolat, dadilliq jur’at va ba’zan
tavakkal xarakat kilishlar xujumni yaxshi natija bilan yakunlashga yordam beradi.
Pozitsion xujum. Jamoa tez yorib utish xujumini yakunlay olmasa, unda
xujumchilar majburan ximoyachilarning uyushkolik bilan tuzilgan ximoyasiga
karshi kurashmogi kerak .
X U L O S A
X u lo s a q i li b a y tg a nd a, q o’ l t o’p i o’yinida xujum texnikasi va taktikasi
i s h l ar in i n g a s o s i y qi s m in i t a s h k i l e t a di . U s hu g’u l l a nu v c h i l a r n i n g
m a s h g’u l o t l ar g a qi z i q is h i n i os hi r a d i , m a m l a k a t d a q o’ l to’p i n i o m m a vi y
r ivo j l a nt i r is h g a y o r d am b er a di . G a n db ol c h i o’ y in lar d a m un t az a m q a tn a sh m ay
tu r i b y uqo r i n a t i j a l a r g a er i sh a o l m a y d i . M u so b o q a l ar m us o b a q a
q a t n a s h c h i l a r i ni n g v a u m u m a n , j a m o a n in g j is m oni y t e x n i k , t a kt i k v a a x l oq i y –
i r o d avi y t a y y o r g a r l ig i d a ra j a s in i a n i q l a y d i , o’q u v m a shg’u lo t j a r a y oni n g a h vo l i
v a yo’ nalishi ni a n iq l a s h i m k on i n i b er is hi .
M us o bo q a n a ti j a l a r i o’q u v – m a shg’ u lo t i s h l ar in i y a k u n l a s h v o s i t a s i bo’ li b
hi z m at q i l i sh i .M u s o b a q a l ar q a ti y l i k n i , g’ a l a b a g a e r i sh i s h y o’li d a g i i r o d a k u c h i n i ,
j a m o a, tu m a n , s h a h ar, r e s p ub l i k a, q o l a v e r s a, m a m l a k at o ld i d a g i m a suli y at h is i n i
t a r bi y a l a sh i .M us o b a q a la r n i t a yy o r l a s h v a o’t k a z is h g a u m u m i y ra h b a r l i k n i a m a l g a
o sh i r a d i g a n t a s h ki l o t , s hu n in gd e k m us o b a q an i o’ t k a z i s h u c hu n a n i q j a vo b g ar
s h a x s bo’ l i s h i , m us o b a q a l a r j o y in i t a y y o r l a s h s p o r t c h i v a h a k a m l a r n i k u t i b ol i s h ,
j o y l a s h ti r i s h , ov q a tl a n t i r i s h t i bb i y hi z m at ko’ r s a t is h , s hu n in gd e k , m a d a niy
t a db i r l ar n i o’t k a z i s h u c h u n h am j a vo b g ar t a y in l a n i s h i .
O l d i g a q o’ y il g a n v a z if a l a r i g a q a r ab m uso ba q a l a r n i a s o s i y v a y o r d a m c h i
m uso b a q a l a r g a b o’l is h m u m kin l i g i .M u s o b a q a h a q i d a g i n i z o m k a t t a y u r id i k
ku c h g a e g a b o’l g a n hu j j a t d ir . Und a a s os i y t a s h k il i y v a t e x n i k s h a r t - sh a r o i t l a r
a n i q b a y o n q i li n g an b o’l a di . N i z o m o’q u v - m a sh q i s h l a r i n in g m a z m uni n i
b e l gi l a b b er a di , c hu n k i j a m o a l a r n in g t a sh k i li y - u s l u b i y t a y y o r g ar l i g i bo’ l a j a k
m uso b a q a l a r n i n g x u s u s i y a t l a r i n i h is o bg a o l g a n h o ld a o’tk a z i l is h i .B u l ar n i
b ar c h a s i qo l t op i o’ y in i qo i d a l ari v a x a k a m li k l a r i g a m is o l bo’l a ol a d i . Ushbu
xarakatni birinchi bo’lib boshlagan o’yinchining xar tomondan pana kilinganiga
46

ishonch xosil kilinganda amalga oshiriladi. Ular orqasidan boshka o’yinchilar
xam tez yorib utishga intiladi. Rakiblarni xujumni tuxtatish imkoniyatidan
mazrum etish uchun, to’pni egallagan o’yinchi qoidani buzib bo’lsa xam, avvalo,
o’yinning borish vaziyatini aniqlaydi, ximoyachi bilan munosabatga
kirishmasdan tez muljal olishga xarakat kiladi va to’pni bush sheriklariga
o’zkatadi.Xujumchilar butun maydon kengligida oldinga karab xarakat kiladilar.
47

Foydalanilgan a d a b i y o t l a r
1 . O’ z b e k i st o n d a j is m oni y tarbi y a va s p o r tn i y a n a d a r i v o j l a nt i r is h ch a r a -
t a db i r l ari to’g’ r i s i d a g i qa r ar. 2 7 - m a y 1 9 9 9 y il .
2 . “ O’ z b e k i st o nd a j is m oni y t ar b i y a va spo r t t o’g’ r i s id a ” g i O’ z b e k i s to n
Re s p ub l i k a s i Q on u ni g a o’z gar tirishlar v a q o’ s hi m c h a l a r k i r it i s h h a q id a g i q a r o r.
26 - m ay 2 0 0 0 y il .
3 . O’ z b e k i s t o n R e s pu b l i k a s i Pre z i d e nti n in g “ O’ z b e ki st o n B ol a l ar s p o r - t i n i
r i v o j l a n ti r i s h j a m g’ a r m a si n i t a s h k i l e t i s h t o’ g’ r is i d a” g i far m o n i “ 2 0 0 2 y il .
4 . O’quv c h i va t a l a b a y o s hl a r n i s p o r t g a j a l b q i l i s h g a q ar a t ilg an u z l u ks i z
s p o rt m usob o q a l a r i t i z i m in i t a s hk i l e t i s h t o’g’ r i s id a g i q a r o r. 3 - i y un 20 0 3 y il .
5 . O’ z b e k i s t o n R e s pu b l i k a s i Pre z i d e nti n in g “ O’ z b e ki st o n d a f u tb o ln i
r i v o j l a n ti r i s h g a d o i r q o’s h i m c h a c ho r a - t a db i r l ar t o’g’ r i s id a ” g i q a r o r i . 1 - m a y
2 0 0 6 y il .
6 .U s m on x u j a y ev T .
Bosh lang’i ch s i n f l a r d a j is m oni y tarbi y a d a r sl a r i . 19 9 6 y .
7 . G a n d b o l . F. A bd u r a x m on o v , S. P a v l o v T . 20 0 5
8 . G a n d b o l . ( J is m o n i y t ar b i y a in s i t u t i v a j is m oni y t ar b i y a fa k ul t e t l a r i
u c hu n d a r s l i k) F .A b d u r a x m o no v , S . Pa v l o v , J . A k ra m o v T . 20 0 7 y .
9 . J i s m oni y t ar b i Y . T. S .U s m onxu j a y e v , V.Y u s u p o v ,
J .A k ra m o v, S .T.U s m on x u j a y ev T . 2 0 0 8 y .
10 . Ga n db o l J . A k ra m o v T . 20 0 8
11 . G a n db o l J . A k ra m o v T . 20 0 8
12 .www . Z I YONE T . U Z
13 . w ww . Y ANDE X. U Z
14 . w w w L EX . U Z
48

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